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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2022年高考英语全国甲卷阅读理解D篇真题与变式题
社会问题与社会现象类（基础题7篇+巩固题3篇+提升题3篇）（解析版）
2022年全国甲卷原题（难度0.65）
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean ” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney’s striking architecture. B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney’s development. D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
3．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
4．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．A
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章介绍了悉尼城市发展中对于现代化和传统保护的困惑，并提出“一座城市可以同时年轻和年老”的观点。
1．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. (20世纪60年代初，澳大利亚悉尼发生了一件大事。这座城市发现了自己的港口。)”和最后一句“But it is the harbor that makes the city.(但正是港口造就了这座城市。)”可知，第一段主要是讲悉尼发展的关键。故选C。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段““I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.(“我会想念这些旧船的，”我们分手时他说。)”和第五段第二句“Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot.(双体船更快，但它们不那么优雅，驾驶起来也不有趣。)”可知，Andrew Reynolds喜欢那些旧渡船。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第六段第二句中的“in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings(在20世纪70年代奔向现代化的过程中，悉尼抛弃了许多过去的东西，包括许多最漂亮的建筑)”和第四句“We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one.(我们似乎无法决定是要一个现代的城市还是一个传统的城市。)”可知，Shirley Fitzgerald认为悉尼正在丢失传统。故选A。
4．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段第一句“On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions.(另一方面，同时年轻和年老也有它的吸引力。)”可知，作者会认同“一座城市可以同时年轻和年老”的观点。故选A。
二、变式题汇总
（一）变式题型一：基础类（难度0.85）
（1）
（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考一模）One third of adults over 65 in America have never used the Internet, and half don’t even have Internet access at home. In San Francisco, “the center of tech”, 40% of older adults do not have basic digital literacy skills.
This situation is becoming appalling as over 10,000 Americans turn 65 every single day. By 2050,22% of Americans will be 65 or older. Meanwhile, technology is developing very fast. This means that a large number of people will be unable to proficiently use emergent technology.
Many people believe that seniors aren’t required to participate in our tech future because they’ll be retired and relaxed soon. But this is the farthest thing from the truth. Baby boomers are currently experiencing a different boom: With more people getting older than ever before, their life expediencies are also increasing dramatically. With medical advancements, the number of American people projected to live into their 90’s has doubled since 1965.
However, they don’t have strong financial or educational support. This is not a problem; it’s a crisis. More than half of employees over 50 have been laid off in what’s being called ”forced retirement“. And few organizations are actively helping older employees make the transition from full-time jobs to part-time ones. For those fortunate enough to be employed, 3 out of 5 older workers experience prejudice.
The easiest solution is to teach digital literacy. If baby boomers want to survive the forthcoming retirement crisis, they should get enough digital knowledge and skills to operate today’s tools and tomorrow’s platforms. With every crisis comes an opportunity. Tutoring, customer service, editing, research, book-keeping, and other virtual assistance-based work open the doors. But again, digital knowledge is first required to live in our high-tech society and gig economy. So try to get more online and navigate the growing number of sites and apps.
1．What does the underlined word “appalling” probably mean in paragraph2
A．Confusing. B．Terrible. C．Controllable. D．Inspiring.
2．What problem may baby boomers face
A．A crisis after retirement. B．Being knocked out in the future.
C．Failing to receive good healthcare. D．Tending to double their life expediencies.
3．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The features of high-tech jobs. B．The way out for baby boomers.
C．Potential industries in the future. D．The importance of developing technology.
4．What does the author advise baby boomers to do
A．Have a good sense of crisis. B．Avoid retiring at an early age.
C．Look for many part-time jobs. D．Improve digital literacy actively.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．B 4．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了在美国，65岁以上的成年人中有三分之一从未使用过互联网，一半人甚至在家里没有互联网接入。在“科技中心”旧金山，40%的老年人不具备基本的数字读写能力。这种情况正变得令人震惊，因为每天都有1万多名美国人年满65岁。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段“By 2050,22% of Americans will be 65 or older. Meanwhile, technology is developing very fast. This means that a large number of people will be unable to proficiently use emergent technology.(到2050年，22%的美国人将年满65岁。与此同时，科技发展非常迅速。这意味着大量的人将无法熟练地使用紧急技术)”以及画线词后文“as over 10,000 Americans turn 65 every single day”可知，大量的人将无法熟练地使用紧急技术，而每天都有1万多名美国人年满65岁，可见这种情况正变得糟糕。故画线词意思是“糟糕的”。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第四段“However, they don’t have strong financial or educational support. This is not a problem; it’s a crisis. More than half of employees over 50 have been laid off in what’s being called ”forced retirement“. And few organizations are actively helping older employees make the transition from full-time jobs to part-time ones. For those fortunate enough to be employed, 3 out of 5 older workers experience prejudice.(然而，他们没有强有力的经济或教育支持。这不是问题；这是危机。超过一半的50岁以上的员工在所谓的“强制退休”中被解雇。而且很少有公司积极帮助年长员工从全职工作过渡到兼职工作。在那些幸运地被雇用的人中，五分之三的年长工人遭受歧视)”可知，婴儿潮一代可能会面临退休后危机。故选A。
（2）
（2022·河北沧州·统考二模）In France, a lot of energy goes into one’s personal appearance. Clothing is a big part of Parisian culture; after all, this is one of the world fashion capitals.
Parisians like simple, classic pieces that are timeless. Must-have pieces such as a good pair of jeans, a trench coat, and basic knitwear are always good to have on hand. Parisians don’t really like clothing to be colorful or ostentatious, especially not something to be worn for an ordinary day out. Black, white and different shades of beige are common sightings around Paris’ streets.
Classic goes for shoes, too. A quality pair of leather boots, loafers (休闲鞋) or heels can be paired with anything, provided they are in a shade of black or brown. Comfort is key, since most Parisians do a lot of walking. However, you’ll rarely notice Parisians wearing open-toed shoes. Younger generation Parisians are becoming part of sports shoes culture, though it is unlikely to see an elder Parisian wearing any form of them in public.
Speaking of berets (贝雷帽), a decent beret is an important item for most Parisians. It would be far too general to say that all Parisians are fond of the beret, but the vast majority can appreciate their place in fashion history. They also love having a way of covering their hair when unexpected wind or rain happens in the city of light!
Parisians are not about logos (商标). Contrary to Italians, Parisians prefer not to see any kind of printed logo on clothing, handbags or shoes, unless it is extremely small and subtle. Hoodies with an oversized logo printed down the front is a no-no. Something to keep in mind is that just because Parisians are not into logos, this does not mean they are not into name brands (名牌). On the contrary, the French love luxury fashion and name branded clothing. Parisians know their brands, and they don’t need logos to tell them when something is of a particular fashion house, or when something is real or fake.
1．What does the underlined word “ostentatious” mean in the second paragraph
A．Simple in design. B．Of an old style.
C．Enhancing creativity. D．Attracting attention.
2．What will an elder Parisian probably wear in public
A．White boots. B．Black loafers.
C．Open-toed shoes. D．Comfortable sports shoes.
3．How do Parisians like the beret
A．Most of them like to have one.
B．They think it too old-fashioned.
C．They think it goes well with long hair.
D．Most of them wear it for an ordinary day out.
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．Parisians don’t like name brands.
B．Parisians aren’t into oversized logos.
C．Parisians don’t care about what is in fashion.
D．Parisians prefer not to see any logo on clothing.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了巴黎人的穿着风格。
1．词义猜测题。根据文章第二段“Parisians don’t really like clothing to be colorful or ostentatious, especially not something to be worn for an ordinary day out. Black, white and different shades of beige are common sightings around Paris’ streets.（巴黎人真的不喜欢色彩鲜艳或者ostentatious，尤其不喜欢日常外出穿的衣服。黑、白和不同深浅的米色是巴黎街头常见的颜色。）”可知，单词ostentatious后文的内容“Black, white and different shades of beige are common sightings around Paris’ streets.（黑、白和不同深浅的米色是巴黎街头常见的颜色。）”对本单词进一步补充说明，巴黎人喜欢的颜色是黑、白和米色，因此此处指巴黎人真的不太喜欢鲜艳或者耀眼的衣服，故ostentatious与D项“引人注意的”意思相近，故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Classic goes for shoes, too. A quality pair of leather boots, loafers (休闲鞋) or heels can be paired with anything, provided they are in a shade of black or brown. Comfort is key, since most Parisians do a lot of walking.（经典也适用于鞋子。一双优质的皮靴、休闲鞋或高跟鞋可以与任何东西搭配，只要它们是黑色或者棕色的。舒适是关键，因为大多数的巴黎人经常步行。）”可知，舒适对于巴黎人来说是最关键的，且对颜色的要求也比较高，黑色或者棕色的，故可推知老年人可能会穿黑色的休闲鞋。故选B。
3．细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“Speaking of berets (贝雷帽), a decent beret is an important item for most Parisians. It would be far too general to say that all Parisians are fond of the beret, but the vast majority can appreciate their place in fashion history.（提到贝雷帽，一顶得体的贝雷帽对于大多数的巴黎人来说很重要。说每个人都喜欢贝雷帽可能有点广泛了，但是绝大多数的巴黎人都喜欢贝雷帽。）”可知，大多数的巴黎人都喜欢有一顶贝雷帽，故选A。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Parisians prefer not to see any kind of printed logo on clothing, handbags or shoes, unless it is extremely small and subtle. Hoodies with an oversized logo printed down the front is a no-no.（巴黎人不喜欢衣服上、包上和鞋上印有商标，除非商标特别小且不起眼。印有超大号商标的卫衣，巴黎人是完全拒绝的。）”可知，巴黎人不喜欢商标印在衣服上、包上等，尤其是超大号商标，故选B。
（3）
（2023·河南郑州·统考二模）Six months before she died, my grandmother moved into an old people’s home and I visited her there. The room was clean and warm, and the care assistants were kind and cheerful. A general knowledge quiz show was on the television, and the only other sound was snoring. People moved only when they needed to be helped to the bathroom. It was disappointing. Grandmother talked a lot about how much she missed seeing her grandchildren, but I knew from my sister that they hated going to visit her there.
So I was interested to read a newspaper article about a new concept in old people’s homes in France. The idea is simple, but revolutionary — combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building. The children and the residents eat lunch together and share activities. In the afternoons, the residents enjoy reading or telling stories to the children, and if a child is feeling sad or tired, there is always a kind lap to sit on.
The advantages are huge for everyone concerned. The children are happy, because they get a lot more individual attention. The residents are happy because they feel useful and needed. And the staff are happy because they see an improvement in the physical and psychological health of the residents and have an army of assistants to help with the children.
Nowadays there is less and less contact between the old and the young in an increasing number of countries. There are many reasons for this, including the breakdown of the extended family, working parents with no time to care for ageing relations, families that have moved away, and smaller flats with no room for grandparents. But the result is the same-increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children, and more old people who are lonely and feel useless, along with more and more families with young children who desperately need more support. Ifs a major problem in many societies.
That’s why inter generational programs, designed to bring the old and the young together, are growing in popularity all over the world.
1．What does the underlined word “residents” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A．Old people. B．School teachers. C．Assistants. D．Staff.
2．How were the old people at the home the author’s grandmother was in
A．They felt lonely and useless. B．They weren’t allowed to be visited.
C．They weren’t looked after properly. D．They lived in a dirty and uncomfortable room.
3．What does the author think is a major problem in many societies today
A．The extended family is broken down.
B．There isn’t much room for grandparents.
C．Working parents have no time to care for their children.
D．There isn’t much contact between the old and the young.
4．What will be probably talked about later in the passage
A．Advice on how to communicate with children.
B．Plans for setting up more homes for old people.
C．Examples of successful inter generational programs.
D．Ways of teaching entertainment skills to old people.
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．C
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了养老院的老人总是觉得孤独和不被需要，法国有了一个把老人院和幼儿园结合在一栋楼里的想法，介绍了这一做法的好处。
1．词句猜测题。根据第二段中“The idea is simple, but revolutionary — combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building. (这个想法很简单，但却是革命性的——在同一栋楼里把养老院和幼儿园结合起来)”以及画线词后文“eat lunch together and share activities”可知，这个想法把老人院和幼儿园结合了起来，让孩子们和老人们一起吃午饭，分享活动。故画线词意思是“老人”。故选A。
2．细节理解题。根据第一段“Grandmother talked a lot about how much she missed seeing her grandchildren, but I knew from my sister that they hated going to visit her there .(祖母经常说她多么想念孙子孙女们，但我从姐姐那里知道，他们不喜欢去那里看她)”以及第三段中“The residents are happy because they feel useful and needed. (老人们很高兴，因为他们觉得自己是有用的和被需要的)”可知，作者祖母住的那所房子里的老人感到孤独和无用。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Nowadays there is less and less contact between the old and the young in an increasing number of countries. (如今，在越来越多的国家，老年人和年轻人之间的接触越来越少)”可知，作者认为当今社会的主要问题是老年人和年轻人之间没有太多的接触。故选D。
4．推理判断题。根据最后一段“That’s why inter generational programs, designed to bring the old and the young together, are growing in popularity all over the world. (这就是为什么旨在将老年人和年轻人结合在一起的代际计划在世界各地越来越受欢迎)”可推知，这篇文章后面可能会讨论成功的代际项目的例子。故选C。
（4）
（2022·江苏·模拟预测）There are few places on Earth that humans haven’t messed up. Now even Antarctica, the only continent with no permanent human inhabitants, is being altered by us. A study found that the increasing human presence in Antarctica is causing more snow melt-bad news for a frozen world already battling the effects of human-caused global warming.
Black carbon, the dark, dusty pollution that comes from burning fossil fuels has settled in locations where tourists and researchers spend a lot of time, scientists found. Even the smallest amount of the dark pollutant can have a significant impact on melting because of its very low reflectiveness: things that are light in color, like snow, reflect the sun's energy and stay cool; things that are dark, like black carbon, absorb the sun's energy and warm up.
“The snow albedo (反射率) effect is one of the largest uncertainties in regional and global climate modeling right now,” Alia Khan, a snow and ice scientist at Western Washington University, told CNN. “That’s one of the motivations for the study, to quantify the impact of black carbon on regional snowmelt, which is important for quantifying the role of black carbon in the global loss of snow and ice.”
“Antarctica is sitting there pretty much silently all year. But, if it weren’t there, in the state that it is meant to be, the balance that we have in the climate system will no longer be,” Marilyn Raphael, a geography professor said. “Antarctica’s sea ice is also important to maintain a balance in atmospheric circulation,” he added. As waters get warmer, some Antarctic creatures are finding their homes more and more unlivable.
“Everything we do has consequences,” Raphael said. “We need to educate ourselves about those consequences, especially in systems that we know relatively little about. We have to be careful that we don’t upset the climate balance.”
1．Why can the smallest amount of black carbon have huge impact on melting
A．It is highly reflective. B．Its dark colour absorbs heat.
C．It produces vast energy. D．It causes much pollution.
2．According to Alia, which of the following is one reason for conducting the study
A．To measure the impact of black carbon on melting.
B．To quantify the cost of battling against climate change.
C．To remove the uncertainties of global warming effects.
D．To urge people to pay more attention to melting problem.
3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．The change caused by Antarctic melting. B．The methods to stop Antarctic ice melting.
C．The significance of Antarctic being in its state. D．The sufferings Antarctic creatures are experiencing.
4．What does Raphael advise people to do
A．Reduce tourist numbers. B．Face the consequences.
C．Acquire professional education. D．Stop disturbing the climate.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了由于人为造成的全球变暖，南极洲的环境发生着变化。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句话“Even the smallest amount of the dark pollutant can have a significant impact on melting because of its very low reflectiveness: like snow, reflect the sun's energy and stay cool; things that are dark, like black carbon, absorb the sun's energy and warm up.(甚至最少量的深色污染物也会对融化产生重要的影响，因为它的反射率非常低：颜色较浅的物体，如雪，反射太阳的能量并保持凉爽；黑暗的东西，如黑碳，吸收太阳的能量并变暖)”可知，由于能够吸收热量，黑碳对融化会产生巨大的影响。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话“That’s one of the motivations for the study, to quantify the impact of black carbon on regional snowmelt, which is important for quantifying the role of black carbon in the global loss of snow and ice.(这是这项研究的动机之一，量化黑碳对区域融雪的影响，这对于量化黑碳在全球冰雪损失中的作用非常重要)”可知，在研究过程中，量化黑碳对融雪的影响是十分巨大的。A项“测量黑碳对融化的影响”符合题意。故选A项。
3．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段第二句话“But, if it weren’t there, in the state that it is meant to be, the balance that we have in the climate system will no longer be(但是，如果它不存在，在它注定要成为的状态下，我们在气候系统中的平衡将不再存在)”及第三句话“Antarctica’s sea ice is also important to maintain a balance in atmospheric circulation(南极洲的海冰对于维持大气环流的平衡也很重要)”可知，本段主要讲述了南极洲对于环境的重要性。C项“南极处于其状态的重要性”更符合题意。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Everything we do has consequences,” Raphael said. “We need to educate ourselves about those consequences, especially in systems that we know relatively little about. We have to be careful that we don’t upset the climate balance.”(“我们所做的一切都有后果，”Raphael说。“我们需要教育自己了解这些后果，特别是在我们相对知之甚少的系统中，我们必须小心，不要破坏气候平衡。”)可知，Raphael建议我们停止扰乱气候，不应破坏气候的平衡。故选D项。
（5）
（2022·内蒙古赤峰·赤峰二中校考模拟预测）Without less public attention, the nation’s egg producers are in the midst of a multibillion-dollar shift to cage-free eggs that is dramatically changing the lives of millions of hens in response to new laws and demands from restaurant chains. In a decade, the percentage of hens in cage-free housing has soared from 4% in 2010 to 28% in 2020, and that figure is expected to more than double to about 70% in the next four years.
The change marks one of the animal welfare movement’s biggest successes after years of battles with the food industry. The transition has cost billions of dollars for producers who initially resisted calls for more humane treatment of chickens but have since fully embraced the new reality.
Beginning in about 2015, many companies such as McDonald’s, Burger King responded to pressure from animal welfare groups by announcing their commitment to cage-free eggs. That was followed by laws requiring cage-free housing in California and similar rules in at least seven other states. Meanwhile, they widely promoted their move to cage-free as good for their brand’s image.
Animal rights groups have made allowing animals room to move a priority in their campaigns but the results have been mixed. The pork industry is fighting to block the California initiative that required more space for breeding pigs, and a state judge recently delayed implementation of new rules.
Looking years into the future, egg company leaders said they think the demand for cheaper eggs from caged hens will remain roughly 25% or more of the market, but Balk at the Humane Society said he expects it to become a tiny percentage of overall sales. Balk notes that hundreds of national retailers, restaurants, grocers and food manufacturers either have implemented cage-free requirements or plan to do so within a few years. “This is the future of every state in America,” he said.
1．What’s Balk’s attitude towards the promotion of cage-free eggs
A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Objective. D．Pessimistic.
2．What does the underlined word in Para 2 mean
A．Accepted. B．Abandoned. C．Changed. D．Adapted.
3．Which of the following statements is NOT right
A．There have been some laws or rules requiring cage-free housing in some parts of the USA so far.
B．Egg producers have to deal with the sharp increase in the exact cost of the switch
C．Animal rights groups have successfully made allowing animals room to move a priority in their campaigns.
D．Many companies like Mc Donald’s widely promoted their move to cage-free as good for their brand’s image.
4．What’s the best title for the text
A．Animal well-fare groups’ request will be well achieved
B．More U.S. Eggs Will Soon Be Cage-Free
C．Consumers will have to pay more to eat eggs
D．Egg producers will experience dramatic changes to adapt
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．B
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了美国正在推广散养鸡蛋，这一变化标志着动物福利运动在与食品行业斗争多年后取得的最大成功之一。文章介绍了这一举动带来的影响以及散养蛋未来的前景。
1．推理判断题。根据最后一段中““This is the future of every state in America,” he said.(“这是美国每个州的未来，”他说)”可推知，Balk对推广散养蛋的态度是积极的。故选B。
2．词句猜测题。根据画线词上文“The transition has cost billions of dollars for producers who initially resisted calls for more humane treatment of chickens but have since fully”可知，but表示转折，说明这一转变为生产商带来了数十亿美元的成本，他们最初抵制更人道对待鸡的呼吁，但后来完全接受了新的现实。故画线词意思是“接受”。故选A。
3．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Animal rights groups have made allowing animals room to move a priority in their campaigns but the results have been mixed.(动物权利保护组织已经把允许动物活动的空间作为他们活动的优先事项，但结果好坏参半)”可知，C选项“动物权利组织已经成功地把给动物空间移动作为他们活动的优先事项”不正确。故选C。
4．主旨大意题。根据第一段“Without less public attention, the nation’s egg producers are in the midst of a multibillion-dollar shift to cage-free eggs that is dramatically changing the lives of millions of hens in response to new laws and demands from restaurant chains. In a decade, the percentage of hens in cage-free housing has soared from 4% in 2010 to 28% in 2020, and that figure is expected to more than double to about 70% in the next four years.(为了响应连锁餐厅的新法律和要求，美国的鸡蛋生产商正在投入数十亿美元，向非笼养鸡鸡蛋转型，这极大地改变了数百万只母鸡的生活。在10年时间里，散养母鸡的比例从2010年的4%飙升至2020年的28%，预计这一数字在未来四年将增加一倍以上，达到约70%)”结合文章主要说明了美国正在推广散养鸡蛋，这一变化标志着动物福利运动在与食品行业斗争多年后取得的最大成功之一。文章介绍了这一举动带来的影响以及散养蛋未来的前景。可知，B选项“美国很快将有很多散养鸡蛋”最符合文章标题。故选B。
（6）
（2022·甘肃平凉·统考二模）Emerging economies struggled to grow through the 2010s and pessimism clouds them now. People wonder how they will pay debts piling up during the pandemic and how they can grow rapidly. The freshest answer to this problem is the fast-spreading digital revolution. The world's largest emerging market has already demonstrated the enormous effects of digital technology. As China's old industries have slowed sharply over the past decade, the booming technology industry has kept the economy growing steadily.
Now China's emerging market peers are getting a push from the same digital engines. Since 2014, more than 10,000 tech firms have been launched in emerging markets—nearly half of them outside China. From Bangladesh to Egypt, it is easy to find entrepreneurs who worked for Facebook or other US giants before coming home to start their own companies.
How can it be that the emerging market countries are adopting common digital technologies faster than the richer countries One explanation is habit and its absence. In societies filled with stores and services, customers are often comfortable with the providers they have and slow to abandon them. In countries where people have difficulty even finding public facilities, a bank or a hospital, they will jump at the first digital option that comes along. Though only 5% of the Kenyans carry credit cards, more than 70% have access to digital banking.
The digital impact on productivity is visible on the ground, Many governments are moving services online to make them more transparent and less vulnerable to corruption, perhaps the most feared obstacle to doing business in the emerging world. Since 2010, the cost of starting a business has been steady in developed countries while falling sharply in emerging market countries, from 66% to just 27% of the average annual income. Entrepreneurs can now launch businesses affordably, organizing much of what they need on a smartphone.
The era of rapid digitization has only just begun. This offers many developing economies a revolutionary new path to catching up with the living standards of the developed world.
1．Which is a result of digital technology for China
A．Stabilizing its economy. B．Accumulating its debts.
C．Keeping its old industries booming. D．Letting its new industries slow sharply.
2．Why does the author mention Kenyans in paragraph 3
A．To present emerging markets' digital technologies.
B．To show rich nations abandon what they own unwillingly.
C．To present emerging markets accept digital options warmly.
D．To show poor nations have difficulty building public facilities.
3．What plays a key role in the boom of digital businesses in emerging markets
A．The steady annual income.
B．The low cost of launching businesses.
C．The simplified procedure of setting up a business.
D．The thorough removal of the most feared obstacle.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Emerging Economies Are Seeking Their Fortune
B．The Digital Impact Is Huge on Global Productivity
C．The Era of Rapid Digitization Is Around the Corner
D．Digital Technology Will Save Slow Emerging Markets
【答案】1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。当全球新兴经济体面临发展困境时，快速发展的数字化革命为其提供了一条新道路。文章介绍了数字科技的发展情况以及积极影响。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“As China's old industries have slowed sharply over the past decade, the booming technology industry has kept the economy growing steadily.(随着中国的老工业在过去十年中急剧放缓，蓬勃发展的科技行业保持了经济的稳定增长)”可知，蓬勃发展的数字科技使中国经济得以稳定发展。故选A。
2．推理判断题，根据第三段中“In countries where people have difficulty even finding public facilities, a bank or a hospital, they will jump at the first digital option that comes along. Though only 5% of the Kenyans carry credit cards, more than 70% have access to digital banking.(在那些人们甚至连找公共设施、银行或医院都困难的国家，人们会欣然接受出现的第一个数字选择。虽然只有5%的肯尼亚人携带信用卡，但超过70%的人可以使用数字银行)”可知，作者提及肯尼亚人是为了呈现新兴经济体对数字科技的热情。故选C。
3．推理判断题，根据第四段“The digital impact on productivity is visible on the ground, Many governments are moving services online to make them more transparent and less vulnerable to corruption, perhaps the most feared obstacle to doing business in the emerging world. Since 2010, the cost of starting a business has been steady in developed countries while falling sharply in emerging market countries, from 66% to just 27% of the average annual income. Entrepreneurs can now launch businesses affordably, organizing much of what they need on a smartphone.(数字技术对生产力的影响在当地是显而易见的，许多政府正在将服务转移到网上，以使其更加透明，更不容易受到腐败的影响，这可能是在新兴国家做生意最令人担心的障碍。自2010年以来，在发达国家，创业成本一直保持稳定，而在新兴市场国家，创业成本则大幅下降，从平均年收入的66%降至27%。 企业家现在可以以经济实惠的价格开办企业，用智能手机组织他们需要的大部分东西)”可知，数字化企业得以在新兴经济体蓬勃发展的重要因素是创办企业成本的降低。故选B。
4．主旨大意题。根据第二段中“Now China's emerging market peers are getting a push from the same digital engines. (如今，中国的新兴市场同行正受到同样的数字引擎的推动)”以及最后一段“The era of rapid digitization has only just begun. This offers many developing economies a revolutionary new path to catching up with the living standards of the developed world.(快速数字化的时代才刚刚开始。这为许多发展中经济体提供了一条革命性的新道路，以赶上发达国家的生活水平)”结合文章主要谈论当全球新兴经济体面临发展困境时，快速发展的数字化革命为其提供了一条新道路。D选项“数字技术将拯救缓慢的新兴市场”最符合文章标题。故选D。
（7）
（2022·江苏·模拟预测）There are few places on Earth that humans haven’t messed up. Now even Antarctica, the only continent with no permanent human inhabitants, is being altered by us. A study found that the increasing human presence in Antarctica is causing more snow melt-bad news for a frozen world already battling the effects of human-caused global warming.
Black carbon, the dark, dusty pollution that comes from burning fossil fuels has settled in locations where tourists and researchers spend a lot of time, scientists found. Even the smallest amount of the dark pollutant can have a significant impact on melting because of its very low reflectiveness: things that are light in color, like snow, reflect the sun's energy and stay cool; things that are dark, like black carbon, absorb the sun's energy and warm up.
“The snow albedo (反射率) effect is one of the largest uncertainties in regional and global climate modeling right now,” Alia Khan, a snow and ice scientist at Western Washington University, told CNN. “That’s one of the motivations for the study, to quantify the impact of black carbon on regional snowmelt, which is important for quantifying the role of black carbon in the global loss of snow and ice.”
“Antarctica is sitting there pretty much silently all year. But, if it weren’t there, in the state that it is meant to be, the balance that we have in the climate system will no longer be,” Marilyn Raphael, a geography professor said. “Antarctica’s sea ice is also important to maintain a balance in atmospheric circulation,” he added. As waters get warmer, some Antarctic creatures are finding their homes more and more unlivable.
“Everything we do has consequences,” Raphael said. “We need to educate ourselves about those consequences, especially in systems that we know relatively little about. We have to be careful that we don’t upset the climate balance.”
1．Why can the smallest amount of black carbon have huge impact on melting
A．It is highly reflective. B．Its dark colour absorbs heat.
C．It produces vast energy. D．It causes much pollution.
2．According to Alia, which of the following is one reason for conducting the study
A．To measure the impact of black carbon on melting.
B．To quantify the cost of battling against climate change.
C．To remove the uncertainties of global warming effects.
D．To urge people to pay more attention to melting problem.
3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．The change caused by Antarctic melting. B．The methods to stop Antarctic ice melting.
C．The significance of Antarctic being in its state. D．The sufferings Antarctic creatures are experiencing.
4．What does Raphael advise people to do
A．Reduce tourist numbers. B．Face the consequences.
C．Acquire professional education. D．Stop disturbing the climate.
【答案】1．B 2．A 3．C 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了由于人为造成的全球变暖，南极洲的环境发生着变化。
1．细节理解题。根据文章第二段第二句话“Even the smallest amount of the dark pollutant can have a significant impact on melting because of its very low reflectiveness: like snow, reflect the sun's energy and stay cool; things that are dark, like black carbon, absorb the sun's energy and warm up.(甚至最少量的深色污染物也会对融化产生重要的影响，因为它的反射率非常低：颜色较浅的物体，如雪，反射太阳的能量并保持凉爽；黑暗的东西，如黑碳，吸收太阳的能量并变暖)”可知，由于能够吸收热量，黑碳对融化会产生巨大的影响。故选B项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句话“That’s one of the motivations for the study, to quantify the impact of black carbon on regional snowmelt, which is important for quantifying the role of black carbon in the global loss of snow and ice.(这是这项研究的动机之一，量化黑碳对区域融雪的影响，这对于量化黑碳在全球冰雪损失中的作用非常重要)”可知，在研究过程中，量化黑碳对融雪的影响是十分巨大的。A项“测量黑碳对融化的影响”符合题意。故选A项。
3．主旨大意题。根据文章第四段第二句话“But, if it weren’t there, in the state that it is meant to be, the balance that we have in the climate system will no longer be(但是，如果它不存在，在它注定要成为的状态下，我们在气候系统中的平衡将不再存在)”及第三句话“Antarctica’s sea ice is also important to maintain a balance in atmospheric circulation(南极洲的海冰对于维持大气环流的平衡也很重要)”可知，本段主要讲述了南极洲对于环境的重要性。C项“南极处于其状态的重要性”更符合题意。故选C项。
4．推理判断题。根据文章最后一段““Everything we do has consequences,” Raphael said. “We need to educate ourselves about those consequences, especially in systems that we know relatively little about. We have to be careful that we don’t upset the climate balance.”(“我们所做的一切都有后果，”Raphael说。“我们需要教育自己了解这些后果，特别是在我们相对知之甚少的系统中，我们必须小心，不要破坏气候平衡。”)”可知，Raphael建议我们停止扰乱气候，不应破坏气候的平衡。故选D项。
变式题型二：巩固类（难度0.65）
（1）
（2022·全国·模拟预测）As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
1．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A．To reduce pressure on keys. B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system. D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
2．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
3．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard
A．It’ll be environment-friendly. B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics. D．It’ll help speed up typing.
4．Where is this text most likely from
A．A diary. B．A guidebook C．A novel. D．A magazine.
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．B 4．D
【分析】这是一篇说明文。数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，而指纹扫描等这些防盗技术仍然很昂贵的。本文介绍了一种新的防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘，而且这项技术也不贵。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段的At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.和第二段的Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device that gets around this problem: a smart key board.可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。
2．细节理解题。根据第二段的The key board could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities可知，用户打字的力度和按键之间的时间是不同的，这使得智能键盘能够识别人。故选C。
3．细节理解题。根据最后一段的The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.可知，研究者们希望智能键盘能早日面世。故选B。
4．推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的防止个人身份和数据在电子空间被盗的高科技智能键盘，由此可推断本文最有可能来自于一本科学杂志。故选D。
（2）
（2022秋·辽宁·高二校联考期中）If you were to rate the most walkable cities in the world, what would you look for Would it be how shaded the sidewalks are How many benches there are along the way to your destination Or maybe how close you are to shops or local attractions
Well, the researchers at the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), located in New York. US, wanted to know which of the world’s cities were the best for pedestrians (行人). So, they did just that.
To determine which cities were the most walkable, they rated cities based on factors such as how close citizens were to car-free areas like public parks, how close citizens lived in relation to schools and hospitals, and how short their journeys were overall.
According to the study, they found that the most walkable cities in the world are London, Paris, Bogota and Hong Kong. Overall, London was at the top of the list, outranking (超过) nearly 1, 000 cities around the world on these key factors.
“In order to provide safety and inviting walking conditions for all city residents, it is essential to shift the balance of space in our cities away from cars, providing more travel options for people,” CEO of ITDP Heather Thompson told the magazine Cities Today. She continued, “We have so much to gain-from cleaner air to better health to stronger local economies and deeper bonds within communities, and we all need that now more than ever. ”
Unfortunately, it seems that very few cities make pedestrians a priority, though.
“Our city streets across the planet are already full of cars. If you really want to see the worst for walk ability, it is the really sprawling (杂乱无序伸展的) cities of the US, ” commented Taylor Reich, a research associate at ITDP and the primary author of the guide to making cities more walkable.
So, what can cities do to make their streets friendlier for pedestrians
“There’s no one secret sauce; there’s no one thing you can do to make a city walkable, ” Reich said. “It’s many decisions that are made at all levels from individual streets all the way up to the city design.”
1．What’s the purpose of the study
A．To call on cities to make streets more walkable.
B．To find out the most walkable cities around the world.
C．To investigate pedestrians’ satisfaction with city life.
D．To explore factors impacting the walk ability of cities.
2．On what basis do researchers measure a city’s walk ability
A．The amount of green space on sidewalks.
B．Traffic and road conditions for pedestrians.
C．The number of public services for pedestrians.
D．Accessibility of certain destinations to pedestrians.
3．What does Heather Thompson suggest to improve walking conditions
A．Increasing travel choices. B．Developing local economies.
C．Limiting the number of cars. D．Connecting local communities.
4．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us
A．Cars are major contributors to reduced walk ability.
B．US cities are designed to give priority to pedestrians.
C．It is everyone’s responsibility to make a city walkable.
D．Both small and large scale measures are required to improve walk ability.
【答案】1．B 2．D 3．A 4．D
【导语】本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲的是研究表明最适合步行的城市是伦敦、巴黎、波哥大和香港，然而，很少有城市会优先考虑行人。
1．推理判断题。根据第二段的“Well, the researchers at the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), located in New York. US, wanted to know which of the world’s cities were the best for pedestrians.(位于纽约的交通与发展政策研究所的研究人员说。美国，想知道世界上哪些城市最适合行人)”可知，这项研究的目的是找出世界上最适合步行的城市。故选B。
2．细节理解题。根据第三段的“To determine which cities were the most walkable, they rated cities based on factors such as how close citizens were to car-free areas like public parks, how close citizens lived in relation to schools and hospitals, and how short their journeys were overall.(为了确定哪些城市最适合步行，他们根据一些因素对城市进行了排名，比如市民离公园等无车区有多近，居民住的地方离学校和医院有多近，以及他们的总体路程有多短)”可知，研究人员依据行人可到达某些目的地来衡量一个城市的可步行性。故选D。
3．细节理解题。根据第五段的“In order to provide safety and inviting walking conditions for all city residents, it is essential to shift the balance of space in our cities away from cars, providing more travel options for people(为了为所有城市居民提供安全和吸引人的步行条件，至关重要的是改变我们城市空间的平衡，远离汽车，为人们提供更多的旅行选择)”可知，希瑟·汤普森建议增加旅游的选择来改善步行条件。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据最后一段的“It’s many decisions that are made at all levels from individual streets all the way up to the city design(从单个街道到城市设计，各个层面都要做出很多决定)”可知，最后一段主要讲的是需要采取小规模和大规模的措施来提高可步行性。故选D。
（3）
（2022·河南·高二专题练习）A new delicious food is available in Wyoming. It is fresh and cheap — but probably a little gamey (味道强的). Last month it became legal for Wyomingites to collect roadkill that they accidentally hit themselves, or that they happened upon. In fact, other states, such as Montana, have also made the similar law.
Officials are not sure how many Wyomingites will take part in the roadkill-salvage (救助) programme. But Montana’s Fish and Wildlife Commission issues roughly 1,000 roadkill-salvage permits each year.
Although some may fear at the idea of dragging the body of a deer off the road and onto the dinner table, the law has several benefits. First, roadkill is a source of fresh meat for poor communities. State officials in Alaska distribute roadkill to charities. PETA, an animal-rights group, argues that eating roadkill is healthier and more moral than buying meat raised for killing. Second, allowing people to harvest roadkill themselves may cut down on the time the creatures spend on the road. In thinly populated states, it may take days for transport workers to collect a dead animal.
Lastly, roadkill-salvage programmes provide states with important data. Wyomingites must report the location of their find, showing officials where crashes with wildlife happen. Roadkill data may help the state figure out where to build highway overpasses or put up “wildlife crossing” warning signs.
Not everyone is licking (舔) their lips. Some are upset that people will end up eating gamey meat. “It’s really the burden of the person who chooses to collect roadkill if they eat it or not,” says Sara DiRienzo of Wyoming Game and Fish. Others worry the laws will encourage hunters to use the roadkill programme as cover for killing animals they should not.
1．The food mentioned in Paragraph 1 is ______.
A．hunted in the woods B．caught from a local farm
C．harvested from endangered species D．collected after being hit by chance
2．Which is the benefit of the law
A．Roadkill may be harmless for people’s health.
B．Roadkill may be afforded as meat for poor locals.
C．Roadkill may be transported to populated states.
D．Roadkill may be harvested and kept for a long time.
3．The roadkill data can contribute to ______.
A．less roadkill B．faster location
C．thinner population D．fewer warning signs
4．What do people worry according to the last paragraph
A．Roadkill can become an excuse for killing animals.
B．People will be addicted to roadkill’s gamey meat.
C．Roadkill will become a real burden for animal hunters.
D．The law will inspire some people to eat more roadkill.
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．A 4．A
【导语】本文为一篇新闻报道。文章介绍了怀俄明州将收集路毙动物合法化，这个路毙动物计划可以给贫困社区提供新鲜的鹿肉，也可以给政府提供相关数据，以此为依据，修建高速公路立交桥或设置“野生动物通道”警告标志，减少未来的路毙动物的发生率。有人也提出异议，担心法律会鼓励猎人利用路毙动物计划来掩盖他们猎杀不该猎杀的动物。
细节理解题。根据第一段第一句“A new delicious food is available in Wyoming. (怀俄明州有一种新的美味食物。)”，以及第三句“Last month it became legal for Wyomingites to collect roadkill that they accidentally hit themselves, or that they happened upon. (上个月，怀俄明州人收集意外撞死的或偶然发现的动物已合法化了。)”可知，此处提及的新的食物是指人们可以收集到的意外路毙的动物。故选D项。
细节理解题。根据第三段第一、二句“Although some may fear at the idea of dragging the body of a deer off the road and onto the dinner table, the law has several benefits. First, roadkill is a source of fresh meat for poor communities. (尽管有些人可能害怕把鹿的尸体从路上拖到餐桌上，但这项法律有几个好处。首先，路毙的动物是贫困社区的鲜肉来源。)”可知，允许将意外路毙的鹿拖回去，使得贫困社区的居民得到新鲜的肉作为食物。故选B项。
3．推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Roadkill data may help the state figure out where to build highway overpasses or put up “wildlife crossing” warning signs. (路毙动物的数据可以帮助该州确定在哪里修建高速公路立交桥或设置‘野生动物通过’警示标志。)”可知，通过数据分析，确定哪些地方是路毙动物高发地段，在那里修建高速公路立交桥，可减少车辆遭遇动物的机会，设置“野生动物通过”警示标志，可警示司机在该地段要注意来往的动物，政府以这两种方式来减少路毙动物的发生率。故选A项。
4．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句“Others worry the laws will encourage hunters to use the roadkill programme as cover for killing animals they should not. (另一些人则担心法律会鼓励猎人利用路毙动物计划来作为掩护，去捕杀他们不应该捕杀的动物)”可知，人们担心，路毙动物这个词会成为某些人猎杀动物的借口。故选A项。
变式题型三：提升类（难度0.4）
（1）
（2023·广西柳州·统考三模）The world has faced a food crisis of unprecedented(前所未有的) proportions in 2022—the largest in modern history, as conflict, the COVID-19 pandemic, climate crisis and rising costs have combined to pose great risks for hungry people across the world. As many as 828 million people go to bed hungry every night. The number of those facing acute food insecurity has risen from 135 million to 345 million since 2019. A total of 49 million people in 49 countries are suffering hunger, according to figures from the United Nations’ World Food Programme.
“We are facing an unprecedented global food crisis and all signs suggest we have not yet seen the worst. For the last three years, hunger numbers have repeatedly hit new peaks,” WFP Executive Director David Beasley said. He warned that things can and will get worse unless there is a large-scale and coordinated(协调一致的) effort to address the causes of this crisis.
There are many reasons for prevailing high levels of food insecurity. These reasons include conflicts, climate changes and weather extremes, economic slowdowns and downturns. In addition, these drivers often do not act alone. For instance, conflicts are often accompanied by economic downturns, which affect livelihoods and the ability of people to earn resources, leading to increasing poverty levels and higher prevalence(流行) of food insecurity.
Unfortunately, the main reasons for high levels of food insecurity have not improved this year. People in the Horn of Africa are facing a fifth consecutive(连续的) failed rain season in parts of Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia, which will constrain their production, and is likely to push many people deeper into food insecurity.
Moreover, there is uncertainty about the weather. And climatic shock affecting any major producer or exporter will introduce additional uncertainty into production and consequently prices, which in turn impact the ability to purchase food, particularly of the most vulnerable people.
1．How does the author lead in the topic
A．By making a comparison. B．By sharing personal experience.
C．By giving opinions with evidence. D．By listing facts and accurate figures.
2．What can we know from David Beasley’s words
A．This global food crisis won’t last longer.
B．It’s certain that the global food crisis will get worse.
C．We need to work together to deal with the global food crisis.
D．There will be another new peak of hunger numbers in three years.
3．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Characters. B．Operators. C．Factors. D．Activities.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A．The Issue of Food Safety B．The Unprecedented Food Crisis
C．Conflicts Causing Food Shortage D．Efforts Put into the Study of Food Insecurity
【答案】1．D 2．C 3．C 4．B
【导语】本文主要介绍了世界面临着前所未有的食物危机，并分析了其产生原因。
1．推理判断题。第一段第一句中的“The world has faced a food crisis of unprecedented(前所未有的) proportions in 2022”点明本文主题，即2022年世界面临着前所未有的粮食危机比例。接着作者在下文中通过“As many as 828 million people”“from 135 million to 345 million”“A total of 49 million people in 49 countries”等数据和实例来支撑自己的观点。由此可推测出作者是通过罗列事实和精确的数据来引入主题的。故选D。
2．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“He warned that things can and will get worse unless there is a large-scale and coordinated(协调一致的) effort to address the causes of this crisis.(他警告说，除非有大规模协调一致的努力来解决造成这场危机的原因，否则事情可以并且将会变得更糟。)”可知，如果不努力解决产生危机的原因，全球食物危机将会变得更为严重，由此可推测我们应该共同努力来应对全球食物危机。故选C。
3．词义猜测题。根据前一句“These reasons include conflicts, climate changes and weather extremes, economic slowdowns and downturns.(这些原因包括冲突、气候变化和极端天气、经济放缓和衰退。)”可知，these drivers指代上文中的“这些原因”，由此可推测，driver意为“驱动因素”，与factor“因素”意思相近。故选C。
4．标题归纳题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了世界面临着前所未有的食物危机，并分析了其产生原因。由此可推测本文主要围绕食物危机展开，B项“前所未有的食物危机”符合题意。故选B。
（2）
（2022春·黑龙江哈尔滨·高一哈尔滨市第六中学校考期末）It was a cold Saturday night in February. Some 200 New Yorkers carefully made their way to the reservoir (水库) in the hopes of catching a glimpse of the magical snowy owl, who had touched down in the park the week before in what was reported as the first visit there by the species in more than 130 years.
Except for a few excited screams from children, people were quiet — patiently awaiting the owl’s arrival at the reservoir’s north gatehouse. The snowy owl did not disappoint. She flew down from the darkness and surveyed the water and the people holding phones and cameras before taking off into the night to the applause of her many fans. They simply wanted to see this lovely creature whose improbable appearance seemed to signify hope after the lockdown.
New Yorkers who had long taken Central Park for granted felt a renewed love for this rectangle of green in the heart of the big city and, of course, its amazing wildlife. That the park is a beautiful and essential refuge is something that humans have only come to fully appreciate during these recent times of uncertainty.
Central Park was originally planned and constructed during another difficult time in the nation’s history — in the years before and during the American Civil War. Unlike many European parks that had originally been built for the aristocracy (贵族), Central Park was designed as a public space. In its chief architect Frederick Law Olmsted’s words, the poor and rich alike could “easily go there after their day’s work is done” and “stroll for an hour, seeing, hearing, and feeling nothing of the noise of the streets.”
As spring turns into summer, we see people sitting on the grass or benches — catching some sun, having family picnics, or tapping away on their laptops and iPads. Just being in proximity to other people in Central Park gave us a sense of community — the sense that we would somehow persevere.
1．What did people do in Central Park on that Saturday night
A．They cheered for each other. B．They paid their first visit.
C．They came for a rare sight. D．They appreciated a water event.
2．What does the author mainly intend to do in Paragraph 4
A．Give some examples. B．Make a comparison.
C．Introduce a new opinion. D．Add background information.
3．What do the underlined words “in proximity to” in Paragraph 5 mean
A．close to B．free from
C．at a distance from D．in comparison with
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Find Refuge in Central Park
B．Take Your Breath by Snow Owl
C．Trace Central Park to difficult times
D．Meet an improbable “visitor” in person
【答案】1．C 2．D 3．A 4．A
【导语】文章是记叙文。开篇以200名纽约人在水库观赏神奇雪鸮为开头，引出文章的主题中央公园。揭示了长期以来，纽约人一直把中央公园视为城市的中心，更是神奇野生动物的家园。同时交代了中央公园建设的历史背景，不论是战争年代，还是和平年代，中央公园已然成为了纽约人的归属感的代表和象征。
1．细节理解题。根据第一段中“Some 200 New Yorkers carefully made their way to the reservoir (水库) in the hopes of catching a glimpse of the magical snowy owl.”(200名纽约人小心翼翼地来到水库，希望能一睹这只神奇的雪鸮的模样。)以及“as the first visit there by the species in more than 130 years.”(该物种130多年来首次来到这里。)可知，人们在周六的晚上来到中心公园主要了是观看一只130多年来首次来到这里的雪鸮。故选C。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中的“Central Park was originally planned and constructed during another difficult time in the nation’s history—in the years before and during the American Civil War.”(中央公园最初是在美国历史上的另一个艰难时期——美国内战前和内战期间——规划和建造的。)可知，第四段交代了中央公园建设的特殊历史时期，为文章讲述中央公园交代了历史背景。故选D。
3．词句猜测题。根据第五段中“gave us a sense of community — the sense that we would somehow persevere.”(给了我们一种归属的感觉——一种我们会以某种方式坚持下去的感觉。)可知，句中的community意为“归属感”，只有人们之间近距离接触的时候才会有归属感，A选项意为“接近”，符合题意。故选A。
4．主旨大意题。根据全文可知，揭示了长期以来，纽约人一直把中央公园视为城市的中心，更是神奇野生动物的家园。同时交代了中央公园建设的历史背景，不论是战争年代，还是和平年代，中央公园已然成为了纽约人的归属感的代表和象征。以及根据最后一段中“Just being in proximity to other people in Central Park gave us a sense of community—the sense that we would somehow persevere.”(在中央公园和其他人近距离接触给了我们一种归属的感觉——一种我们会以某种方式坚持下去的感觉。)可知，人们在中央公园中能够找到人们坚持下去的归属感。表明中央公园为纽约人提供了精神慰藉。与A选项“在中央公园找寻慰藉”符合题意。故选A。
（3）
（2022·河南安阳·校联考模拟预测）The United States is one of the world’s wealthiest countries. Despite this, many Americans are not even getting enough to eat. In fact, around 37 million Americans struggle just to put healthy food, or any food at all, on the table every day.
One might think that a food shortage is happening in America, but this is not the case. There is more than sufficient food for everyone. Unfortunately, 40% of food is wasted every day. There are many different ways food is wasted: farmers only pick the best-looking crops, deliveries aren’t made on time, supermarkets throw out extra products, customers buy more than they need, and so on. The highest level of wastage tends to happen in the richest communities.
Meanwhile, people who live in poor or rural areas often have little or no access to food. These areas are called “food deserts”. They have fewer supermarkets, and the only food options that they can afford are often unhealthy ones. Healthy foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables may be impossible to find. Sadly, 12. 8% of the American population live in food deserts.
What can we do to help those who don’t have enough food Shirley and Annie Zhu came up with a solution. In 2017, when Hurricane Harvey destroyed over 100,000 homes in their city, Houston, the sisters got involved. While helping to clear water from a flooded supermarket, they saw a huge amount of food being wasted. At the same time, thousands of people in the city didn’t have enough to eat.
The girls were only 15 when they set up Fresh Hub with 10 of their classmates. They created an app which could be used by residents to find out whether fresh food was available. Then they contacted local farmers and supermarkets to ask for their extra food.
At first, they found that people didn't take them seriously because they were so young. They decided to work with Second Servings, a local organization that had been providing food to food deserts around the city. The owner of Second Servings, Barbara Bronstein, was impressed with the twins and introduced them to several food providers. To date, Fresh Hub has delivered more than 15,000 pounds of food to people in need.
1．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us
A．What causes food shortage.
B．How much food is wasted every day.
C．How food is wasted in America.
D．Where the highest level of wastage happens.
2．When did the sisters realize the problem of food waste
A．When they were assisting in flood relief.
B．After they had made a survey about it.
C．When they were visiting a food desert.
D．After they had read reports about it.
3．What can we say about “food deserts”
A．Crops can’t grow in food deserts.
B．People in food deserts have no access to fresh water.
C．Only fruits and vegetables are available in food deserts.
D．About one in ten Americans live in food deserts.
4．What can be inferred about Fresh Hub from the last two paragraphs
A．Its founders are mostly college students.
B．It has gained support from Second Servings.
C．It has created a most popular food app.
D．It is welcomed by local farmers and supermarkets.
【答案】1．A 2．A 3．D 4．B
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了美国虽然是世界上最富有的国家之一，但是许多美国人甚至吃不饱。这主要是由于大量的食物浪费。于是，雪莉和朱安妮与她们的10位同学建立了Fresh Hub。迄今为止，已经为有需要的人运送了超过15,000磅的食物。
1．主旨大意题。根据文章第二段第一，二句“One might think that a food shortage is happening in America, but this is not the case. There is more than sufficient food for everyone. Unfortunately, 40% of food is wasted every day.(有人可能认为美国正在发生粮食短缺，但事实并非如此。每个人都有足够的食物。不幸的是，每天有40%的食物被浪费掉。)”可知，有人认为是粮食短缺导致美国人吃不饱，但是作者认为是食物浪费导致这一现象，这里主要是解释了其原因。A项“What causes food shortage.(导致食物短缺的原因。)”符合原文表述，故选A项。
2．细节理解题。根据文章第四段第二，三句“In 2017, when Hurricane Harvey destroyed over 100,000 homes in their city, Houston, the sisters got involved. While helping to clear water from a flooded supermarket, they saw a huge amount of food being wasted. At the same time, thousands of people in the city didn’t have enough to eat.(2017 年，当哈维飓风摧毁了他们所在城市休斯顿的100,000 多所房屋时，姐妹俩也在其中。在帮助一家被淹的超市清理水时，她们看到大量食物被浪费了。与此同时，城里成千上万的人吃不饱。)”可知，她们是在帮助救灾时意识到这个问题的。A项“When they were assisting in flood relief.(当她们协助救灾时。)”符合原文表述，故选A项。
3.细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一，二句"Meanwhile, people who live in poor or rural areas often have little or no access to food. These areas are called “food deserts”. They have fewer supermarkets, and the only food options that they can afford are often unhealthy ones. Healthy foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables may be impossible to find. Sadly, 12. 8% of the American population live in food deserts.(与此同时，生活在贫困地区或农村地区的人们往往很少或根本无法获得食物。这些地区被称为“食物沙漠”。他们的超市更少，他们唯一能买得起的食物选择往往是不健康的。可能无法找到新鲜水果和蔬菜等健康食品。可悲的是，12. 8%的美国人口生活在食物荒漠中。)”可知，大约有十分之一的美国人生活在食物荒漠中。D项“About one in ten Ameri中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2022年高考英语全国甲卷阅读理解D篇真题与变式题
社会问题与社会现象类（基础题7篇+巩固题3篇+提升题3篇）（原卷版）
2022年全国甲卷原题（难度0.65）
Sometime in the early 1960s, a significant thing happened in Sydney, Australia. The city discovered its harbor. Then, one after another, Sydney discovered lots of things that were just sort of there — broad parks, superb beaches, and a culturally diverse population. But it is the harbor that makes the city.
Andrew Reynolds, a cheerful fellow in his early 30s, pilots Sydney ferryboats for a living. I spent the whole morning shuttling back and forth across the harbor. After our third run Andrew shut down the engine, and we went our separate ways — he for a lunch break, I to explore the city.
“I’ll miss these old boats,” he said as we parted.
“How do you mean ” I asked.
“Oh, they’re replacing them with catamarans. Catamarans are faster, but they’re not so elegant, and they’re not fun to pilot. But that’s progress, I guess.”
Everywhere in Sydney these days, change and progress are the watchwords (口号), and traditions are increasingly rare. Shirley Fitzgerald, the city’s official historian, told me that in its rush to modernity in the 1970s, Sydney swept aside much of its past, including many of its finest buildings. “Sydney is confused about itself,” she said. “We can’t seem to make up our minds whether we want a modern city or a traditional one. It’s a conflict that we aren’t getting any better at resolving (解决).”
On the other hand, being young and old at the same time has its attractions. I considered this when I met a thoughtful young businessman named Anthony. “Many people say that we lack culture in this country,” he told me. “What people forget is that the Italians, when they came to Australia, brought 2000 years of their culture, the Greeks some 3000 years, and the Chinese more still. We’ve got a foundation built on ancient cultures but with a drive and dynamism of a young country. It’s a pretty hard combination to beat.”
He is right, but I can’t help wishing they would keep those old ferries.
1．What is the first paragraph mainly about
A．Sydney’s striking architecture. B．The cultural diversity of Sydney.
C．The key to Sydney’s development. D．Sydney’s tourist attractions in the 1960s.
2．What can we learn about Andrew Reynolds
A．He goes to work by boat. B．He looks forward to a new life.
C．He pilots catamarans well. D．He is attached to the old ferries.
3．What does Shirley Fitzgerald think of Sydney
A．It is losing its traditions. B．It should speed up its progress.
C．It should expand its population. D．It is becoming more international.
4．Which statement will the author probably agree with
A．A city can be young and old at the same time.
B．A city built on ancient cultures is more dynamic.
C．Modernity is usually achieved at the cost of elegance.
D．Compromise should be made between the local and the foreign.
二、变式题汇总
（一）变式题型一：基础类（难度0.85）
（1）
（2023·河北衡水·河北衡水中学校考一模）One third of adults over 65 in America have never used the Internet, and half don’t even have Internet access at home. In San Francisco, “the center of tech”, 40% of older adults do not have basic digital literacy skills.
This situation is becoming appalling as over 10,000 Americans turn 65 every single day. By 2050,22% of Americans will be 65 or older. Meanwhile, technology is developing very fast. This means that a large number of people will be unable to proficiently use emergent technology.
Many people believe that seniors aren’t required to participate in our tech future because they’ll be retired and relaxed soon. But this is the farthest thing from the truth. Baby boomers are currently experiencing a different boom: With more people getting older than ever before, their life expediencies are also increasing dramatically. With medical advancements, the number of American people projected to live into their 90’s has doubled since 1965.
However, they don’t have strong financial or educational support. This is not a problem; it’s a crisis. More than half of employees over 50 have been laid off in what’s being called ”forced retirement“. And few organizations are actively helping older employees make the transition from full-time jobs to part-time ones. For those fortunate enough to be employed, 3 out of 5 older workers experience prejudice.
The easiest solution is to teach digital literacy. If baby boomers want to survive the forthcoming retirement crisis, they should get enough digital knowledge and skills to operate today’s tools and tomorrow’s platforms. With every crisis comes an opportunity. Tutoring, customer service, editing, research, book-keeping, and other virtual assistance-based work open the doors. But again, digital knowledge is first required to live in our high-tech society and gig economy. So try to get more online and navigate the growing number of sites and apps.
1．What does the underlined word “appalling” probably mean in paragraph2
A．Confusing. B．Terrible. C．Controllable. D．Inspiring.
2．What problem may baby boomers face
A．A crisis after retirement. B．Being knocked out in the future.
C．Failing to receive good healthcare. D．Tending to double their life expediencies.
3．What is the last paragraph mainly about
A．The features of high-tech jobs. B．The way out for baby boomers.
C．Potential industries in the future. D．The importance of developing technology.
4．What does the author advise baby boomers to do
A．Have a good sense of crisis. B．Avoid retiring at an early age.
C．Look for many part-time jobs. D．Improve digital literacy actively.
（2）
（2022·河北沧州·统考二模）In France, a lot of energy goes into one’s personal appearance. Clothing is a big part of Parisian culture; after all, this is one of the world fashion capitals.
Parisians like simple, classic pieces that are timeless. Must-have pieces such as a good pair of jeans, a trench coat, and basic knitwear are always good to have on hand. Parisians don’t really like clothing to be colorful or ostentatious, especially not something to be worn for an ordinary day out. Black, white and different shades of beige are common sightings around Paris’ streets.
Classic goes for shoes, too. A quality pair of leather boots, loafers (休闲鞋) or heels can be paired with anything, provided they are in a shade of black or brown. Comfort is key, since most Parisians do a lot of walking. However, you’ll rarely notice Parisians wearing open-toed shoes. Younger generation Parisians are becoming part of sports shoes culture, though it is unlikely to see an elder Parisian wearing any form of them in public.
Speaking of berets (贝雷帽), a decent beret is an important item for most Parisians. It would be far too general to say that all Parisians are fond of the beret, but the vast majority can appreciate their place in fashion history. They also love having a way of covering their hair when unexpected wind or rain happens in the city of light!
Parisians are not about logos (商标). Contrary to Italians, Parisians prefer not to see any kind of printed logo on clothing, handbags or shoes, unless it is extremely small and subtle. Hoodies with an oversized logo printed down the front is a no-no. Something to keep in mind is that just because Parisians are not into logos, this does not mean they are not into name brands (名牌). On the contrary, the French love luxury fashion and name branded clothing. Parisians know their brands, and they don’t need logos to tell them when something is of a particular fashion house, or when something is real or fake.
1．What does the underlined word “ostentatious” mean in the second paragraph
A．Simple in design. B．Of an old style.
C．Enhancing creativity. D．Attracting attention.
2．What will an elder Parisian probably wear in public
A．White boots. B．Black loafers.
C．Open-toed shoes. D．Comfortable sports shoes.
3．How do Parisians like the beret
A．Most of them like to have one.
B．They think it too old-fashioned.
C．They think it goes well with long hair.
D．Most of them wear it for an ordinary day out.
4．What can we learn from the last paragraph
A．Parisians don’t like name brands.
B．Parisians aren’t into oversized logos.
C．Parisians don’t care about what is in fashion.
D．Parisians prefer not to see any logo on clothing.
（3）
（2023·河南郑州·统考二模）Six months before she died, my grandmother moved into an old people’s home and I visited her there. The room was clean and warm, and the care assistants were kind and cheerful. A general knowledge quiz show was on the television, and the only other sound was snoring. People moved only when they needed to be helped to the bathroom. It was disappointing. Grandmother talked a lot about how much she missed seeing her grandchildren, but I knew from my sister that they hated going to visit her there.
So I was interested to read a newspaper article about a new concept in old people’s homes in France. The idea is simple, but revolutionary — combining a residential home for the elderly with a nursery school in the same building. The children and the residents eat lunch together and share activities. In the afternoons, the residents enjoy reading or telling stories to the children, and if a child is feeling sad or tired, there is always a kind lap to sit on.
The advantages are huge for everyone concerned. The children are happy, because they get a lot more individual attention. The residents are happy because they feel useful and needed. And the staff are happy because they see an improvement in the physical and psychological health of the residents and have an army of assistants to help with the children.
Nowadays there is less and less contact between the old and the young in an increasing number of countries. There are many reasons for this, including the breakdown of the extended family, working parents with no time to care for ageing relations, families that have moved away, and smaller flats with no room for grandparents. But the result is the same-increasing numbers of children without grandparents and old people who have no contact with children, and more old people who are lonely and feel useless, along with more and more families with young children who desperately need more support. Ifs a major problem in many societies.
That’s why inter generational programs, designed to bring the old and the young together, are growing in popularity all over the world.
1．What does the underlined word “residents” in paragraph 2 probably refer to
A．Old people. B．School teachers. C．Assistants. D．Staff.
2．How were the old people at the home the author’s grandmother was in
A．They felt lonely and useless. B．They weren’t allowed to be visited.
C．They weren’t looked after properly. D．They lived in a dirty and uncomfortable room.
3．What does the author think is a major problem in many societies today
A．The extended family is broken down.
B．There isn’t much room for grandparents.
C．Working parents have no time to care for their children.
D．There isn’t much contact between the old and the young.
4．What will be probably talked about later in the passage
A．Advice on how to communicate with children.
B．Plans for setting up more homes for old people.
C．Examples of successful inter generational programs.
D．Ways of teaching entertainment skills to old people.
（4）
（2022·江苏·模拟预测）There are few places on Earth that humans haven’t messed up. Now even Antarctica, the only continent with no permanent human inhabitants, is being altered by us. A study found that the increasing human presence in Antarctica is causing more snow melt-bad news for a frozen world already battling the effects of human-caused global warming.
Black carbon, the dark, dusty pollution that comes from burning fossil fuels has settled in locations where tourists and researchers spend a lot of time, scientists found. Even the smallest amount of the dark pollutant can have a significant impact on melting because of its very low reflectiveness: things that are light in color, like snow, reflect the sun's energy and stay cool; things that are dark, like black carbon, absorb the sun's energy and warm up.
“The snow albedo (反射率) effect is one of the largest uncertainties in regional and global climate modeling right now,” Alia Khan, a snow and ice scientist at Western Washington University, told CNN. “That’s one of the motivations for the study, to quantify the impact of black carbon on regional snowmelt, which is important for quantifying the role of black carbon in the global loss of snow and ice.”
“Antarctica is sitting there pretty much silently all year. But, if it weren’t there, in the state that it is meant to be, the balance that we have in the climate system will no longer be,” Marilyn Raphael, a geography professor said. “Antarctica’s sea ice is also important to maintain a balance in atmospheric circulation,” he added. As waters get warmer, some Antarctic creatures are finding their homes more and more unlivable.
“Everything we do has consequences,” Raphael said. “We need to educate ourselves about those consequences, especially in systems that we know relatively little about. We have to be careful that we don’t upset the climate balance.”
1．Why can the smallest amount of black carbon have huge impact on melting
A．It is highly reflective. B．Its dark colour absorbs heat.
C．It produces vast energy. D．It causes much pollution.
2．According to Alia, which of the following is one reason for conducting the study
A．To measure the impact of black carbon on melting.
B．To quantify the cost of battling against climate change.
C．To remove the uncertainties of global warming effects.
D．To urge people to pay more attention to melting problem.
3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．The change caused by Antarctic melting. B．The methods to stop Antarctic ice melting.
C．The significance of Antarctic being in its state. D．The sufferings Antarctic creatures are experiencing.
4．What does Raphael advise people to do
A．Reduce tourist numbers. B．Face the consequences.
C．Acquire professional education. D．Stop disturbing the climate.
（5）
（2022·内蒙古赤峰·赤峰二中校考模拟预测）Without less public attention, the nation’s egg producers are in the midst of a multibillion-dollar shift to cage-free eggs that is dramatically changing the lives of millions of hens in response to new laws and demands from restaurant chains. In a decade, the percentage of hens in cage-free housing has soared from 4% in 2010 to 28% in 2020, and that figure is expected to more than double to about 70% in the next four years.
The change marks one of the animal welfare movement’s biggest successes after years of battles with the food industry. The transition has cost billions of dollars for producers who initially resisted calls for more humane treatment of chickens but have since fully embraced the new reality.
Beginning in about 2015, many companies such as McDonald’s, Burger King responded to pressure from animal welfare groups by announcing their commitment to cage-free eggs. That was followed by laws requiring cage-free housing in California and similar rules in at least seven other states. Meanwhile, they widely promoted their move to cage-free as good for their brand’s image.
Animal rights groups have made allowing animals room to move a priority in their campaigns but the results have been mixed. The pork industry is fighting to block the California initiative that required more space for breeding pigs, and a state judge recently delayed implementation of new rules.
Looking years into the future, egg company leaders said they think the demand for cheaper eggs from caged hens will remain roughly 25% or more of the market, but Balk at the Humane Society said he expects it to become a tiny percentage of overall sales. Balk notes that hundreds of national retailers, restaurants, grocers and food manufacturers either have implemented cage-free requirements or plan to do so within a few years. “This is the future of every state in America,” he said.
1．What’s Balk’s attitude towards the promotion of cage-free eggs
A．Doubtful. B．Positive. C．Objective. D．Pessimistic.
2．What does the underlined word in Para 2 mean
A．Accepted. B．Abandoned. C．Changed. D．Adapted.
3．Which of the following statements is NOT right
A．There have been some laws or rules requiring cage-free housing in some parts of the USA so far.
B．Egg producers have to deal with the sharp increase in the exact cost of the switch
C．Animal rights groups have successfully made allowing animals room to move a priority in their campaigns.
D．Many companies like Mc Donald’s widely promoted their move to cage-free as good for their brand’s image.
4．What’s the best title for the text
A．Animal well-fare groups’ request will be well achieved
B．More U.S. Eggs Will Soon Be Cage-Free
C．Consumers will have to pay more to eat eggs
D．Egg producers will experience dramatic changes to adapt
（6）
（2022·甘肃平凉·统考二模）Emerging economies struggled to grow through the 2010s and pessimism clouds them now. People wonder how they will pay debts piling up during the pandemic and how they can grow rapidly. The freshest answer to this problem is the fast-spreading digital revolution. The world's largest emerging market has already demonstrated the enormous effects of digital technology. As China's old industries have slowed sharply over the past decade, the booming technology industry has kept the economy growing steadily.
Now China's emerging market peers are getting a push from the same digital engines. Since 2014, more than 10,000 tech firms have been launched in emerging markets—nearly half of them outside China. From Bangladesh to Egypt, it is easy to find entrepreneurs who worked for Facebook or other US giants before coming home to start their own companies.
How can it be that the emerging market countries are adopting common digital technologies faster than the richer countries One explanation is habit and its absence. In societies filled with stores and services, customers are often comfortable with the providers they have and slow to abandon them. In countries where people have difficulty even finding public facilities, a bank or a hospital, they will jump at the first digital option that comes along. Though only 5% of the Kenyans carry credit cards, more than 70% have access to digital banking.
The digital impact on productivity is visible on the ground, Many governments are moving services online to make them more transparent and less vulnerable to corruption, perhaps the most feared obstacle to doing business in the emerging world. Since 2010, the cost of starting a business has been steady in developed countries while falling sharply in emerging market countries, from 66% to just 27% of the average annual income. Entrepreneurs can now launch businesses affordably, organizing much of what they need on a smartphone.
The era of rapid digitization has only just begun. This offers many developing economies a revolutionary new path to catching up with the living standards of the developed world.
1．Which is a result of digital technology for China
A．Stabilizing its economy. B．Accumulating its debts.
C．Keeping its old industries booming. D．Letting its new industries slow sharply.
2．Why does the author mention Kenyans in paragraph 3
A．To present emerging markets' digital technologies.
B．To show rich nations abandon what they own unwillingly.
C．To present emerging markets accept digital options warmly.
D．To show poor nations have difficulty building public facilities.
3．What plays a key role in the boom of digital businesses in emerging markets
A．The steady annual income.
B．The low cost of launching businesses.
C．The simplified procedure of setting up a business.
D．The thorough removal of the most feared obstacle.
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Emerging Economies Are Seeking Their Fortune
B．The Digital Impact Is Huge on Global Productivity
C．The Era of Rapid Digitization Is Around the Corner
D．Digital Technology Will Save Slow Emerging Markets
（7）
（2022·江苏·模拟预测）There are few places on Earth that humans haven’t messed up. Now even Antarctica, the only continent with no permanent human inhabitants, is being altered by us. A study found that the increasing human presence in Antarctica is causing more snow melt-bad news for a frozen world already battling the effects of human-caused global warming.
Black carbon, the dark, dusty pollution that comes from burning fossil fuels has settled in locations where tourists and researchers spend a lot of time, scientists found. Even the smallest amount of the dark pollutant can have a significant impact on melting because of its very low reflectiveness: things that are light in color, like snow, reflect the sun's energy and stay cool; things that are dark, like black carbon, absorb the sun's energy and warm up.
“The snow albedo (反射率) effect is one of the largest uncertainties in regional and global climate modeling right now,” Alia Khan, a snow and ice scientist at Western Washington University, told CNN. “That’s one of the motivations for the study, to quantify the impact of black carbon on regional snowmelt, which is important for quantifying the role of black carbon in the global loss of snow and ice.”
“Antarctica is sitting there pretty much silently all year. But, if it weren’t there, in the state that it is meant to be, the balance that we have in the climate system will no longer be,” Marilyn Raphael, a geography professor said. “Antarctica’s sea ice is also important to maintain a balance in atmospheric circulation,” he added. As waters get warmer, some Antarctic creatures are finding their homes more and more unlivable.
“Everything we do has consequences,” Raphael said. “We need to educate ourselves about those consequences, especially in systems that we know relatively little about. We have to be careful that we don’t upset the climate balance.”
1．Why can the smallest amount of black carbon have huge impact on melting
A．It is highly reflective. B．Its dark colour absorbs heat.
C．It produces vast energy. D．It causes much pollution.
2．According to Alia, which of the following is one reason for conducting the study
A．To measure the impact of black carbon on melting.
B．To quantify the cost of battling against climate change.
C．To remove the uncertainties of global warming effects.
D．To urge people to pay more attention to melting problem.
3．What is the fourth paragraph mainly about
A．The change caused by Antarctic melting. B．The methods to stop Antarctic ice melting.
C．The significance of Antarctic being in its state. D．The sufferings Antarctic creatures are experiencing.
4．What does Raphael advise people to do
A．Reduce tourist numbers. B．Face the consequences.
C．Acquire professional education. D．Stop disturbing the climate.
变式题型二：巩固类（难度0.65）
（1）
（2022·全国·模拟预测）As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric(生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device(装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence(节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user’s typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people’s identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it’s connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn’t require a new type of technology that people aren’t already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
1．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard
A．To reduce pressure on keys. B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system. D．To cut the cost of e-space protection.
2．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
3．What do the researchers expect of the smart keyboard
A．It’ll be environment-friendly. B．It’ll reach consumers soon.
C．It’ll be made of plastics. D．It’ll help speed up typing.
4．Where is this text most likely from
A．A diary. B．A guidebook C．A novel. D．A magazine.
（2）
（2022秋·辽宁·高二校联考期中）If you were to rate the most walkable cities in the world, what would you look for Would it be how shaded the sidewalks are How many benches there are along the way to your destination Or maybe how close you are to shops or local attractions
Well, the researchers at the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP), located in New York. US, wanted to know which of the world’s cities were the best for pedestrians (行人). So, they did just that.
To determine which cities were the most walkable, they rated cities based on factors such as how close citizens were to car-free areas like public parks, how close citizens lived in relation to schools and hospitals, and how short their journeys were overall.
According to the study, they found that the most walkable cities in the world are London, Paris, Bogota and Hong Kong. Overall, London was at the top of the list, outranking (超过) nearly 1, 000 cities around the world on these key factors.
“In order to provide safety and inviting walking conditions for all city residents, it is essential to shift the balance of space in our cities away from cars, providing more travel options for people,” CEO of ITDP Heather Thompson told the magazine Cities Today. She continued, “We have so much to gain-from cleaner air to better health to stronger local economies and deeper bonds within communities, and we all need that now more than ever. ”
Unfortunately, it seems that very few cities make pedestrians a priority, though.
“Our city streets across the planet are already full of cars. If you really want to see the worst for walk ability, it is the really sprawling (杂乱无序伸展的) cities of the US, ” commented Taylor Reich, a research associate at ITDP and the primary author of the guide to making cities more walkable.
So, what can cities do to make their streets friendlier for pedestrians
“There’s no one secret sauce; there’s no one thing you can do to make a city walkable, ” Reich said. “It’s many decisions that are made at all levels from individual streets all the way up to the city design.”
1．What’s the purpose of the study
A．To call on cities to make streets more walkable.
B．To find out the most walkable cities around the world.
C．To investigate pedestrians’ satisfaction with city life.
D．To explore factors impacting the walk ability of cities.
2．On what basis do researchers measure a city’s walk ability
A．The amount of green space on sidewalks.
B．Traffic and road conditions for pedestrians.
C．The number of public services for pedestrians.
D．Accessibility of certain destinations to pedestrians.
3．What does Heather Thompson suggest to improve walking conditions
A．Increasing travel choices. B．Developing local economies.
C．Limiting the number of cars. D．Connecting local communities.
4．What does the last paragraph mainly tell us
A．Cars are major contributors to reduced walk ability.
B．US cities are designed to give priority to pedestrians.
C．It is everyone’s responsibility to make a city walkable.
D．Both small and large scale measures are required to improve walk ability.
（3）
（2022·河南·高二专题练习）A new delicious food is available in Wyoming. It is fresh and cheap — but probably a little gamey (味道强的). Last month it became legal for Wyomingites to collect roadkill that they accidentally hit themselves, or that they happened upon. In fact, other states, such as Montana, have also made the similar law.
Officials are not sure how many Wyomingites will take part in the roadkill-salvage (救助) programme. But Montana’s Fish and Wildlife Commission issues roughly 1,000 roadkill-salvage permits each year.
Although some may fear at the idea of dragging the body of a deer off the road and onto the dinner table, the law has several benefits. First, roadkill is a source of fresh meat for poor communities. State officials in Alaska distribute roadkill to charities. PETA, an animal-rights group, argues that eating roadkill is healthier and more moral than buying meat raised for killing. Second, allowing people to harvest roadkill themselves may cut down on the time the creatures spend on the road. In thinly populated states, it may take days for transport workers to collect a dead animal.
Lastly, roadkill-salvage programmes provide states with important data. Wyomingites must report the location of their find, showing officials where crashes with wildlife happen. Roadkill data may help the state figure out where to build highway overpasses or put up “wildlife crossing” warning signs.
Not everyone is licking (舔) their lips. Some are upset that people will end up eating gamey meat. “It’s really the burden of the person who chooses to collect roadkill if they eat it or not,” says Sara DiRienzo of Wyoming Game and Fish. Others worry the laws will encourage hunters to use the roadkill programme as cover for killing animals they should not.
1．The food mentioned in Paragraph 1 is ______.
A．hunted in the woods B．caught from a local farm
C．harvested from endangered species D．collected after being hit by chance
2．Which is the benefit of the law
A．Roadkill may be harmless for people’s health.
B．Roadkill may be afforded as meat for poor locals.
C．Roadkill may be transported to populated states.
D．Roadkill may be harvested and kept for a long time.
3．The roadkill data can contribute to ______.
A．less roadkill B．faster location
C．thinner population D．fewer warning signs
4．What do people worry according to the last paragraph
A．Roadkill can become an excuse for killing animals.
B．People will be addicted to roadkill’s gamey meat.
C．Roadkill will become a real burden for animal hunters.
D．The law will inspire some people to eat more roadkill.
变式题型三：提升类（难度0.4）
（1）
（2023·广西柳州·统考三模）The world has faced a food crisis of unprecedented(前所未有的) proportions in 2022—the largest in modern history, as conflict, the COVID-19 pandemic, climate crisis and rising costs have combined to pose great risks for hungry people across the world. As many as 828 million people go to bed hungry every night. The number of those facing acute food insecurity has risen from 135 million to 345 million since 2019. A total of 49 million people in 49 countries are suffering hunger, according to figures from the United Nations’ World Food Programme.
“We are facing an unprecedented global food crisis and all signs suggest we have not yet seen the worst. For the last three years, hunger numbers have repeatedly hit new peaks,” WFP Executive Director David Beasley said. He warned that things can and will get worse unless there is a large-scale and coordinated(协调一致的) effort to address the causes of this crisis.
There are many reasons for prevailing high levels of food insecurity. These reasons include conflicts, climate changes and weather extremes, economic slowdowns and downturns. In addition, these drivers often do not act alone. For instance, conflicts are often accompanied by economic downturns, which affect livelihoods and the ability of people to earn resources, leading to increasing poverty levels and higher prevalence(流行) of food insecurity.
Unfortunately, the main reasons for high levels of food insecurity have not improved this year. People in the Horn of Africa are facing a fifth consecutive(连续的) failed rain season in parts of Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia, which will constrain their production, and is likely to push many people deeper into food insecurity.
Moreover, there is uncertainty about the weather. And climatic shock affecting any major producer or exporter will introduce additional uncertainty into production and consequently prices, which in turn impact the ability to purchase food, particularly of the most vulnerable people.
1．How does the author lead in the topic
A．By making a comparison. B．By sharing personal experience.
C．By giving opinions with evidence. D．By listing facts and accurate figures.
2．What can we know from David Beasley’s words
A．This global food crisis won’t last longer.
B．It’s certain that the global food crisis will get worse.
C．We need to work together to deal with the global food crisis.
D．There will be another new peak of hunger numbers in three years.
3．What does the underlined word in Paragraph 3 mean
A．Characters. B．Operators. C．Factors. D．Activities.
4．What is the best title for the passage
A．The Issue of Food Safety B．The Unprecedented Food Crisis
C．Conflicts Causing Food Shortage D．Efforts Put into the Study of Food Insecurity
（2）
（2022春·黑龙江哈尔滨·高一哈尔滨市第六中学校考期末）It was a cold Saturday night in February. Some 200 New Yorkers carefully made their way to the reservoir (水库) in the hopes of catching a glimpse of the magical snowy owl, who had touched down in the park the week before in what was reported as the first visit there by the species in more than 130 years.
Except for a few excited screams from children, people were quiet — patiently awaiting the owl’s arrival at the reservoir’s north gatehouse. The snowy owl did not disappoint. She flew down from the darkness and surveyed the water and the people holding phones and cameras before taking off into the night to the applause of her many fans. They simply wanted to see this lovely creature whose improbable appearance seemed to signify hope after the lockdown.
New Yorkers who had long taken Central Park for granted felt a renewed love for this rectangle of green in the heart of the big city and, of course, its amazing wildlife. That the park is a beautiful and essential refuge is something that humans have only come to fully appreciate during these recent times of uncertainty.
Central Park was originally planned and constructed during another difficult time in the nation’s history — in the years before and during the American Civil War. Unlike many European parks that had originally been built for the aristocracy (贵族), Central Park was designed as a public space. In its chief architect Frederick Law Olmsted’s words, the poor and rich alike could “easily go there after their day’s work is done” and “stroll for an hour, seeing, hearing, and feeling nothing of the noise of the streets.”
As spring turns into summer, we see people sitting on the grass or benches — catching some sun, having family picnics, or tapping away on their laptops and iPads. Just being in proximity to other people in Central Park gave us a sense of community — the sense that we would somehow persevere.
1．What did people do in Central Park on that Saturday night
A．They cheered for each other. B．They paid their first visit.
C．They came for a rare sight. D．They appreciated a water event.
2．What does the author mainly intend to do in Paragraph 4
A．Give some examples. B．Make a comparison.
C．Introduce a new opinion. D．Add background information.
3．What do the underlined words “in proximity to” in Paragraph 5 mean
A．close to B．free from
C．at a distance from D．in comparison with
4．Which of the following is a suitable title for the text
A．Find Refuge in Central Park
B．Take Your Breath by Snow Owl
C．Trace Central Park to difficult times
D．Meet an improbable “visitor” in person
（3）
（2022·河南安阳·校联考模拟预测）The United States is one of the world’s wealthiest countries. Despite this, many Americans are not even getting enough to eat. In fact, around 37 million Americans struggle just to put healthy food, or any food at all, on the table every day.
One might think that a food shortage is happening in America, but this is not the case. There is more than sufficient food for everyone. Unfortunately, 40% of food is wasted every day. There are many different ways food is wasted: farmers only pick the best-looking crops, deliveries aren’t made on time, supermarkets throw out extra products, customers buy more than they need, and so on. The highest level of wastage tends to happen in the richest communities.
Meanwhile, people who live in poor or rural areas often have little or no access to food. These areas are called “food deserts”. They have fewer supermarkets, and the only food options that they can afford are often unhealthy ones. Healthy foods such as fresh fruits and vegetables may be impossible to find. Sadly, 12. 8% of the American population live in food deserts.
What can we do to help those who don’t have enough food Shirley and Annie Zhu came up with a solution. In 2017, when Hurricane Harvey destroyed over 100,000 homes in their city, Houston, the sisters got involved. While helping to clear water from a flooded supermarket, they saw a huge amount of food being wasted. At the same time, thousands of people in the city didn’t have enough to eat.
The girls were only 15 when they set up Fresh Hub with 10 of their classmates. They created an app which could be used by residents to find out whether fresh food was available. Then they contacted local farmers and supermarkets to ask for their extra food.
At first, they found that people didn't take them seriously because they were so young. They decided to work with Second Servings, a local organization that had been providing food to food deserts around the city. The owner of Second Servings, Barbara Bronstein, was impressed with the twins and introduced them to several food providers. To date, Fresh Hub has delivered more than 15,000 pounds of food to people in need.
1．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us
A．What causes food shortage.
B．How much food is wasted every day.
C．How food is wasted in America.
D．Where the highest level of wastage happens.
2．When did the sisters realize the problem of food waste
A．When they were assisting in flood relief.
B．After they had made a survey about it.
C．When they were visiting a food desert.
D．After they had read reports about it.
3．What can we say about “food deserts”
A．Crops can’t grow in food deserts.
B．People in food deserts have no access to fresh water.
C．Only fruits and vegetables are available in food deserts.
D．About one in ten Americans live in food deserts.
4．What can be inferred about Fresh Hub from the last two paragraphs
A．Its founders are mostly college students.
B．It has gained support from Second Servings.
C．It has created a most popular food app.
D．It is welcomed by local farmers and supermarkets.
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