资源简介

高中英语阅读理解题型之主旨大意题
阅读理解—— 主旨大意题的解题方法。
主旨大意题是阅读理解中要求较高，难度较大的题型之一，是很能体现试题区分度的题型。 主旨大意题主要是测试考生对一篇文章或一段文字的深层理解程度以及在速读中准确把握文章主旨大意的能力。一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的大意，标题或写作目的设题。
这类题目考查的范围是 ：基本论点，文章标题、主题或段落大意等。它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法，对文章进行高度概括或总结，属于高层次题
Ⅰ. 主旨大意题题型特点和命题形式
设题类型： 概括中心思想（ main idea）型； 确定文章标题或主题 （topic / title/ headline）型； 问文章的写作目的 （purpose）.
常见的设题方式：
The main idea / The general idea / The main theme of this passage is ______.
The passage chiefly deals with / focuses on _____.
Which of the following best describes / expresses the main idea / point of the passage
What is mainly discussed in the passage /text
What is the topic of the passage
The best title / headline for the passage might be ______.
The text /passage could be entitled______.
Which / What could be the best title for the passage？
The main purpose of the passage is probably to tell ______.
The author is primarily concerned with _______.
Ⅱ. 主旨大意题的解题技巧
做主旨大意题常用略读法。 快速阅读文章找出各个段落的主题句。 各段落的主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意中，就需理顺全文，概括文章的中心。文章的标题是中心思想最精炼的表达形式，选择的标题意义范围要能涵盖全文，不能太大也不能太小。
找主题句的四个小窍门：
① 段落中出现表转折的词语（如 however, but , in fact , actually, while ,on the contrary , in contrast 等）时，其后的句子很可能是主题句。
② 首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是主题句
③ 作者有意识地反复强调的观点，通常是主旨; 反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
④ 表示总结或结论的词或短语有 therefore , thus , in short, conclude, in conclusion等。
抓住段落或文章主题的捷径之一就是在段落或文章中寻找主题句。主题句是指能表达或概况段落主题或文章主要内容的句子， 通常是一个简洁、完整、具有概况性的句子，较多出现在说明文和议论文中，而其他句子则围绕着主题句展开进行说明解释或扩展。
主题句在文中的位置:
1)开门见山：提出主题----细节支撑阐明主题
2)段末点睛：细节描述----归纳要点---概括主题
3)段中点旨：细节描述---归纳主题---进一步解释
4)无主题句:考生需根据文章中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括和总结文章的大意
今天我们就主旨大意题的题型特点、命题方式、解题技巧及找主题句的小窍门做了一个归纳，总结。希望同学们在做这类题时，特别要留意文章的开头和结尾，要抓住文中具有概括性的信息，捕捉文章中出现频率较高的词汇以及文章和段落的主题句。在选择文章题目时，应注意语言方面的特点：文章题目的语言要简练，醒目。
例题精讲：
Passage 1
For most of us, the rain that falls on our roof runs off into the ground or the sewer(下水道) system. But if you want to save a little water and reuse it on your lawns or plants—or even use it for laundry, dishes, or other needs—collecting rainwater from your gutter’s downspouts(檐槽的水落 管) is a no-brainer.
According to John C. Davis, writing in E / The Environmental Magazine, just about any homeowner can collect rainwater, given that the roof and gutters do most of the work. And since an inch of rain falling on a 2,000-square-foot roof produces some 1,200 gallons of water, you can harvest enough to water you r lawn or garden.
Plants and grass actually do better when fed rainwater instead of tap water, which is usually treated with substances that can hold back plant growth. Using rainwater can also extend the life of pipes, since the salts added to tap water may gradually damage the pipes. However, homeowners should set up a water purification system if they do plan to use rainwater for inside needs.
Rainwater harvesting can also be good for the local community, as it reduces the erosion, flooding, and pollution associated with heavy rainfall, and reduces dependence on public water supplies. So some states fund rainwater collection systems in their local communities.
Many varieties of rain barrel(桶) systems, starting at just $100, are available for home use. A typical setup is simply a rain barrel positioned under a gutter’s downspout. Skillful homeowners can make their own water harvesting systems, but buying one is a lot easier. Most garden centres offer a range of choices as well as tips.
1. The underlined word “no-brainer” in Para. 1 probably means something that ______.
A. is hard to deal with B. is very easy
C. is of no real value D. deserves more attention
2.From Paragraphs 3 and 4, we can learn _______.
A. how to set up a water harvesting system B. how a rain barrel system works
C. some advice on saving tap water D. the benefits of using rainwater
3.What is the topic of the passage
A. Basic gardening skills. B. Water-saving techniques.
C. Wastewater treatment systems. D. Roof rainwater collection.
【语篇解读】本文属于说明文，主要介绍了收集并利用雨水的可行性以及收集雨水的方法和好处。比如，人们可以利用雨水灌溉草坪，植物学；作用雨水可以延长管道寿命；可以有效减少暴雨而造成的洪涝灾害，而且还可以减少人们对公共供水的依赖。
1.【答案解析】B。从常识可以判断从房檐落水管里收集雨水是非常简单的事情，而且下文just about any homeowner can collect rainwater,也是一个很好的提示，故答案选B。
2.【答案解析】D。第三四段是讲述利用雨水可以灌溉植物草坪，可以延长管道寿命，对当地社区也有好处，可以减少因暴雨而造成的洪涝，所以文章三四段的中心内容是关于利用雨水的好处，故答案选D。
3.【答案解析】D。作者在文章第一段提出收集雨水的话题，然后在第二段介绍收集雨水的可行性，在第三四段介绍利用雨水的好处，最后是关于如何去收集雨水的一些建议，由此判断文章中心话题是雨水的收集，所以D选项正确。
Passage 2
I’ve loved my mother’s desk since I was just tall enough to see above the top of it as mother sat doing letters. Standing by her chair, looking at the ink bottle, pens, and white paper, I decided that the act of writing must be the more wonderful thing in the world.
Years later, during her final ill ness, mother kept different things for my sister and brother. “But the desk,” she’d said again, “it’s for Elizabeth.”
I never saw her angry, never saw her cry. I knew she loved me; she showed it in action. But as a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter. They never happened. And a gulf opened between us. I was “too emotional(易动感情的)”. But she lived “on the surface”.
As years passed I had my own family. I loved my mother and thanked her for our happy family. I wrote to her in careful words and asked her to let me know in any way she chose that she did forgive me.
I posted the letter and waited for her answer. None came. My hope turned to disappointment, then little interest and, finally, peace— it seemed that nothing happened. I couldn’t be sure that the letter had even got to mother. I only knew that I had written it, and I could stop trying to make her into someone she was not.
Now the present of her desk told, as she’d never been able to, that she was pleased that writing was my chosen work. I cleaned the desk carefully and found some papers inside —a photo of my father and a one-page letter, folded and refolded many times. Give me an answer, my letter asks, in any way you choose. Mother, you always chose the act that speaks louder than words.
4.The passage shows that ______.
A. mother cared much about her daughter in words
B. mother was too serious about everything her daughter had done
C. mother was cold on the surface but kind in her heart to her daughter
D. mother wrote to her daughter in careful words
5.The underlined word “gulf” in the fourth paragraph means ______.
A. different ideas between the mother and the daughter
B. deep understanding between the old and the young
C. free talks between mother and daughter
D. part of the sea going far in land
6.What’s the best title of the passage
A. My letter to Mother B. Mother and Children
C. Talks between Mother and Me D. My mother’s Desk
【语篇解读】本文是一篇故事类短文。作者的母亲深深地爱着孩子们，但是她只是把爱表现在行动上，从来没用用语言表露过。而作者却希望能够和母亲面对面的谈心，希望能亲耳听到感人的话语，于是给母亲写了一封信，但是母亲直到去世也没有给作者回信，直到作者收拾母亲的书桌时，她才意识到母亲的爱一直都在。
4.【答案解析】C。作文中作者对母亲故事的讲述以及作者自己的意识I knew she loved me, she showed it in action和文章最后Mother, you always chose the act that speaks louder than words.可知母亲对孩子的爱深藏于内心，却只表现在行动上，而不是在语言上，故答案选C。
5.【答案解析】A。根据文章第三段I knew she loved me ,she showed it in action. But as a young girl, I wanted heart-to-heart talks between mother and daughter.可知作者和母亲的做法、想法是不同的，他们之间存在着代沟，故A选项正确。
6.【答案解析】D。文章开头提出自己小时候就喜欢母亲的书桌要，然后讲到母亲在去世前把书桌留给了作者，由此引出了母亲对儿女的爱，所以desk象征了母亲对孩子深深的爱，故D选项内容更能体现文章中心，答案选C。
课后习题
（一）
At least eight babies in East China’s Anhui Province have died since last year. they died of serious deficiency disease which happened to them because of fake milk powders.
More than 100 other babies in Fuyang, mostly between three and five months old, are still in poor nutrition after drinking different kinds of cheap milk powders produced in North China’s Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Northeast China’s Heilongjiang Province and Beijing.
The baby victims were born healthy, but they became thinner and thinner, and had large heads for their bodies after fake milk powders were fed to them.
“My girl, the first child of mine, died when she was only four months old after drinking the ‘Haobaobei’milk powder.”said Zhang Linwei, a 32-year-old villager of the Wang zhuang Village in Fuyang.
Zhang found that his daughter got ill after the girl didn’t want to drink the milk powder any more half a month before.
“Before that , I though my daughter’s face was becoming fatter and fatter because she was fed well and grew fast.”the baby’s father said.
The girl died nine days later after she was sent to hospital and all of the family’s savings were spent on her medical treatment.
“It is like a terrible dream. I never thought that my baby would pass away like this .”he said.
Zhang said he tried to telephone and write to the producer of the milk powder by the address on the packing bag but never made it.
“The fake milk powders only have 5-6 per cent protein and the lowest is has only 1 per cent. For babies, drinking such fake milk powder is no different from drinking water,”Zhang Fangjun, said a medical expert with the Fuyang People’s Hospital.
“Such so-called milk powders cannot afford any nutrition for babies’ growth,” Zhang said.
1. The fake milk powders, which were produced in North China’s Inner Monglolia Autonomous Region, Northeast China’s Heilongjiang Province and Beijing .
A. were all called ‘Haobaobei’
B. were only sold in Anhui Province
C. killed at least eight babies in Anhui Province
D. were much cheaper than any other milk powders
2. Which may NOT be right according to the passage
A. The milk powders the sick children ate fail to reach the national standard of protein content for baby milk powder-at least 10 per cent.
B. Deficiency disease is a kind of disease from the people who are in poor nutrition.
C. The baby victims became thinner and thinner and had large heads for their bodies after drinking the fake milk powders.
D. Fuyang is the only place where fake milk powders were found.
3. “pass away” in the passage means ___ .
A. move away B. die C. set off D. lose oneself
4. Zhang Linwei __ .
A. didn’t’ know what caused her first daughter’s death at first
B. found her first daughter was killed by ‘Haobaobei’ milk powder
C. got a lot of money from the producer of the milk powder
D. asked the reporter to give him a hand
参考答案：CDBA
（二）
Science not always so serious
Did you know that if you attach a weighted stick to the back of a chicken, it walks like a dinosaur
No, you did not know (or care to know) such things, but now you do! Thanks to this year’s winners of the Ig Nobel Prizes! Now in its 25th year, the Ig Nobel is the goofy younger cousin of the honored Nobel Prize. It applauds achievements in the fields of medicine, biology, physics, economics, literature, etc. Every September at Harvard University, awards are presented in 10 categories that change year to year, depending on — according to the organization — what makes the judges “laugh, then think”.
The ceremony officially begins when audience members launch paper airplanes at an assigned human target on the stage, then speakers only have 60 seconds to present their research. In previous years, the one-minute rule was imposed by a young girl — nicknamed Miss Sweetie Poo — who would go up to the platform and repeat the words: “Please stop, I’m bored,” in a sharp tone until the speaker left the stage.
Fortunately for candidates though, the Ig Informal Lectures are held afterwards on Saturday to give presenters more time to explain the crazy things they’re working on.
The research can seem more like the brainchildren of teenage boys than of respectable adults. Justin
Schmidt won the physiology Ig for creating the “Sting Pain Index,” which rates the pain people feel after getting stung (蛰) by insects. Smith pressed bees against 25 different parts of his body until they stung him. Five stings a day for 38 days, Smith concluded that the most painful sting locations were the nostril (鼻孔) and the upper lip. Ouch.
As silly as they sound, not all of the Ig awards lack scientific applicability. A group of scientists from 12 different countries won in the medicine category for accurately diagnosing patients with appendicitis (阑尾炎) based on an unusual measurement: speed bumps (减速带). They found that patients are more likely to have appendicitis if they report pain during bumpy car rides.
All these weird experiments have just one thing in common. They’re improbable. It can be tempting to assume that “improbable” implies more than that — implies bad or good, worthless or valuable, trivial or important. Something improbable can be any of those, or none of them, or all of them, in different ways. And what you don’t expect can be a powerful force for not only entertaining science, but also for the boundary-pushing science we call innovation.
1. The underlined word “goofy” in Paragraph 2 probably means __________.
A. timid B. funny C. glorious D. warm-hearted
2. According to the passage, what can we know about the awarding ceremony of Ig Nobel
A. It is held at a fixed place.
B. Candidates should know how to fold paper planes.
C. Miss Sweetie Poo is one of the hostesses.
D. Ig Informal Lecture gives presenters 60 seconds to finish their speeches.
3. The example in Paragraph 6 is used to illustrate that Ig Nobel __________.
A. celebrates the diligent work of researchers
B. offers another opportunity to those who miss the Nobel Prizes
C. serves as a platform for the creative and practical achievements
D. amuses the audience
4. Among the four candidates below, who is most likely to win an Ig Nobel
A. A chemist who invents a chemical method to partially un-boil an egg.
B. A novelist who criticizes social injustice severely.
C. A physicist who studies the origin of the universe.
D. An economist who achieves a breakthrough in the study of international trade
参考答案：BACA
（三）
Four years ago，a lobster(龙虾)fisherman，Gary Nichols，had never seen a lionfish，but today his traps are full of them．He catches so many lionfish now that he’s started to sell them．While his lobsters sell for $16 per kilogram，lionfish only make him $12. Lionfish are causing a great concern on his business and the commercial fishing industry in Florida，threatening other fish populations—in some cases reducing them by up to 90％．
Lionfish are native to the Indian and Pacific Oceans，but were accidentally introduced into Atlantic and Caribbean waters during the 1990s．With no natural enemies in the Atlantic and an ability to reproduce year-round，plus the favorable environment，their numbers have been rising in recent years．
Not only are lionfish causing losses to lobster fishermen like Nichols，they are also threatening the balance of the fragile ecosystem．
“Lionfish are eating almost anything that fits in their mouths．”says Lad Akins，director of REEF，a marine conservation group．“Some are commercially valuable fishes，like grouper and snapper that the fishermen depend on．Lionfish even could result in the extinction of some fish．”
In an effort to solve the problem，REEF runs a monthly contest，awarding prizes to those who catch the most lionfish．It also runs workshops educating divers about safe collection and removal techniques．Many volunteers have also joined the fight with a campaign that encourages people to eat lionfish．
“If we can’t beat them，let’s eat them!” said Michelle Kosiek，the manager of the Fish House Encore，which has been serving lionfish for the past 18 months．“There is a little bit of fear factor eating them．In fact，those who tried it have spoken well of it．”
1．The story of Gary Nichols shows that _______________．
A．1obsters are disappearing in the waters near Florida
B．the overpopulated lionfish are affecting Florida fishermen
C．it is hard for a fisherman to make a living by selling lobsters
D．lionfish have brought the Florida fishermen’s income down by 90％
2．What factors contribute to the fast increase of the lionfish population
a．They are native to the Atlantic and Caribbean waters．
b．They have no natural enemies in Atlantic．
c．They are able to lay eggs non-stop every year．
d．The waters in Florida are suitable for their existence．
e．Some people introduced them there on purpose．
A．a，b，c B．b，c，d C．c，d，e D．a，d，e
3．Lad Akins considers the non-native lionfish as _______________．
A．a new source of economic increase
B．a positive promoter to the ecology of Florida waters
C．a disaster both commercially and ecologically
D．a chance to make Florida fish species diverse
4．In the fight against lionfish，Michelle Kosiek is helpful in _____________．
A．encouraging people to eat them
B．teaching divers removal techniques
C．making a collection of lionfish
D．awarding prizes to lionfish catchers
参考答案：BBCA

展开更多......

收起↑