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突破高考英语阅读理解
之说明文
突破高考英语阅读理解
之说明文
授课教师：刘雄昆 2023.03
高考阅读理解之说明文命题特点
Part Ⅰ
Part Ⅱ
高考阅读理解之说明文解题策略
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
大纲
高考阅读理解之说明文命题特点
Part Ⅰ
Part Ⅱ
高考阅读理解之说明文解题策略
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
命题特点 | 1. 主题语境
时间 篇目 主题语境 话题 体裁 说明对象
2023.1 浙江 C 人与社会 能否理解意义是智能辩手有别于人类的关键 说明文 新事物
D 人与自然 太阳能农场 说明文 新事物
2022.6 新高考I B 人与社会 零废弃的生活方式 说明文 社会现象
C 人与社会 关爱养老院老人的养鸡项目 说明文 新做法
D 人与社会 人类语音的发展与农业之间的关系 说明文 研究报告
2021.6 新高考I C 人与自然 美国联邦鸭票计划 说明文 新事物
2020.6 新高考I C 人与社会 介绍一本有关乌兹别克斯坦游记的书 说明文 书籍介绍
D 人与社会 就餐同伴对饮食习惯的影响 说明文 研究报告
以“人与自然，人与社会”两大主题语境为主，涉及科学与技术、自然生态与环境等多个主题。
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
命题特点 | 2. 内容倾向
时间 篇目 说明对象
2023.1 浙江 C 新事物
D 新事物
2022.6 新高考I B 社会现象
C 新做法
D 研究报告
2021.6 新高考I C 新事物
2020.6 新高考I C 书籍介绍
D 研究报告
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
命题特点 | 3. 设题方式
时间 篇目 细节 推理 猜词 主旨 标题 说明方法 写作目的 态度 说明对象
2023.1 浙江 C 2 1 1 新事物
D 3 1 新事物
2022.6 新高考1 B 3 1 社会现象
C 3 1 新做法
D 3 1 研究报告
2021.6 新高考1 C 2 1 1 新事物
2020.6 新高考I C 2 1 1 书籍介绍
D 2 1 1 研究报告
新高考I卷阅读理解之说明文命题特点
Part Ⅰ
Part Ⅱ
高考阅读理解之说明文解题策略
策略1:
(2023浙江1月卷C)
A machine can now not only beat you at chess, it can also outperform you in debate. Last week, in a public debate in San Francisco, a software program called Project Debater beat its human opponents, including Noa Ovadia, Israel's former national debating champion.
Brilliant though it is, Project Debater has some weaknesses. It takes sentences from its library of documents and prebuilt arguments and strings them together. This can lead to the kinds of errors no human would make. …
28. Why does the author mention Noa Ovadia in the first paragraph
A. To explain the use of a software program.
B. To show the cleverness of Project Debater.
C. To introduce the designer of Project Debater.
D. To emphasize the fairness of the competition.
By use of example
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备考策略1: 熟记常见说明方法
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
备考策略1: 熟记常见说明方法
解题策略1：
判析说明方法
时间 篇目 说明对象
2023.1 浙江 C 新事物
D 新事物
2022.6 新高考I B 社会现象
C 新做法
D 研究报告
2021.6 新高考I C 新事物
2020.6 新高考I C 书籍介绍
D 研究报告
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备考策略2: 熟悉常考说明对象
解题策略2：
明确说明对象
(2020新高考I卷D)
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions (份), it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. …
12. What is the recent study mainly about
A. Food safety.
B. Movie viewership.
C. Consumer demand.
D. Eating behavior.
解题策略2：
明确说明对象
(2022新高考I卷D)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. …
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
备考策略3: 掌握核心语篇知识
解题策略3.1：搜索话语标记
(2022新高考1D)
Human speech contains more than 2,000 different sounds, from the common “m” and “a” to the rare clicks of some southern African languages. But why are certain sounds more common than others A ground-breaking, five-year study shows that diet-related changes in human bite led to new speech sounds that are now found in half the world’s languages.
More than 30 years ago, the scholar Charles Hockett noted that speech sounds called labiodentals, such as “f” and “v”, were more common in the languages of societies that ate softer foods. Now a team of researchers led by Damián Blasi at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, has found how and why this trend arose.
They discovered that the upper and lower front teeth of ancient human adults were aligned (对齐), making it hard to produce labiodentals, which are formed by touching the lower lip to the upper teeth. Later, our jaws changed to an overbite structure (结构), making it easier to produce such sounds.
The team showed that this change in bite was connected with the development of agriculture in the Neolithic period. Food became easier to chew at this point. The jawbone didn’t have to do as much work and so didn’t grow to be so large.
Analyses of a language database also confirmed that there was a global change in the sound of world languages after the Neolithic age, with the use of “f” and “v” increasing remarkably during the last few thousand years. These sounds are still not found in the languages of many hunter-gatherer people today. …
解题策略2：
明确说明对象
解题策略3.1：
搜索话语标记
34. What is paragraph 5 mainly about
A. Supporting evidence for the research results.
B. Potential application of the research findings.
C. A further explanation of the research methods.
D. A reasonable doubt about the research process.
(2021新高考Ⅰ卷C)
When the explorers first set force upon the continent of North America, the sky and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife. Native Americans had taken care of these precious natural resources wisely. Unfortunately, it took the explorers and the servitor who followed only a few decades to decimate a large part of these resources. Millions of waterfowl (水禽) were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsmen. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations, greatly reducing waterfowl habitat (栖息地).
In 1934, with the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act (Act), an increasingly concerned nation took firm action to stop the destruction of migratory (迁徙的) waterfowl and the wetlands so vital to their survival. Under this Act, all waterfowl hunters 16 years of age and over must annually purchase and carry a Federal Duck Stamp. The very first Federal Duck Stamp was designed by JN. “Ding” Darling, a political cartoonist from Des Moines, lowa, who at that time was appointed by President Franklin Roosevelt as Director of the Bureau of Biological Survey. Hunters willingly pay the stamp price to ensure the survival of our natural resources.
About 98 cents of every duck stamp dollar goes directly into the Migratory Bird Conservation Fund to purchase wetlands and wildlife habitat for inclusion into the National Wildlife Refuge System—a fact that ensures this land will be protected and available for all generations to come. Since 1934, better than half a billion dollars has gone into that Fund to purchase more than 5 million acres of habitat. Little wonder the Federal Duck Stamp Program has been called one of the most successful conservation programs ever initiated.
引入新事物
产生背景
效果、评价
梳理语篇结构
31. Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A. The Federal Duck Stamp Story
B. The National Wildlife Refuge System
C. The Benefits of Saving Waterfowl
D. The History of Migratory Bird Hunting
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
备考策略3: 掌握核心语篇知识
解题策略3.2：梳理语篇结构
掌握典型语篇结构
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备考策略4:

强化语篇阅读训练
Finish Task II of the “In-class assignments”.
2022新高考II卷D
As we age, even if we’re healthy, the heart just isn’t as efficient in processing oxygen as it used to be. In most people the first signs show up in their 50s or early 60s. And among people who don’t exercise, the changes can start even sooner.
“Think of a rubber band. In the beginning, it is flexible, but put it in a drawer for 20 years and it will become dry and easily broken,” says Dr. Ben Levine, a heart specialist at the University of Texas. That’s what happens to the heart. Fortunately for those in midlife, Levine is finding that even if you haven’t been an enthusiastic exerciser, getting in shape now may help improve your aging heart.
32. What does Levine want to explain by mentioning the rubber band
A. The right way of exercising.
B. The causes of a heart attack.
C. The difficulty of keeping fit.
D. The aging process of the heart.
2022年新高考II卷C
Over the last seven years, most states have banned texting by drivers, and public service campaigns have tried a wide range of methods to persuade people to put down their phones when they are behind the wheel.
Yet the problem, by just about any measure, appears to be getting worse. Americans are still texting while driving, as well as using social networks and taking photos. Road accidents, which had fallen for years, are now rising sharply.
That is partly because people are driving more, but Mark Rosekind, the chief of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, said distracted (分心) driving was “only increasing, unfortunately.”
“Big change requires big ideas.” he said in a speech last month, referring broadly to the need to improve road safety. So to try to change a distinctly modern behavior, lawmakers and public health experts are reaching back to an old approach: They want to treat distracted driving like drunk driving.
An idea from lawmakers in New York is to give police officers a new device called the Textalyzer. It would work like this: An officer arriving at the scene of a crash could ask for the phones of the drivers and use the Textalyzer to check in the operating system for recent activity. The technology could determine whether a driver had just texted, emailed or done anything else that is not allowed under New York’s hands-free driving laws.
“We need something on the books that can change people’s behavior,” said Félix W. Ortiz, who pushed for the state’s 2001 ban on hand-held devices by drivers. If the Textalyzer bill becomes law, he said, “people are going to be more afraid to put their hands on the cell phone.”
What：引入新事物
How: 运行原理等
Comment: 评价、前景等
Why: 产生背景
31. What is a suitable title for the text
A. To Drive or Not to Drive Think Before You Start
B. Texting and Driving Watch Out for the Textalyzer
C. New York Banning Hand-Held Devices by Drivers
D. The Next Generation Cell Phone: The Textalyzer
2023年浙江1月卷D
According to the Solar Energy Industry Association, the number of solar panels installed (安装) has grown rapidly in the past decade, and it has to grow even faster to meet climate goals. But all of that growth will take up a lot of space, and though more and more people accept the concept of solar energy, few like large solar panels to be installed near them.
Solar developers want to put up panels as quickly and cheaply as possible, so they haven’t given much thought to what they put under them. Often, they’ll end up filling the area with small stones and using chemicals to control weeds. The result is that many communities, especially in farming regions, see solar farms as destroyers of the soil.
“Solar projects need to be good neighbors,” says Jordan Macknick, the head of the Innovative Site Preparation and Impact Reductions on the Environment (InSPIRE) project. “They need to be protectors of the land and contribute to the agricultural economy.” InSPIRE is investigating practical approaches to “low-impact” solar development, which focuses on establishing and operating solar farms in a way that is kinder to the land. One of the easiest low-impact solar strategies is providing habitat for pollinators (传粉昆虫).
Habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change have caused dramatic declines in pollinator populations over the past couple of decades, which has damaged the U.S. agricultural economy. Over 28 states have passed laws related to pollinator habitat protection and pesticide use. Conservation organizations put out pollinator-friendliness guidelines for home gardens, businesses, schools, cities—and now there are guidelines for solar farms.
Over the past few years, many solar farm developers have transformed the space under their solar panels into a shelter for various kinds of pollinators, resulting in soil improvement and carbon reduction. “These pollinator-friendly solar farms can have a valuable impact on everything that’s going on in the landscape,” says Macknick.
What：引入新事物
Why: 产生背景
How: 具体措施
Effect / Comment
35. Which of the following is the best title for the text
A. Pollinators: To Leave or to Stay.
B. Solar Energy: Hope for the Future.
C. InSPIRE: A Leader in Agriculture.
D. Solar Farms: A New Development.
The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University
Homework
Finish the “Post-class assignments”.
Thank you!

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