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热点38城市化进程与城市的更新【时事热点话题】备战2023高考英语题型专练
一、阅读理解
A
Humans' ever spreading presence around the globe influences patterns of biological evolution in ways that we are just beginning to explore. On the Galapagos islands, a body of evidence shows that the effect of our presence is increasing.
Luis F. De León from University of Massachusetts, together with other 6 scientists spent two years observing Darwin's finches(雀类) to evaluate our effects on their behavior. They started by conducting feeding observations on coexisting finch species at sites that range from non-urban to urban. They also employed finch-human interaction experiments to test whether and how finches respond to human presence. To measure whether finch feeding preferences varied with the degree of urbanization, "cafeteria" experiments were carried out－finches were presented with a selection of human and native food items.
The scientists found that Darwin's finches fed almost on human foods like rice and cookies or introduced garden species at urban locations. In contrast, at non-urban sites, finches fed mainly on native plant species and insects. Interaction tests suggest that urban birds get more accustomed to the presence of humans. Finally, at all sites of regular human presence, finches preferred human foods to natural foods.
The researchers warn that exploiting urban environments might present challenges for organisms, including shorter lifespans brought on by the consumption of highly processed foods. Furthermore, the year-round availability of abundant human foods in urban environments might affect ecological and evolutionary processes that promoted species diversification. While the results clearly show a shift to human foods in urban sites, the adaptive significance of that shift is still an open question.
These findings also suggest that human behavior is the main driver of finch preference for human foods. The researchers propose a possibility that the effect of human behavior is facilitated by our tendency to feed birds, be it directly or inadvertently via food dropping or littering.
1．How did the scientists carry out the study
A．By carrying out experiments in labs.
B．By training finches and observing results.
C．By observing finches in natural conditions.
D．By analyzing findings from previous experiments.
2．Which is probably finches' favourite food at non-urban sites frequently visited by humans
A．Rice. B．An insect.
C．A fruit of a native plant. D．A seed of an introduced plant.
3．What does the underlined word "inadvertently" in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Illegally. B．Voluntarily.
C．Deliberately. D．Unintentionally.
4．What can we learn from the findings
A．All finches observed are willing to approach humans.
B．Human food availability might lead to biodiversity loss.
C．The reason for the shift of finch diets remains unknown.
D．The more processed foods finches consume, the longer they live.
B
As cities around the
world try to be smart, some have become stupid instead.
So, what is a
"stupid city" It is a city that gives in to urban sprawl(扩张), with people moving from central areas to less-crowded
communities, said Mr. Nicholas You, a director of the Guangzhou Institute for
Urban Innovation in China. Such communities are heavily reliant on cars.
Another problem Mr.
You stressed is that public administration bodies in "stupid cities'' tend
to work alone, refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to
urban problems. He made the point during a discussion on urban transformation
in Asia, saying, "A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a
whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."
A South Korean member,
Mr. Jong Sung Hwang, suggested that some of the biggest barriers to creating a
smart city are cultural. South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes,
noted Mr. Jong. For example, some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent
traffic system but were met with resistance from the police. He said, "We
have ideas, data and even money, but we could not make it happen."
India, however, is not
adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3
billion people, said a member from India.
In Singapore, which
launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 )
in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the
haves and the have-nots, said Dr. Limin Hee, director for research at the
Centre for Liveable Cities here. "Thankfully, many cities are considering
such issues as how to make better use of data and technology to create smart
cities," she added.
5．What can we learn about a smart city
A．It encourages urban expansion.
B．It has few people in its central areas.
C．It solves urban problems by sharing data.
D．It treats every issue as a separate unit.
6．Why is it impossible to push an intelligent traffic system in Seoul
A．People are tolerant of mistakes.
B．The police are afraid of making mistakes.
C．The government is lacking enough money.
D．The traffic system in Seoul is very advanced.
7．What problem might India face when creating smart cities
A．Its population is decreasing.
B．It has no examples to follow.
C．It fails to adopt a universally right system.
D．It lacks advanced technologies.
8．What do Singaporean authorities worry about the technology
A．The disapproval of the public.
B．More money spent than expected.
C．The development of cities being limited.
D．The increasing gap between the rich and the poor.
C
Urban ( 城市的 ) heat kills about 600 Americans every
year, andsends another 65,000 to the emergency room, according to a
recentreport from the Urban Land Institute. Climate change is going tomake
these problems worse, the report's authors write.
Given that risk, Boston — like many
cities around the country —plans to plant more trees. Urban trees have benefits
beyond shadingand cooling. They clean the air, reduce noise pollution and
helpprevent flooding by absorbing storm water."Great," you might be
thinking, "let's plant many trees."
Unfortunately, the solution isn't that simple;
a lot of street trees don'tmake it more than a few years in the big city. "It's
tough to be a babystreet tree because their roots are really little. And the
summers inBoston are quite hot, so drought alone can kill them," says
AndrewTrlica, who recently earned an urban biogeochemistry doctorate fromBoston
University.
An urban tree, especially one planted
on a sidewalk bordering abusy street, has many factors against it. "Cars
run into them. Bikesgetting locked to them is really surprisingly damaging when
they'relittle because their bark (树皮) is weak," Trlica explains. "Road saltsare hard on their
roots. Dogs would pee on them. It's just a toughenvironment."
Trlica says he began to wonder: If city
officials want to increasetree canopy (树冠) cover to deal with climate change,
should theyfocus on planting new trees or helping older ones survive To
figureit out, he looked at two conditions for Boston: spend the next twodecades
planting saplings (树苗) in every available sidewalk
location,or spend the time reducing the mortality rate of older trees by
50%.
For Trlica, the answer was clear. Yes,
Boston should continueplanting trees, but the real canopy payoff will come from
preservingbigger, leafier ones.
9．Why does the author mention the recent report from the UrbanLand Institute
A．To show urban heat in America is serious.
B．To show Americans care about urban heat.
C．To prove climate change leads to urban heat.
D．To prove urban heat can be deadly worldwide.
10．What can we learn from Andrew Trlica's words in Paragraphs 3and 4
A．Baby trees shouldn't be planted on streets.
B．It is difficult for baby street trees to survive.
C．Planting trees in cities isn't a good idea.
D．More trees should be planted in Boston.
11．What does the underlined word "mortality" in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Success. B．Growth. C．Recovery. D．Death.
12．In which section of a newspaper might this text appear
A．Environment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.
二、任务型阅读
Urbanization
Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human being lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. 　 13 　 In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (乡村的) villages.
It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning.
　 14 　 The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
In 1900, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. 　15 　
Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities. 　 16 　
Until modern times, those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite ( 精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus（过剩）food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.
Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. 　 17 　
Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers.
A.That kept cities very small.
B.The rest live in small towns.
C.The effects of urban living on people should be considered
D.Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.
E.But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.
F.Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G.Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.
三、完形填空
Nature Therapy
We need the tonic of
wildness... At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all
things, we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable, that land
and sea be indefinitely wild, unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because
unfathomable. We can never have enough of nature.
—Thoreau
One major difference
between our current lifestyle and those of our evolutionary past is an
increasing （1） from natural settings with increased
urbanization. But does this change have a major impact on our mental health （2） , a remedy for ill health or low spirits, if
the means were available, would be to send someone to the quiet of the country
or seashore and away from the bustle of city. The popularity of vacations to
beautiful national parks, camping, outward bound, and even breaks for a
picturesque walk in a （3） greenspace to clear the mind would speak to
some empirical(经验主义） （4） that nature does soothe the savage beast. And
recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit
more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for a （5） .
We are now far （6） from the natural world of our ancestors....
more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050)
increased urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness,
particularly anxiety and depression. Growing up in a setting correlates with a （7） severe stress response, and exposure to
greenspace （8） correlates to a positive effect on well-being
in a large two-decade study. Images and sounds of a natural environment can
decrease stress in people exposed to negative stimuli. A large survey of mental
health and neighborhood greenspace in Wisconsin showed significant correlation
between the （9） of nature and lower levels of depression,
anxiety, and stress. There are many studies showing a similar relationships
between nature exposure, relaxation, and well-being. But how does exposure to
green space help us relax and （10） , exactly
Dr. Gregory Bratman's group
at Stanford has published a couple of papers following a small group of healthy
volunteers told to for a 5 kilometer walk in the San Francisco Bay area. Half
walked along a busy street while the other half went for a/an （11） walk with beautiful views of the mountains and
the bay. The nature walk compared to walk along a busy street. Later, the same
researchers did MRIs and measured blood flow in brain areas of healthy people
who went on a 90 minute walk in the same urban vs. more natural setting. They
found that the nature walkers had （12） activity in a particular brain region, the
subgenual prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is associated with
rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described
often in depressive and anxiety disorders.
So there we have it in a
world and environment where our brains are working overtime and we think and （13） ideas and worry, exposure to nature seems to
get us out of our heads, with likely positive longitudinal benefits. In the
hyper-urban world to come, designing accessible, safe （14） may help the mental health of the population,
and preserving our natural landscapes to be enjoyed by our descendants will
continue to be a national must. （15） , a prescription for a nice
weekend hike could have some real measurable brain benefits.
（1）A．resistance B．isolation C．interruption D．distance
（2）A．Currently B．Generally C．Historically D．Fortunately
（3）A．local B．imposing C．fascinating D．standard
（4）A．assistance B．evidence C．belief D．approach
（5）A．cycling B．swimming C．adventure D．hike
（6）A．removed B．rid C．driven D．dropped
（7）A．more B．less C．similar D．negative
（8）A．dominantly B．lively C．merely D．significantly
（9）A．exposure B．link C．availability D．necessity
（10）A．tolerate B．unwind C．swing D．resolve
（11）A．causal B．earnest C．upright D．scenic
（12）A．reduced B．increased C．intensified D．balanced
（13）A．turn on B．get over C．draw on D．roll over
（14）A．communities B．facilities
C．greenspaces D．transportations
（15）A．In a word B．For instance
C．In the meantime D．In particular
四、书面表达
ChinaDaily发起了一场"要不要在城市中推广使用电动车"的讨论。假如你叫李华，请你向该报投稿，阐述你的观点。
注意：词数80左右。
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热点38城市化进程与城市的更新【时事热点话题】备战2023高考英语题型专练
一、阅读理解
A
Humans' ever spreading presence around the globe influences patterns of biological evolution in ways that we are just beginning to explore. On the Galapagos islands, a body of evidence shows that the effect of our presence is increasing.
Luis F. De León from University of Massachusetts, together with other 6 scientists spent two years observing Darwin's finches(雀类) to evaluate our effects on their behavior. They started by conducting feeding observations on coexisting finch species at sites that range from non-urban to urban. They also employed finch-human interaction experiments to test whether and how finches respond to human presence. To measure whether finch feeding preferences varied with the degree of urbanization, "cafeteria" experiments were carried out－finches were presented with a selection of human and native food items.
The scientists found that Darwin's finches fed almost on human foods like rice and cookies or introduced garden species at urban locations. In contrast, at non-urban sites, finches fed mainly on native plant species and insects. Interaction tests suggest that urban birds get more accustomed to the presence of humans. Finally, at all sites of regular human presence, finches preferred human foods to natural foods.
The researchers warn that exploiting urban environments might present challenges for organisms, including shorter lifespans brought on by the consumption of highly processed foods. Furthermore, the year-round availability of abundant human foods in urban environments might affect ecological and evolutionary processes that promoted species diversification. While the results clearly show a shift to human foods in urban sites, the adaptive significance of that shift is still an open question.
These findings also suggest that human behavior is the main driver of finch preference for human foods. The researchers propose a possibility that the effect of human behavior is facilitated by our tendency to feed birds, be it directly or inadvertently via food dropping or littering.
1．How did the scientists carry out the study
A．By carrying out experiments in labs.
B．By training finches and observing results.
C．By observing finches in natural conditions.
D．By analyzing findings from previous experiments.
2．Which is probably finches' favourite food at non-urban sites frequently visited by humans
A．Rice. B．An insect.
C．A fruit of a native plant. D．A seed of an introduced plant.
3．What does the underlined word "inadvertently" in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Illegally. B．Voluntarily.
C．Deliberately. D．Unintentionally.
4．What can we learn from the findings
A．All finches observed are willing to approach humans.
B．Human food availability might lead to biodiversity loss.
C．The reason for the shift of finch diets remains unknown.
D．The more processed foods finches consume, the longer they live.
【答案】1．C
2．A
3．D
4．B
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，研究发现，在城市地区的雀科小鸟几乎都以人类的食物为食，而在人类活动较少的城郊或其他非城市地区的雀科小鸟则主要以本地植物和昆虫为食。城市开发可能会给动物们带来影响,包括寿命缩短。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，从而选出正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“ They started by conducting feeding observations on coexisting finch species at sites that range from non-urban to urban ”他们首先在从非城市到城市的地点对共存的雀类物种进行喂养观察。可知，科学家们是通过在自然条件下观察雀科小鸟进行研究的，故选C。
2．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“ Finally, at all sites of regular human presence, finches preferred human foods to natural foods. ”最后，在人类经常出现的所有地点，与天然食物相比，雀类更喜欢人类食物。稻米属于人类食物，故选A。
3．考查词义猜测。根据最后一段中的"The researchers propose a possibility that the effect of human behavior is facilitated by our tendency to feed birds, be it directly or inadvertently via food dropping or littering."研究人员提出了一种可能性，即人类行为的影响是由我们喂鸟的倾向所促进的，无论是直接或无意地通过食物掉落或乱扔垃圾。并结合常识可知，给鸟儿喂食为有意行为;丢弃食物为无意行为。可推断 inadvertently是"无意地"之意，故选D。
4．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的" Furthermore, the year-round availability of abundant human foods in urban environments might affect ecological and evolutionary processes that promoted species diversification. "此外，城市环境中丰富的人类食物全年供应可能会影响促进物种多样化的生态和进化过程。可推知,人类的食物供应可能会导致生物多样性的减少。故选B。
B
As cities around the
world try to be smart, some have become stupid instead.
So, what is a
"stupid city" It is a city that gives in to urban sprawl(扩张), with people moving from central areas to less-crowded
communities, said Mr. Nicholas You, a director of the Guangzhou Institute for
Urban Innovation in China. Such communities are heavily reliant on cars.
Another problem Mr.
You stressed is that public administration bodies in "stupid cities'' tend
to work alone, refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to
urban problems. He made the point during a discussion on urban transformation
in Asia, saying, "A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a
whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."
A South Korean member,
Mr. Jong Sung Hwang, suggested that some of the biggest barriers to creating a
smart city are cultural. South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes,
noted Mr. Jong. For example, some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent
traffic system but were met with resistance from the police. He said, "We
have ideas, data and even money, but we could not make it happen."
India, however, is not
adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3
billion people, said a member from India.
In Singapore, which
launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 )
in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the
haves and the have-nots, said Dr. Limin Hee, director for research at the
Centre for Liveable Cities here. "Thankfully, many cities are considering
such issues as how to make better use of data and technology to create smart
cities," she added.
5．What can we learn about a smart city
A．It encourages urban expansion.
B．It has few people in its central areas.
C．It solves urban problems by sharing data.
D．It treats every issue as a separate unit.
6．Why is it impossible to push an intelligent traffic system in Seoul
A．People are tolerant of mistakes.
B．The police are afraid of making mistakes.
C．The government is lacking enough money.
D．The traffic system in Seoul is very advanced.
7．What problem might India face when creating smart cities
A．Its population is decreasing.
B．It has no examples to follow.
C．It fails to adopt a universally right system.
D．It lacks advanced technologies.
8．What do Singaporean authorities worry about the technology
A．The disapproval of the public.
B．More money spent than expected.
C．The development of cities being limited.
D．The increasing gap between the rich and the poor.
【答案】5．C
6．B
7．C
8．D
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了"愚蠢城市"存在的问题、一些国家在创建智慧城市中遇到的阻碍以及如何创建智慧城市的方法。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇社会现象类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文进行逻辑推理，从而选出正确答案。
5．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"Another problem Mr. You stressed is that public administration bodies in ‘stupid cities’tend to work alone， refusing to share data that could help develop solutions to urban problems."尤强调的另一个问题是，"愚蠢城市"的公共管理机构倾向于单干，拒绝分享有助于解决城市问题的数据；以及"A real smart city is one that looks at everything as a whole—you can't look at water issues without looking at energy."一个真正的智慧城市是一个将一切都作为整体看待的城市——你不可能不考虑能源就考虑水问题。可知，智慧城市通过共享数据来解决城市问题。故选C。
6．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"South Korean society is less forgiving of mistakes, noted Mr. Jong."Jong指出，韩国社会对错误不那么宽容；以及"For example， some in Seoul tried to push for an intelligent traffic system but were met with resistance from the police."例如，首尔的一些人试图推动智能交通系统，但遭到了警方的抵制。可知，在首尔推广智能交通系统是不可能的，因为警察害怕犯错误。故选B。
7．考查细节理解。根据第五段"India, however, is not adopting a one-size-fits-all approach to create smart cities for its 1.3 billion people, said a member from India."然而，一位来自印度的成员表示，印度并没有采取一刀切的方法来为其13亿人口创建智能城市。可知，在创建智能城市时，印度可能面临它没有采用普遍正确的制度的问题。故选C。
8．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的"In Singapore, which launched its Smart Nation initiative( 行 动 ) in 2014, the authorities fear that technology can worsen the divide between the haves and the have-nots"新加坡于2014年启动了"智能国家"计划，当局担心科技会加剧贫富之间的差距。可知，新加坡当局担心科技会加剧贫富之间的差距。故选D。
C
Urban ( 城市的 ) heat kills about 600 Americans every
year, andsends another 65,000 to the emergency room, according to a
recentreport from the Urban Land Institute. Climate change is going tomake
these problems worse, the report's authors write.
Given that risk, Boston — like many
cities around the country —plans to plant more trees. Urban trees have benefits
beyond shadingand cooling. They clean the air, reduce noise pollution and
helpprevent flooding by absorbing storm water."Great," you might be
thinking, "let's plant many trees."
Unfortunately, the solution isn't that simple;
a lot of street trees don'tmake it more than a few years in the big city. "It's
tough to be a babystreet tree because their roots are really little. And the
summers inBoston are quite hot, so drought alone can kill them," says
AndrewTrlica, who recently earned an urban biogeochemistry doctorate fromBoston
University.
An urban tree, especially one planted
on a sidewalk bordering abusy street, has many factors against it. "Cars
run into them. Bikesgetting locked to them is really surprisingly damaging when
they'relittle because their bark (树皮) is weak," Trlica explains. "Road saltsare hard on their
roots. Dogs would pee on them. It's just a toughenvironment."
Trlica says he began to wonder: If city
officials want to increasetree canopy (树冠) cover to deal with climate change,
should theyfocus on planting new trees or helping older ones survive To
figureit out, he looked at two conditions for Boston: spend the next twodecades
planting saplings (树苗) in every available sidewalk
location,or spend the time reducing the mortality rate of older trees by
50%.
For Trlica, the answer was clear. Yes,
Boston should continueplanting trees, but the real canopy payoff will come from
preservingbigger, leafier ones.
9．Why does the author mention the recent report from the UrbanLand Institute
A．To show urban heat in America is serious.
B．To show Americans care about urban heat.
C．To prove climate change leads to urban heat.
D．To prove urban heat can be deadly worldwide.
10．What can we learn from Andrew Trlica's words in Paragraphs 3and 4
A．Baby trees shouldn't be planted on streets.
B．It is difficult for baby street trees to survive.
C．Planting trees in cities isn't a good idea.
D．More trees should be planted in Boston.
11．What does the underlined word "mortality" in Paragraph 5 probably mean
A．Success. B．Growth. C．Recovery. D．Death.
12．In which section of a newspaper might this text appear
A．Environment. B．Health. C．Education. D．Science.
【答案】9．A
10．B
11．D
12．A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍的是根据城市土地研究所最近的一份报告，城市高温导致了一系列的问题，而种植城市树木这一想法又有诸多阻碍和困难。
【点评】考查阅读理解。本文包括细节理解、推理判断和词义理解题。要求学生再理解细节的基础上，加强对逻辑推理能力的培养。细节题要注意从文中寻找答案；推断题需要联系上下文，推断出需要的信息
9．考查推理判断。根据文章第一句“Urban ( 城市的 ) heat kills about 600 Americans every year, andsends another 65,000 to the emergency room, according to a recentreport from the Urban Land Institute. ”可知，作者提及城市土地研究所最近的一份报告的原因是为了表明美国城市高温的问题很严重。故选A。
10．考查细节理解。根据文章第三段中的“It's tough to be a babystreet tree because their roots are really little. And the summers inBoston are quite hot, so drought alone can kill them”可知，城市街道的小树苗很难存活。故选B。
11．考查词义猜测。根据文章倒数第二段“ planting new trees or helping older ones survive ”可知，他们研究的关注点是种植新树还是帮助老树生存，所以划线处的意思为帮助老鼠生存，即降低老树的死亡率。故选D。
12．考查推理判断。根据文章第一段的“ Climate change is going to make these problems worse, the report's authors write.”可知，本文主要介绍的是城市高温这样的气候问题，所以文章出处应该是报纸中的环境栏目。故选A。
二、任务型阅读
Urbanization
Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human being lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. 　 13 　 In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (乡村的) villages.
It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning.
　 14 　 The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
In 1900, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms. 　15 　
Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities. 　 16 　
Until modern times, those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite ( 精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus（过剩）food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.
Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. 　 17 　
Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers.
A.That kept cities very small.
B.The rest live in small towns.
C.The effects of urban living on people should be considered
D.Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.
E.But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.
F.Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G.Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.
【答案】E；D；B；A；F
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，过去城市规模小，农民人口多，到现代化之后，农民人口变少，但农业产量反而增加，更多的人住在城市，体现了社会的变迁。
13.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago”可知，此处讲的是以前城市的情况，即第一座城市仅仅是5500年才出现的，甚至200年前，也只有很少一部分人生活在城市中。其他几个选项没有关于以前城市的描述。故选E。
14.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Britain was only the beginning”可知，英国只是个开始，关键词beginning，因此后面出现的是soon，句意：英国只是个开始，很快，其他工业国家也变成了城市化社会。故选D。
15.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms”可知，目前，超过82%的美国人住在城市，只有2%的人住在农场，在讲完了82%和2%之后，还有剩下的人呢，住在哪里呢？因此可以推断出，下一句讲述的是the rest即，其余的人住在什么地方。因此，故选B。
16.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前“It took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities”可知，要有95个人在农场里工作，才能养活5个城市里的人，因此城市里居住的人肯定要少，规模肯定很小，因此选择A项，这种原因导致了城市规模很小。故选A。
17.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后“Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers”可知，现在一个美国人在农场里工作，可以养活100多个非农美国人，因此现代化让农民更加多产，让更多的人可以居住在城市里。故选F。
三、完形填空
Nature Therapy
We need the tonic of
wildness... At the same time that we are earnest to explore and learn all
things, we require that all things be mysterious and unexplorable, that land
and sea be indefinitely wild, unsurveyed and unfathomed by us because
unfathomable. We can never have enough of nature.
—Thoreau
One major difference
between our current lifestyle and those of our evolutionary past is an
increasing （1） from natural settings with increased
urbanization. But does this change have a major impact on our mental health （2） , a remedy for ill health or low spirits, if
the means were available, would be to send someone to the quiet of the country
or seashore and away from the bustle of city. The popularity of vacations to
beautiful national parks, camping, outward bound, and even breaks for a
picturesque walk in a （3） greenspace to clear the mind would speak to
some empirical(经验主义） （4） that nature does soothe the savage beast. And
recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit
more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for a （5） .
We are now far （6） from the natural world of our ancestors....
more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050)
increased urbanization is associated with increased levels of mental illness,
particularly anxiety and depression. Growing up in a setting correlates with a （7） severe stress response, and exposure to
greenspace （8） correlates to a positive effect on well-being
in a large two-decade study. Images and sounds of a natural environment can
decrease stress in people exposed to negative stimuli. A large survey of mental
health and neighborhood greenspace in Wisconsin showed significant correlation
between the （9） of nature and lower levels of depression,
anxiety, and stress. There are many studies showing a similar relationships
between nature exposure, relaxation, and well-being. But how does exposure to
green space help us relax and （10） , exactly
Dr. Gregory Bratman's group
at Stanford has published a couple of papers following a small group of healthy
volunteers told to for a 5 kilometer walk in the San Francisco Bay area. Half
walked along a busy street while the other half went for a/an （11） walk with beautiful views of the mountains and
the bay. The nature walk compared to walk along a busy street. Later, the same
researchers did MRIs and measured blood flow in brain areas of healthy people
who went on a 90 minute walk in the same urban vs. more natural setting. They
found that the nature walkers had （12） activity in a particular brain region, the
subgenual prefrontal cortex. This area of the brain is associated with
rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described
often in depressive and anxiety disorders.
So there we have it in a
world and environment where our brains are working overtime and we think and （13） ideas and worry, exposure to nature seems to
get us out of our heads, with likely positive longitudinal benefits. In the
hyper-urban world to come, designing accessible, safe （14） may help the mental health of the population,
and preserving our natural landscapes to be enjoyed by our descendants will
continue to be a national must. （15） , a prescription for a nice
weekend hike could have some real measurable brain benefits.
（1）A．resistance B．isolation C．interruption D．distance
（2）A．Currently B．Generally C．Historically D．Fortunately
（3）A．local B．imposing C．fascinating D．standard
（4）A．assistance B．evidence C．belief D．approach
（5）A．cycling B．swimming C．adventure D．hike
（6）A．removed B．rid C．driven D．dropped
（7）A．more B．less C．similar D．negative
（8）A．dominantly B．lively C．merely D．significantly
（9）A．exposure B．link C．availability D．necessity
（10）A．tolerate B．unwind C．swing D．resolve
（11）A．causal B．earnest C．upright D．scenic
（12）A．reduced B．increased C．intensified D．balanced
（13）A．turn on B．get over C．draw on D．roll over
（14）A．communities B．facilities
C．greenspaces D．transportations
（15）A．In a word B．For instance
C．In the meantime D．In particular
【答案】（1）B；（2）C；（3）A；（4）B；（5）D；（6）A；（7）B；（8）D；（9）C；（10）B；（11）D；（12）A；（13）D；（14）C；（15）A
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界……超过50%的人生活在城市地区(到2050年将增加到70%)，城市化的增加与精神疾病，尤其是焦虑和抑郁水平的增加有关。在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的环境中长大与压力反应相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。同时说明了暴露在绿色空间中可以帮助我们放松的原因。
（1）考查名词。句意：我们现在的生活方式和进化过去的生活方式的一个主要区别是，随着城市化的发展，我们越来越远离自然环境。A. resistance“阻力”；B. isolation“隔离”；C. interruption“中断”；D. distance“距离”。故选B。
（2）考查副词。句意：从历史上看，治疗身体不健康或情绪低落的方法，如果有方法的话，就是把人送到安静的乡村或海边，远离城市的喧嚣。A. Currently“当前”；B. Generally“通常”；C. Historically“在历史上”；D. Fortunately“幸运的是”。故选C。
（3）考查形容词。句意：到美丽的国家公园度假、露营、户外活动，甚至在当地的绿地上进行一次风景如画的散步来理清思绪，这些都是很受欢迎的做法。A. local“当地的”；B. imposing“壮观的”；C. fascinating“迷人的”；D. standard“标准的”。根据上文，自然疗法是一个好方法，可以帮助我们解压，那就是去到大自然中去，去欣赏美景也好还是怎样，故选A。
（4）考查名词。句意：到美丽的国家公园度假、露营、户外活动，甚至在当地的绿地上进行一次风景如画的散步来理清思绪，这些都是很受欢迎的做法。A. assistance“援助”；B. evidence“证据”；C. belief “信赖”；D. approach“接近”。根据下文“And recently, scientists have been studying the idea of nature therapy with a bit more seriousness than a dashed-off prescription (处方）for ”可知我们的祖先之前是通过自然疗法治疗一些疾病，所以他们体验过才传下来，那就是一些经验主义的经验，故选B。
（5）考查动词。句意：最近，科学家们一直在认真研究自然疗法的理念，而不是匆忙开出的远足处方。A. cycling“骑行”；B. swimming“游泳”；C. adventure“冒险”；D. hike“远足”。根据语境可知科学家们一直在认真研究自然疗法的理念，而不是匆忙开出的远足处方来帮助人们治疗身体不健康或情绪低落。故选D。
（6）考查形容词。句意：我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界…超过50%的人生活在城市地区(到2050年将增加到70%)，城市化的增加与精神疾病，尤其是焦虑和抑郁水平的增加有关。A. removed“远离的”；B. rid“摆脱”；C. driven“被动的”；D. dropped“下降”。根据“more than 50% of people live in urban areas (increasing to >70% by 2050”以及第一空选项可知我们现在远离我们祖先的自然世界。故选A。
（7）考查形容词。句意：在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。A. more“更多的”；B. less“更少的”；C. similar“相似的”；D. negative“消极的”。在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关。故选B。
（8）考查副词。句意：在一项长达20年的大型研究中发现，在一个不太严重的压力环境中长大与之相关，而接触绿地对幸福感有显著的积极影响。A. dominantly“支配地”；B. lively“活泼的”；C. merely“仅仅”；D. significantly“显著地”。多接触大自然对我们来说是好的，所以选择一个积极色彩的程度副词，故选D。
（9）考查名词。句意：威斯康辛州一项关于心理健康和社区绿地的大型调查显示，大自然的可及性与较低程度的抑郁、焦虑和压力之间存在显著的相关性。A. exposure“暴露”；B. link“环节”；C. availability“可用性”；D. necessity“必然性”。对应上文的exposure to greenspace 的exposure，故选C。
（10）考查动词。句意：但是，确切地说，暴露在绿色空间中如何帮助我们放松呢 A. tolerate“容忍”；B. unwind“放松”；C. swing“摇摆”；D. resolve“溶解”。选择一个跟relax相近的词，故选B。
（11）考查形容词。句意：一半人在繁忙的街道上行走，另一半人则在美丽的山峦和海湾中散步。A. causal“原因的”；B. earnest“认真的”；C. upright“正直的”；D. scenic“风景优美的”。故选D。
（12）考查动词。A. reduced“减少”；B. increased“增加”；C. intensified“加强”；D. balanced“平衡”。既然接触大自然是可以治疗疾病，再根据“This area of the brain is associated with rumination, or worrying on the same issues over and over, a problem described often in depressive and anxiety disorders. ”应该是会让他们减少压抑感。故选A。
（13）考查动词短语。句意：所以，在这个世界和环境中，我们的大脑在加班加点地工作，我们思考，反复思考，担心，接触大自然似乎让我们忘记了自己的头脑，这可能会带来积极的纵向效益。A. turn on“打开”；B. get over“克服”；C. draw on“利用”；D. roll over“翻滚”。我们会去想很多事情，而这些是让我们变压抑的原因。故选D。
（14）考查名词。句意：在未来高度城市化的世界里，设计无障碍、安全的绿地可能有助于人们的心理健康，保护我们的自然景观供我们的子孙后代享用，这将继续是一个国家必须做的事情。A. communities“社区”；B. facilities“设备”；C. greenspaces“绿地”；D. transportations“交通工具”。全文都在讲greenspace 对我们的影响，故选C。
（15）考查介词短语。句意：简而言之，一张周末远足的处方可能对大脑有一些可测量的好处。A. In a word“总之”；B. For instance“例如”；C. In the meantime“在此期间”；D. In particular“特别”。最后作者做出总结，（号召）大家多多接触大自然，进而减少城市化带给我们的焦虑感。故选A。
【点评】本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
四、书面表达
ChinaDaily发起了一场"要不要在城市中推广使用电动车"的讨论。假如你叫李华，请你向该报投稿，阐述你的观点。
注意：词数80左右。
【答案】Dear editor,
I saw that your newspaper launched a discussion about whether e-bikes should be promoted in the city. I'd like to share some of my opinions about this discussion.
I think e-bikes should be promoted in cities. On the one hand, e-bikes can save energy and protect the environment. On the other hand, they can provide convenience for people to travel and reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.
These are my views and I am sincerely looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇应用文写作，要求考生以李华的身份投稿。写作背景： China Daily发起了一场"要不要在城市中推广使用电动车"的讨论。本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
【点评】本篇作文要点齐全，结构完整，条理清晰，应用了较多的语法结构和词汇，熟练地使用了语句间的连接成分，使整个文章结构紧凑，很好地完成了写作任务。例如：I saw that your newspaper launched a discussion about whether e-bikes should be promoted in the city. 运用了宾语从句；I think e-bikes should be promoted in cities.运用了宾语从句，被动语态； These are my views and I am sincerely looking forward to your reply.运用了there be句式和并列句。
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