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(共22张PPT)
Unit 1 Wish you were here
Grammar and usage
Similarities and differences between restrictive relative clauses and non-restrictive relative clauses
1. He has two sisters who work in the same company.
2. He has two sisters, who work in the same company.
Compare the following examples.
He has only two sisters.
Perhaps he has more than two sisters.
1. We stayed at the hotel which a friend of ours recommended.
2. We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.
The relative clause tells us exactly which hotel we stayed at.
We know which hotel is meant, and the relative clause gives extra information about the hotel.
Some relative clauses are used to add information about a noun, pronoun or noun phrase in the main clause to specify which person or thing we mean, or, which type of person or thing we mean. These relative clauses are called restrictive relative clauses.
Some relative clauses are used to add extra information about a noun, pronoun or noun phrase in the main clause or the main clause. These relative clauses are called non-restrictive relative clauses. We put a comma between the main clause and a non-restrictive relative clause, and another comma at the end of this clause if it is not the end of a sentence.
Similarities and differences
In both types of relative clauses, we use who for people and which for things. For example:
1. Do you know the man who is there
2. John, who is there, is my brother.
3. I like the big city which is known as the Spring City.
4. I like Kunming, which is a big city.
However, we can use that in restrictive relative clauses instead of non-restrictive relative clauses. For example:
In its broadest sense, comfort food refers to any food that makes us feel better.
We can leave out that/who/whom/which when it is the object in restrictive relative clauses. For example:
We are thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things (that/which) we use every day.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun that/which is used as the object in the clause, so it can be left out.
However, in non-restrictive relative clauses, we don't omit the relative pronouns. For example:
This is my English teacher, whom I like best.
In this sentence, the relative pronoun whom is used as the object in the clause, but it can't be left out.
In both types of relative clauses, we can use where/whose/when. For example:
1. I still remember the day when we met each other.
2. I visit my grandparents at the weekend, when I do not go to school.
In non-restrictive relative clauses, the relative pronoun which can not only refer to a thing or a group of things, but also the main clause as a whole. For example:
He missed the show, which was a pity.
In this sentence, which means the situation talked about in the main clause－“he missed the show”.
If we want to add information about the whole or a part of things or people, we can use a non-restrictive relative clause after the words all/both/each/many/most/some/neither etc. of which or of whom. For example:
I have been to many big cities, all of which have left a deep impression on me.
I have the same book as he has.
In restrictive relative clauses, we can use the relative pronoun as to refer to a part of the main clause, especially in the sentence patterns as ... as ..., such ... as ... and the same ... as .... For example:
As is known to all, the Moon travels around
the Earth.
In non-restrictive relative clauses, we can use the relative pronoun as to refer to the whole main clause. As can be put at the beginning, the middle or the end of the clause. For example:
Let’s do some exercises!
1. 终于我意识到自己必须做出改变的那天到来了。
2. 人类是对动物数量有着极大影响的最可怕的捕猎者。
Exercise one: Translate the following Chinese sentences into English using restrictive relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses.
Humans are the most fearsome hunters who have the greatest impact on animal populations.
Then the day came when I finally realized I had to make a change.
3. 亚马孙雨林得名于亚马孙河，亚马孙河长约6400千米，比长江还长大约100千米。
4. 这棵高大、古老的巴西坚果树结出的果实我们可以食用。
This tall and ancient Brazil nut tree produces nuts that we can eat.
The Amazon River, from which the rainforest gets its name, is close to 6,400 kilometers in length－roughly 100 kilometers longer than the Yangtze River.
5. 向东耸立着巍峨的洛基山脉,这里有高耸的山峰和被冰川与水流侵蚀而成的深谷。
6. 大部分的菜单都有照片和视频，这对初学者很有用。
Most of the recipes include photos or videos, which are very useful for beginners.
To the east of the Pacific coast rise the grand Rocky
Mountains, which are home to high peaks and deep valleys carved by ice and water.
1. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 __________ showed a mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.
2. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both,
__________ is not good for the health.
3. Now Irene Astbury works from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, __________ she opend with her late husband Les.
Exercise two: Fill the blanks with relative pronouns or relative adverbs.
that/which
which
which
4. But my connection with pandas goes back to my days
on a TV show in the mid-1980s, _________ I was the
first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit
caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.
5. But Sarah, _________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as
beauty.
6. Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got
swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread
over the garden, ________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.
when
who
where

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