资源简介

参考答案
I. Listening Comprehension
1. B. 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. C 6. A 7. A 8. B
9. D 10. C
11. B 12. A. 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. A
19. C 20. D
II. Grammar and vocabulary
Grammar
21. to be 22. making 23. how 24. of 25. was presented
26. happen 27. inspiring 28. something 29. where 30. even if / even though
Vocabulary
31-35 BDJIE 36-40 KCGFA
Cloze
41. B 42. C 43. D 44. B 45. A
46. B 47. C 48. A 49. D 50. A
51. A 52. B 53. A 54. D 55. C
Reading
56-59 DABD 60-62 BBD 63-66 ABDC 67-70 DBFA
IV. Summary Writing
Loneliness is a painful feeling negatively influencing the body, but it may have evolved as a biological hunger signal to promote short-term survival through renewed social connections. Studies demonstrate loneliness helps drive the evolution of social structures by promoting crucial features. While signaling for connection, loneliness also reminds us to be careful of potential danger, serving as a self-protection mechanism.
V. Translation
72. 要做行业“天花板”，光有决心是不够的. (more than)
72. Breaking through the industry “ceiling” requires more than just determination.
73. 经历了一波三折之后，他如愿以偿地踏上了深造之旅. (as)
After twists and turns, he finally embarked on the journey of further study as he wished.
74. 在田野里奔跑，看夕阳西下，我们是多么享受简单而纯粹的童年啊！(how)
How much we enjoyed a simple and pure childhood, running in the fields and watching the sunset.
75. 加大数字社会建设的投资力度，加速大数据产业发展是必然趋势，符合建设现代化强国的战略. (consistent)
Increasing investment in the construction of the digital society and accelerating the development of the big data industry is an inevitable trend that is consistent with the strategy of building a modern and strong country.
VI. Guided Writing
Version 1
Honorable principal, teachers, and fellow students,
Today, we are gathered here to discuss the topic, “It's better to make wrong decisions than to make no decision at all.” This statement has been a topic of discussion and debate for years, and I would like to share my thoughts on this.
In my opinion, I agree with the statement that it is better to make wrong decisions than to make no decision at all. Making a decision, whether it's right or wrong, is essential in life as it helps us grow and learn from our experiences. Making no decision is a missed opportunity for personal and professional growth.
For instance, when I was in middle school, I participated in a public speaking competition. I was very nervous and unsure of what to say. I had two choices, either to deliver a speech or to drop out of the competition. I took a leap of faith and decided to give the speech, even though I was not confident about it. Unfortunately, I did not win the competition, but I learned that taking action and making a decision helped me overcome my fear of public speaking. Had I not taken any decision, I would have missed out on an opportunity to learn and grow.
Furthermore, not making a decision can also have negative consequences. For instance, when we procrastinate and delay making a decision, the situation worsens, and we end up facing the consequences of not making a decision earlier. In contrast, when we make a wrong decision, we learn from our mistakes, and it helps us avoid making the same mistake again in the future.
To conclude, making a wrong decision is better than not making a decision at all. It helps us learn and grow from our experiences, and it also helps us avoid the negative consequences of not making a decision. So, let's not be afraid of making mistakes and take a leap of faith in our decision-making process. Thank you!
Version 2
Dear fellow classmates,
As we gather here today to discuss the topic of decision-making, I would like to share my thoughts on the statement "It's better to make wrong decisions than to make no decision at all."
Firstly, I would like to express my agreement with this statement. Making decisions is an inevitable part of our lives, and the fear of making a wrong decision often holds us back. However, in reality, not making a decision can be even worse than making the wrong one. When we hesitate and avoid making a decision, we may miss out on important opportunities and experiences that could benefit us.
Moreover, making a wrong decision can be a valuable learning experience. It helps us to gain insight into our thought processes and identify our weaknesses, enabling us to improve our decision-making skills in the future. We can learn from our mistakes and use them as a guide to avoid similar pitfalls in the future.
To illustrate my point, let me share a personal experience. Last year, I had to choose between two extracurricular activities - joining the school debate team or the basketball team. I was hesitant and unsure which one to choose, and I spent weeks deliberating over it. In the end, I decided to join the debate team, thinking it would be more challenging and would help me improve my public speaking skills.
However, I soon realized that I had made the wrong decision. I found it difficult to keep up with the fast-paced discussions and often felt out of my depth. Although it was a challenging experience, it taught me valuable lessons about my strengths and weaknesses. I learned that while I may not be a natural debater, I am passionate about basketball and that I should trust my instincts when making decisions.
In conclusion, I firmly believe that it is better to make a wrong decision than to make no decision at all. Making mistakes is a natural part of life, and we should embrace them as opportunities for growth and learning. By taking risks and making decisions, we can discover our strengths, learn from our mistakes, and ultimately achieve success in our personal and professional lives.
Thank you for listening.
Version 3
Dear fellow classmates,
I am honored to speak at this themed class meeting, and I am excited to share my perspective on the statement, "It's better to make wrong decisions than to make no decision at all."
In my opinion, I agree with this statement. Making a wrong decision can be an essential part of learning and growth, whereas not making any decision at all can lead to missed opportunities and regrets. Allow me to provide some examples.
As a student, we are constantly faced with choices. For instance, we may have to decide which subjects to choose for our electives, which extracurricular activities to join, or even which career path to pursue. These decisions can be difficult, and there is no guarantee that we will make the right choice every time. However, the important thing is that we make a decision and learn from it. If we don't, we may regret missed opportunities and wonder "what if "
Moreover, making a wrong decision can often be a valuable learning experience. When we make mistakes, we have the opportunity to reflect on what went wrong and how we can improve for the future. For example, if we fail a test, we can learn from our mistakes and study more effectively for the next test. Similarly, if we choose the wrong club to join, we can learn from our experience and make a better choice next time.
On the other hand, not making any decision can lead to stagnation and missed opportunities. If we constantly procrastinate or avoid making decisions altogether, we may miss out on valuable experiences and opportunities for growth.
In conclusion, I believe that it is better to make wrong decisions than to make no decision at all. Making mistakes is a natural part of life, and we should embrace them as opportunities for growth and learning. Let's not be afraid of making mistakes, but rather embrace them as a stepping stone towards success.
Thank you for listening.杨浦区2022学年度第二学期高三模拟质量调研
高三年级英语学科试卷 2023.4
考生注意：
1．考试时间120分钟，试卷满分140分。
2．本次考试设试卷和答题纸两部分。所有答题必须涂（选择题）或写（非选择题）在答题纸上，做在试卷上一律不得分。
3．务必在答题纸上填写准考证号和姓名，并将核对后的条形码贴在指定位置上。
I. Listening Comprehension
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A.Teacher and student.
B.Mother and son.
C.Brother and sister.
D.Boss and employee.
2. A.Predictable.
B.Boring.
C.Tense.
D.One-sided.
3. A.Take the subway to get to the show.
B.Grab a bite on the way to the theater.
C. Have dinner after the 7:30 show.
D.Eat nothing and walk to the theater.
4. A.He desperately needs an explanation.
B.He knows why Sam is in a bad mood.
C.He will make Sam feel better.
D.He will keep his distance from Sam.
5. A.At the construction site.
B.At the camera shop.
C.At the cellphone store.
D.At the consulting office.
6. A. The man likes the new wallpaper.
B.The man is sensitive to bright colors.
C.The woman has changed the furniture.
D.The woman has just moved into a new building.
7. A.Two managers will only mess up the project.
B.Two managers should take charge of the project.
C.The muddy water takes time to be cleaned.
D.The water project is short of workers.
8. A.They keep asking for more to improve their standard of living.
B.They both prefer living in the countryside to living in the city.
C.Neither of them has got used to the slow-paced lifestyle.
D.Neither of them has ever lived close to lakes and green hills.
9. A.The woman had to sell the company at 10,000.
B.The woman planned to sell the car at 1,000.
C.The man failed to close the deal for the company.
D.The man put the wrong price on the car.
10.A.The man had better store some paper and pens.
B.The man had better write about something else.
C.The man should act now without any delay.
D.The man should think twice before taking action.
Section B
Directions: In Section B,you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation,
and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation.
The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken
only once.When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and
decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11.A.5.
B.16.
C.42.
D.21.
12.A.See his championship belt.
B.Appear in his superhero films.
C.Learn the wrestling skills from him.
D.Exchange photos with him.
13.A.It treats children who suffer from serious illnesses.
B. It helps sick children to see their favorite celebrities.
C.It keeps track of Guinness World Record holders.
D.It protects children from violence and crimes.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14.A. They would be given a good beating.
B.They would have to close the business.
C.They would make a public apology.
D.They would be thrown to prison.
15..A.To prove they were not bad at counting numbers.
B.To avoid having air content in their bread.
C.To ensure their baked products were not short of weight.
D.To make the baked products look more attractive.
16. A.The meaning of dozen in different places.
B.The first law about the baking industry.
C.The development of the word “dozen”.
D.The origin of the term “a baker's dozen”.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17.A.Too much traffic.
B.Too many people.
C.Cold temperature outdoors.
D.No food or drinks available.
18. A. Watch a football game.
B.Watch a display of fireworks.
C.Go for a picnic in the park.
D.Go to the gym for a workout.
19. A. She sneezes when exposed to grass.
B.She is quiet when watching a game.
C.She is a huge football fan.
D.She loves classical music.
20.A.Archie is good at arguing with others.
B.Archie always has his way in the end.
C.Sophie is considerate of others' feelings.
D. Sophie is good at making up excuses.
II.Grammar and vocabulary
Section A
Directions:After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
6 QUESTOINS FOR VANESSA NAKATE
Vanessa Nakate is a climate activist from Uganda, and a goodwill ambassador for UNICEF, the United Nations Children's Fund.
Q1:What does it mean (21)(be) a UNICEF goodwill ambassador
I get to meet people on the front lines of the climate crisis. I see my role as(22) (make) their voices louder. I want to shine a light on the issue of climate change and(23) it's affecting people, especially children.
Q2:You've given speeches about the impact(24) climate change. Which has been your most powerful
One that has been very powerful for me was when I spoke at the 26th United Nations Climate Change Conference, in Glasgow, Scotland. I (25) (present)the opportunity to ask government leaders, and also business leaders, to do the right thing to ensure that our planet is protected.
Q3:What's the hardest part of being an activist
One of the hardest things is having to see the consequences of climate change. For example, the drought in the Horn of Africa, the flooding in Pakistan, or the recent hurricanes in the United States. It's very sad to see all those events (26) (happen).
Q4:What keeps you motivated to fight climate change
You're interviewing me, and I think that's so (27)_ (inspire).It gives me the energy for what I'll do tomorrow. My motivation comes from young people who are doing(28) for our planet.
Q5:What's the most recent climate-related project you've worked on
In 2019,I launched a project,(29) we gave solar panels to schools in Uganda. The solar panels have helped bring lighting to the schools, which makes education much easier for the children.
Q6:Climate change can feel frustrating and scary for some kids. What advice do you have for them
To address this big issue, just find one thing you can do,(30) you are not sure about the outcome. After all, no person is too small to make a difference and no action is too small to transform the world.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once.Note that there is one word more than you need.
Urban Trees Are Threatened by Climate Change
By 2050,about three-quarters of the species will be at risk as a result of climate change, a study has found. Critics around the world may need to start planting different types of trees and shrubs that can(31)warmer and drier conditions.
“By 'at risk', we mean these species might be(32) stressful climatic conditions" says Manuel Esperon-Rodriguez at Western Sydney University in Australia. “Those trees are likely to die.”
City trees have many benefits, from making urban spaces look beautiful and providing a refuge for wildlife to keeping places up to 12°C cooler than they would otherwise be in summer. Losing tree (33) would lead to cities becoming even hotter as the planet heats up.
To(34) the threat, Esperon Rodriguez and his colleagues used database called the Global Urban Tree Inventory to work out the conditions required by 3100 tree and shrub species currently grown in 164 cities worldwide. The researchers then looked at how these conditions would be affected by climate change under medium-emissions scenario known as RCP6.0.
By 2050,76 per cent of these species will be at risk from rising (35) temperatures and 70 percent from decreasing rainfall, the team concludes.
The study doesn't take account of(36) urban growth, which could warm cities even faster. Nor does it take account of greater weather (37) caused by climate change, or the effects of pests and diseases. Warmer conditions are allowing more pests, such as bark beetles, to survive winters as well as to reproduce faster in summer, greatly increasing their (38)
“Our(39) have scientific basis,” says Esperon-Rodriguez. There are some things that can be done to help trees survive. The best strategy is to choose tough species when(40) trees or planting new ones, the team concludes.
III. Reading Comprehension
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Inconvenient Truths
If doctors lie, it is surely inexcusable. One of the basic (41) the public have of doctors is honesty. But what would you think if I told you that research has shown that 70 per cent of doctors(42) to lying to their patients IfI am honest, I have told lies to my patients.
Mrs Walton was in her eighties and(43) to see her husband. She would try to get up to find him, despite being at risk of falling. “He's on his way, don t worry, the nurses would say this to calm her down. I said the same thing to her. But it was a lie. He died two years ago. The truth, if I can use that word, is that it is a (44) to lie sometimes.
Mrs Walton is one of the dementia（痴呆）sufferers，who lose their short-term memory and the memory of (45) events, but hold memories from the distant past. Sufferers are trapped forever in a confusing past that many realize bears little (46) to the present, but are at a loss to explain. Those with dementia often feel upset, scared and confused that they are in a strange place,(47) by strange people, even when they are in their own homes with their family, because they have gone back to decades ago.
They look at their adult children (48) and wonder who they could be because they think their children are still little kids. I have had countless families break down in tears, not knowing how to react as their loved one moves further away from them back into their distant past and they are (49) in the present. And how, as the doctor or nurse caring for these patients, does one manage the anger and outbursts of distress that comes with having no (50) of your life for the past ten or 20 years The lies that doctors, nurses and families tell these patients are not big, elaborate lies-they are(51) comforts intended to calm and allow the subject to be swiftly changed.
(52) with them about this false reality is not heartless or unprofessional -it is actually kind. That's not to say that lying to patients with dementia (53) is right or defensible. But what kind-hearted person would put another human being through the unimaginable pain of learning, (54)_ again and again that they have lost their beloved ones. It would be an unthinkable cruelness.
Sometimes honesty is(55) not the best policy.
41. A. expressions 42. A. objected B. expectations B. contributed C. reputations C. admitted D. regulations D. appealed
43. A. ashamed B. delighted C. nervous D. desperate
44. A. cruelty B. kindness C. pain D. pleasure
45. A. recent B. popular C. distant D. major
46. A. opposition B. connection C. attention D. similarity
47. A. attacked B. isolated C. surrounded D. attracted
48. A. puzzled B. satisfied C. amused D. motivated
49. A. cut off B. thrown away C. put down D. left behind
50. A. knowledge B. control C. imagination D. record
51. A. brief B. constant C. permanent D. secret
52. A. Competing B. Plotting C. Matching D. Mixing
53. A. unnecessarily B. inaccurately C. impatiently D. impolitely
54. A. ahead of time B.in no time C. for the last time D. for the first time
55. A. mostly B. informally C. simply D. finally
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B.C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
My sister, Lynn, taught me my first word: Kirakira. I pronounced it ka-a-ahhh, but she knew what I meant. Kira-kira means “glittering” in Japanese. Lynn told me that when I was a baby, she used to take me onto our empty road at night, where we would lie on our backs and look at the stars while she said over and over, “Katie, say 'kira-kira, kira-kira!'” I loved that word! When I grew older, I used Kirakira to describe everything I liked: the beautiful blue sky, puppies, kittens, butterflies, colored tissues.
My mother said we were misusing the word; you could not call colored tissues kira-kira.She was dismayed over how un-Japanese we were and swore to send us to Japan one day. I didn't care where she sent me, so long as Lynn came along.
When she wasn't in school, she stayed with me constantly. Both our parents worked. Officially, I stayed all day with a lady from down the road, but unofficially, Lynn was the one who took care of me.
My sister used to keep a diary. Today I keep her diary in a drawer next to my bed. I like to see how her memories were the same as mine, but also different. For instance, one of my earliest memories is of the day Lynn saved my life. I was almost five, and she was almost nine. We were playing on the empty road near our house. Fields of tall corn stretched into the distance wherever you looked. A dirty gray dog ran out of the field near us, and then he ran back in. Lynn loved animals. Her long black hair disappeared into the corn as she chased the dog. The summer sky was clear and blue. I felt a brief fear as Lynn disappeared into the cornstalks. After Lynn ran into the field, I couldn't see anything but corn. “Lynnie!” I shouted. We weren't that far from our house, but I felt scared. I burst into tears.
Somehow or other, Lynn got behind me and said, “Boo!” and I cried some more. She just laughed and hugged me and said, “You're the best little sister in the world!” I liked it when she said that, so I stopped crying.
56.What can be learned about Katie as a little child from the first paragraph
A.She only listened to Lynn's advice.
B.She didn't like to learn the Japanese language.
C.She mispronounced kira-kira on purpose.
D. She associated kira-kira with nice things.
57.The underlined word dismayed in the second paragraph probably means
A. discouraged
B. amused
C. relieved
D .unconvinced
58.Which of the following lines is probably in Lynn's diary description of the event
A....I was sure that the dog would hurt Katie....
B....My heart melted at the sight of the lovely dog....
C....I kept chasing the dog until Katie appeared....
D....I regretted taking Katie out when I saw the dog....
59.The author writes about her childhood to
A.sing praise of her Japanese roots B.share an adventurous experience
C.recall unique style of language learning D.show the sisterly affection
(B)
Scholarships designed to extend the education and training of the applicants and to advance their research careers are available to new or recent doctoral graduates in diverse areas of research.
Applications will be accepted from doctoral recipients with research interests associated with the following Departments:
·APPLIED OCEAN PHYSICS & ENGINEERING
·MARINE CHEMISTRY AND GEOCHEMISTRY
·PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
·GEOLOGY&GEOPHYSICS
·BIOLOGY
Interdepartmental research, including with the Marine Policy Center, is also encouraged.
Applications will also be accepted from those with research interests on the following:
·USGS/WHOI-areas of common interest between USGS and WHOI Scientific Staff. The individual will interact with both USGS and WHOI based advisors on their research.
Criteria for awards include demonstrated research independence, productivity and novelty, and community service including contributions to making ocean sciences and engineering more diverse and welcoming. Scholarships are awarded for 18-month appointments ($68,500 annually, plus a health and welfare allowance; a travel allowance; and a research budget).Recipients are encouraged to pursue their own research interest supervised by resident munication with potential WHOI advisors prior to submitting an application is PLETED APPLICATIONS MUST BE RECEIVED BY OCTOBER 15,2023, to start any time after January 1, 2024 and before December 1, 2024.Awards will be announced in December.
Further information about the Scholarships and application forms as well as links to the individual Departments and their research themes may be obtained at: https://go.whoi.edu/pdscholarship
A goal of the Postdoctoral Scholar Program is the long-term broadening of participation in ocean science and engineering: women, minorities, veterans. those with disabilities, and other underrepresented groups are encouraged to apply.
60.What can be learned about the Postdoctoral Scholar Program
A.Women applicants are more likely to be considered than men applicants.
B.Applicants whose research is independent and original will be given priority.
C.All applicants must agree to work with the Marine Policy Center.
D.Applicants without a degree in engineering will be rejected.
61.The earliest time for the scholarship recipient to start the research work is
A. October 15,2023
C. December 1,2024
B.January 1,2024
D.December 12,2023
62.The scholarship recipient will be able to
A.get a health and welfare allowance of $ 70,000 a year
B.use the database at http://go.whoi.edu/pdscholarship
C.appoint any WHOI advisor as his/her research partner
D.do research under the guidance of resident staff at WHOI
(C)
Small batteries are big problems, but nobody really pays attention to where they end up. Researchers at the Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory are working to address this problem. Their new research paper describes a water-activated paper battery developed from environmentally friendly materials that could eventually present a sustainable alternative to the more harmful batteries common in low-power devices.
The paper battery has the same key components as standard batteries but packages them differently. Like a typical chemical battery, it has a positively charged side called a cathode, a negatively charged side called an anode, and a conductive material called an electrolyte（电解质） between the two. A traditional battery＇s components are encased in plastic and metal; in the new battery, the anode and cathode are inks printed onto the front and back of a piece of paper. That paper is filled with salt， which dissolves（溶解）when the paper is dampened with water. The resulting saltwater solution acts as the electrolyte.
Sustainable materials were a precondition for the researchers, who considered only safe and plentiful ingredients to create their device. “We were fairly confident that we would have something that would work in the end, but developing these materials and ink systems is challenging,” says Gustav Nystr m, senior author of the study.
After trying hundreds of formulations for the battery components, the researchers settled on a graphite ink to make the cathode, a zinc ink for the anode, and salt-filled paper to create the electrolyte.
When the paper is dry, the battery is shelf-stable. Add just a couple of drops of water, however, and the salt dissolves, allowing electrons to flow. Once the paper is dampened, the battery activates within 20 seconds. The new battery's operating performance declines as the paper dries. When the scientists re-wet the paper during testing, the battery regained functionality and lasted an hour before beginning to dry out again.
AI though the researchers demonstrated that their battery could power an alarm clock, the paper batteries are unlikely to replace standard ones on store shelves. Nystr m envisions a future where these paper batteries could make their way into products within the next two to five years. “The performance that you see on this device, I think, is sufficient for a lot of other applications already,” he says. It is mostly a matter of scaling up production and integrating the batteries into systems such as diagnostic tests and environmental sensors.”
63. How is the paper battery similar to the standard battery
A.They both have two charged sides and an electrolyte.
B. They are both packaged in plastic and metal.
C. The key components are environmentally friendly.
D. Both batteries can operate for only an hour.
64. is the condition for the paper battery to work.
A.Heating thesalt
B.Wetting the paper
C.Drying out the battery
D.Charging the electrons
65. Nystr m will most likely agree with the prediction that
A.major technological breakthrough will be made in the near future
B.all home appliances will be powered by paper batteries
C.paper batteries will have longer shelf life than traditional ones
D.the future for a wide application of paper batteries is not far off
66.Which of the following statements best describes the significance of paper battery
A. It advances the battery manufacturing industry.
B. It is a low-cost alternative to traditional battery.
C.It is a creative way to reduce potential e-waste.
D.It turns dangerous e-waste into useful products.
Section C
Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A.As that reduces effort over a sustained period, it could result in even more significant negative effects.
B. Before receiving the text, half the participants were asked to think about the different ways they could obtain free food, should they fail to earn the snack.
C. But participants asked to brainstorm other things before unscrambling sentences did just fine.
D. However, the costs of making backup plans haven't previously been examined.
E.If you prepare for failure, you may be more likely to fail.
F. They might not have been aware of this shift in their mindset while working, but they were less motivated.
Making a Backup Plan Weakens Performance
There are certainly important benefits to making backup plans. One is the psychological comfort it brings: People think, “I'm going to be Okay, even if I fail because I can then do X or Y.” Another benefit is that if you fail, you won't keep thinking about it; you can quickly implement your backup plan. (67) Jihae Shin of Wisconsin School of Business believes that acknowledging the costs and benefits can lead to better and more informed decision making.
She gave 160 university students a sentence-unscrambling（理清句子）task and promised an energy bar to those who performed it well.(68) People encouraged to think about those backup plans unscrambled significantly fewer sentences on average than people who hadn't been asked to formulate a plan B.
In the follow-up experiment, Shin took the same approach but offered people different rewards-an extra dollar. “We think that when achieving a goal requires work, not luck, making a backup plan can hurt performance by reducing the desire for the goal.” said professor Shin. “In the third studying which participants were asked about how much they wanted the promised reward of one dollar, those who had been asked to think through backup plans reported that they wanted the cash less than others. (69) So they put in less effort which hurt their results.
The participants in the lab studies spent less than 10 minutes, thinking about their backup plans--a tiny investment of their attention --yet it significantly affected their motivation and performance on goal pursuit. In real life when the stakes are higher, people would be expected to devote more time and energy to mapping out the detailed backup plans.(70)
The practical advice from the researchers is: Hold off on making back up plans until you've put as much effort as possible into your primary goal.
IV. Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Humans Evolved to Be Lonely
Loneliness hurts and, over time, it can put the body into a state that increases our risk of everything from heart attack to diabetes and cancer. So, evolutionarily speaking, why do we experience it Stephanie Cacioppo, a neuroscientist, says that countless studies have helped researchers formulate a holistic（全面的）purpose for loneliness.
Being social had its downsides even back then-competition for food, for example, or contribution to the spread of pathogens（病原体）.But scientists think we evolved to feel loneliness because it was more important to work with one another to accomplish tasks and protect everyone. “The pain of loneliness drove us to renew the social structure so we could survive and promote key features like trust, cooperation and collective action,” explains Cacioppo.
She says that, for years, researchers thought of loneliness as a “disease with no compensatory features.” But now, they’re realizing that it's more of a biological hunger signal that reminds us when it's time to reconnect with those around us to promote our short-term survival. If the outcomes of loneliness were entirely negative, it would no longer be a part of our DNA. “Hunger and thirst protect our physical body while loneliness protects our social body,” says Cacioppo.
Interestingly, while loneliness sends a signal to the brain that it's time for connection, at the same time it's also looking for danger. This “contradictory signal,” according to Cacioppo, reminds us to be careful of whether the people we are connecting with are enemies or friends. She calls this need to be watchful even as we're socializing a “self-protection mechanism.” That means in situations where you feel lonely even when surrounded by others, you’re subconsciously thinking that this crowd might not be a good evolutionary fit for your survival.
V.Translation
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
72．要做行业“天花板”，光有决心是不够的。（more than）
73．经历了一波三折之后，他如愿以偿地踏上了深造之旅。（as）
74．在田野里奔跑，看夕阳西下，我们是多么享受简单而纯粹的童年啊！（how）
75．加大数字社会建设的投资力度，加速大数据产业发展是必然趋势，符合建设现代化强国的战略。（consistent）
VI. Guided Writing
Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
你班最近将召开一次主题班会，围绕“It’s better to make wrong decisions than to make no decision at all.”这种说法展开讨论。你是赞同还是反对这个观点？请写一篇发言稿，通过事例对你的观点加以说明。

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