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中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2020—2022年高考英语真卷阅读理解题汇总
浙江卷（解析版）
一、2020·浙江·高考真题
（一）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
1．Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A．To assess their health status. B．To evaluate their work habits.
C．To analyze their personality. D．To measure their mental ability.
2．How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A．By using an expert’s words. B．By making a comparison.
C．By referring to another study. D．By introducing a concept.
3．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
【答案】1．D 2．B 3．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。《神经病学》杂志发布的一则研究显示，需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。
1．细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1,000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests.(来自德国莱比锡大学的研究人员召集了1000多名75岁以上的退休老人，并通过一系列的测试对他们的记忆力和思维能力进行了评估。)”可知，科学家让志愿者做测试是为了测试他们的心智能力。故选D项。
2．推理判断题。根据第四段中Francisca Then说的话“This works just like physical exercise,( 这就像体育锻炼一样有效。)”及接下来进一步的解释“长跑后人就会感到痛苦和疲惫，但它确实能强身健体。工作一天下来会感到劳累，但这也使你的大脑处于健康状态”可知，Francisca Then是通过与“身体锻炼”作比较来解释他的发现的。故选B项。
3．主旨大意题。第一段“Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age(需要大量的分析思考、细致规划和其他管理技能有挑战性的工作，有可能会帮助你的大脑随着年龄的增长而保持敏锐。)”是本文的主题句，结合全文内容可知，文章主要讲述了有挑战性的工作可能会使大脑保持敏捷，所以C项“困难的工作可能有助于大脑保持敏捷”适合作本文标题。故选C项。
（二）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play.
Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright(剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play.
Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book.
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(变暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story.
4．What do we know about the author from the first paragraph
A．He has written dozens of plays. B．He has a deep love for the theater.
C．He is a professional stage actor. D．He likes reading short plays to others.
5．What does the author avoid doing in his work
A．Stating the plays’ central ideas. B．Selecting works by famous playwrights.
C．Including various types of plays. D．Offering information on the playwrights.
6．What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays
A．Control their feelings. B．Apply their acting skills.
C．Use their imagination. D．Keep their audience in mind.
7．What is this text
A．A short story. B．An introduction to a book.
C．A play review. D．An advertisement for a theater.
【答案】4．B 5．A 6．C 7．B
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了作者的书籍的序言部分，包括其编写目的，书籍内容主体，以及如何实现有乐趣的阅读本书的建议。
4．细节理解题。根据文章第一段内容“…and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，作者编辑这本书的最好的原因是希望与他人分享对戏剧的热情，因此可知作者对于戏剧饱含热情。故选B项。
5．细节理解题。根据文章第二段内容“It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright.”可知，作者并不想指出这本书中每一部戏剧的中心主题，因为那样确实会破坏阅读、讨论和思考戏剧以及剧作家的有效性的乐趣。A项“Stating the plays”central ideas(陈述戏剧的中心思想)”与原文表达信息一致。故选A项。
6．细节理解题。根据文章末尾段内容“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，作者建议读者试着想象戏剧在舞台上上演，不再是读者而是成为观众，才能实现最佳的阅读乐趣。C项“Use their imagination”与原文“try to picture the play on the stage”表达信息一致。故选C项。
7．推理判断题。根据文章首段内容“I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others”可知，该句内容应是书籍的“自序”内容，且结合末尾“To get the most out of the reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience.”可知，在讲述如何更好地实现阅读乐趣，再结合全文内容可推知，作者通过该文章介绍自己的一本书。故选B项。
（三）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
8．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights. B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals. D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
9．What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads.
B．They should be used in other cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
10．What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A．It is rewarding to try new things. B．The old methods still work today.
C．It pays to put theory into practice. D．The simplest way is the best way.
【答案】8．C 9．D 10．A
【分析】这是一篇说明文。美国华盛顿州的Bellevue采用了能随交通状况而调节交通灯时间的适应性信号灯，大大缓解了交通压力，也表明人们对于交通阻塞问题不再只是拓宽道路，而是能够采用新方法。
8．指代猜测题。That位于第二段句首，应是指代第一段的内容。根据第一段内容尤其是第一段最后一句“Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.(就像交通本身一样，信号灯的时间也会变化)”可知，第一段主要讲述的是信号灯的时间会灵活变化；“That is by design.”意为“那是有意为之”，由此可推知，That指代第一段中“信号灯的灵活时间”。故选C项。
9．推理判断题。根据第四段第一句中“adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways(但自适应信号并不是解决拥堵道路的万能药)”及第二句中“others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference(其他城市交通堵塞如此严重，只有减少道路上的车辆才能起有意义的作用) ”可推知，Kevin Balke认为适应性信号灯对于交通堵塞很严重的城市没有太大帮助。故选D项。
10．推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.(这些灯，被称为适应性信号灯，已经大大减少了通勤的麻烦和花费)”最后一段第一句“In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches.(在Bellevue，对适应性信号灯的转变是一个在欢迎新方法的价值方面的榜样)”可推知，从Bellevue的成功中可以得出，尝试新事物是值得的。故选A项。
（四）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）Your next car might drive itself. After years of trials on city streets, driverless vehicles are now nearing the live phase. Last month, a driverless bus began carrying passengers through Lyon, France, Most in the automobile industry think self-driving vehicles will be on the road by 2020 or before.
Driverless cars will at first be huddled with human-driven cars. But the first places where they will become dominant(统治的) are dense urban areas - precisely the spots most damaged by the automobile age. Many advanced cities are already reducing the role of human-driven cargo. Driverless cars will quicken that process and will bring us enormous benefits.
Driverless cars will reduce accidents by around 90 percent. That’s big-the annual death toll on the world’s roads is about 1.2 million a year. Pollution and carbon emissions will drop, because urban driverless cars will be electric. The old, otherwise they would stay at home most of the time and the disabled and teenagers will suddenly gain mobility.
On the other hand, driverless cars will bring catastrophe. The best thing about the automobile age was that it employed tens of millions of people to make, market, insure and drive vehicles. Over the next 20 years, the mostly low-skilled men who now drive trucks, taxis and buses will see their jobs reduced. Carmakers are especially scared. The few cars of the future might be made by tech companies such as Apple, Baidu and Google. Imaging the impact on Germany, where the automotive sector is the largest industry.
Dramatic change is coming, and driverless cars could arrive by 2020. But governments have barely begun thinking about it. Only 6 percent of the biggest US cities have factored them into their long-term planning.
A decade ago anyone hardly saw the Smartphone coming. It has bought an epidemic of mass addiction. Let’s hope we do a better job of handling the driverless car.
11．The underlined words “be huddled with” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “ “.
A．show up B．exist together
C．get rid of D．take the place of
12．Why can driverless cars reduce pollution and carbon emissions
A．Driverless cars reduce the number of cars.
B．Driverless cars will be powered by electricity.
C．Driverless cars save fuel by driving themselves.
D．Driverless cars will reduce too many accidents.
13．What’s the author’s attitude toward driverless cars
A．Doubtful. B．Negative.
C．Objective. D．Worried.
【答案】11．B 12．B 13．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章向我们介绍了无人驾驶汽车对未来的影响，说明了无人驾驶汽车的优势以及可能产生的问题，预测戏剧性的变化正在到来，无人驾驶汽车可能会在2020年到来。但政府几乎还没有开始考虑这个问题。只有6%的美国大城市在其长期规划中考虑到了这些问题。
11．词义猜测题。根据后文But the first places where they will become dominant(统治的) are dense urban areas - precisely the spots most damaged by the automobile age.可知但它们将首先占据主导地位的地方是人口稠密的城市地区，而这些地区正是受汽车时代破坏最严重的地方。由此可知，无人驾驶汽车首先占据主导的地位的地方是人口稠密的城市地区，那么意思是无人驾驶汽车一开始将会与人类驾驶的汽车共同存在。划线短语意思为“共存”。故选B。
12．细节理解题。根据第三段中Pollution and carbon emissions will drop, because urban driverless cars will be electric.可知污染和碳排放将会下降，因为城市无人驾驶汽车将是电动的。由此可知，无人驾驶汽车可以减少污染和碳排放，是因为无人驾驶汽车将由电力驱动。故选B。
13．推理判断题。根据第三段中Pollution and carbon emissions will drop, because urban driverless cars will be electric.可知污染和碳排放将会下降，因为城市无人驾驶汽车将是电动的。以及第四段中On the other hand, driverless cars will bring catastrophe.可知另一方面，无人驾驶汽车将带来灾难。由此可推知，作者分别说明了无人驾驶汽车的优点和存在问题，可知作者对无人驾驶汽车的态度是客观的。故选C。
（五）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）We all start out with plans about what our life will eventually look like. And those plans, obviously, don’t include disappointment in the road that each of us will surely face.
When we picture the future, we see only love, success and great friendships.
But sooner or later, we realize that life doesn’t go according to plan. Instead, after we’ve carefully made our plans, we meet the unexpected.
However, unexpected things are to be expected. And once we accept this fact of life, believe it or not, it is liberating(带来自由的).
Once we understand that no one’s life goes according to plan, then the difference between successful and unsuccessful people becomes clear. Successful people are good at handling disappointment, as they know that it’s part of life. And unsuccessful people let pain and disappointment take over.
I know people who talk about a divorce or the death of a loved one as if the event happened yesterday, even if it happened a decade or more ago.
It’s reasonable to experience pain at the time of a loss. However, it isn’t reasonable to keep feeling the pain of an experience that happened a really long time ago.
Most of us have suffered in the past, but past pain should have nothing to do with how we feel in the present-it is over and done with.
As for me, my focus is always on today and the future- that is how I live every day. I don’t need to remember the past, because I have accepted that my life doesn’t always go according to plan.
No one’s life goes according to plan. We all have periods of pain and suffering, which are natural parts of being alive. So don’t allow your past to define who you are. When you wake up each morning, just remember to make the most of the day ahead.
14．In what way are successful people different from others, according to the author
A．They are more hopeful about the future. B．They are working harder than others.
C．They can handle the unexpected better. D．They are good at planning.
15．How does the author think we should treat past pain
A．We should remember it as a lesson. B．We should forget about it and look ahead.
C．We should keep it to ourselves. D．We should share it with friends to get comfort from them.
16．What is the main purpose of this article
A．To tell readers how to plan for their future.
B．To explain why past pain affects people greatly.
C．To show what we should expect from life.
D．To suggest how to handle the unexpected in life.
【答案】14．C 15．B 16．D
【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了我们都开始计划我们的生活最终会是什么样子，但是生活并不是按计划进行的，在我们仔细制定计划之后，我们遇到了意想不到的事情。文章中作者提出了该如何面对生活中意外的建议。
14．细节理解题。根据第五段中Once we understand that no one’s life goes according to plan, then the difference between successful and unsuccessful people becomes clear. Successful people are good at handling disappointment, as they know that it’s part of life.可知一旦我们明白了没有人的生活是按计划进行的，那么成功者和失败者之间的区别就变得清晰了。成功的人善于处理失望，因为他们知道这是生活的一部分。由此可知，成功的人能更好的处理意外，因此不同于其他人。故选C。
15．推理判断题。根据倒数第三段Most of us have suffered in the past, but past pain should have nothing to do with how we feel in the present-it is over and done with.可知我们大多数人都经历过痛苦，但过去的痛苦与我们现在的感觉毫无关系——已经过去，已经过去了。以及倒数第二段中As for me, my focus is always on today and the future- that is how I live every day.可知对我来说，我的关注点总是在今天和未来——这就是我每天的生活方式。由此可推知，作者认为我们应该忘记过去的痛苦，向前看。故选B。
16．推理判断题。根据第三段But sooner or later, we realize that life doesn’t go according to plan. Instead, after we’ve carefully made our plans, we meet the unexpected.可知但迟早，我们会意识到生活并不是按计划进行的。相反，在我们仔细制定计划之后，我们遇到了意想不到的事情。结合文章主要说明了我们都开始计划我们的生活最终会是什么样子，但是生活并不是按计划进行的，在我们仔细制定计划之后，我们遇到了意想不到的事情。文章中作者提出了该如何面对生活中意外的建议。由此可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是建议如何处理生活中的意外。故选D。
（六）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）When you have looked through our brochure(手册) and have chosen two or three cottages(小木屋) you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299.
31st March to 20th October
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Thursday 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Saturday closed
Sunday closed
21st October to 30th March
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Thursday 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Saturday 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Sunday closed
When a reservation(预订) has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit(订金) of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental.
IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPUTED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH A DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESERVATION WILL BE CANCELLED．
When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed-we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number of a local contact so that you can get further details on the cottage before leaving home.
ARRIVAL
Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3:30 p.m. or later than 7:00 p.m.
DEPARTURE
On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property(住所) by 10 a.m. to allow caretakers enough time to prepare the property for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please do not move the furniture as this can cause damage to the furniture.
LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS
If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due when booking.
ELECTRICITY
In most Wessex Cottages electricity must be paid for in addition to the holiday price. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all.
17．What should you know about your booking
A．The reservation can be made on weekends.
B．You need to fill a form before booking.
C．A deposit of one third of the cottage rental is needed.
D．The reservation of a cottage will be kept for 7 hours.
18．When does the Holiday Booking Office open on Saturdays in December
A．At 9:30 a.m. B．At 9:00 a.m.
C．At 4:30 p.m. D．At 5:00 p.m.
19．Which is TRUE about electricity according to the passage
A．There is no electricity in many cottages.
B．Electricity price is more expensive than the holiday price.
C．Electricity is included in the rental in most cottages.
D．You don’t need to pay for it additionally in some cottages.
20．What do we know about last-minute booking
A．Full payment is unnecessary when booking. B．Cottages may be unavailable.
C．The cost is lower than before. D．Additional charges may be made.
【答案】17．C 18．A 19．D 20．B
【分析】本文是一篇应用文，主要介绍了一个旅游景点的预定的相关事宜，包括开放时间、入住和退房时间等信息。
17．细节理解题。根据21st October to 30th March部分中We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit(订金) of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental.可知我们会给你一个假期参考编号，并要求你填写假期预订表格并归还，同时支付三分之一的木屋租金押金。由此可知，预订后需要支付三分之一的木屋租金押金。故选C。
18．细节理解题。根据21st October to 30th March部分中Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Thursday 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.以及Saturday 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.可知10月21日至3月30日，周一、周二、周三、周五上午9：00至下午5：00，周四上午9：30至下午5：00。星期六上午9：30到下午4：30。由此可知，十二月的星期六假期订票处上午9：30开放。故选A。
19．细节理解题。根据最后一段In most Wessex Cottages electricity must be paid for in addition to the holiday price. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all.可知在Wessex的大多数木屋里，除度假费用外，还必须支付电费。在一些木屋里，电费是包含在租金里的，而在极少数的木屋里根本不通电。由此可知，在一些木屋里你不需要额外付费。故选D。
20．细节理解题。根据倒数第二段If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due when booking.可知如果您想在最后一刻预订，请致电假日售票处查询是否有空房。如果您的预订是在假日开始日期后10周内预订的，则预订时应全额付款。由此可知，可知最后的时候可能没有空房。故选B。
（七）
（2020·浙江·统考高考真题）I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing；I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself, She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you`d taken it out；it made no difference to her that you’d read every word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of "Little Red Riding Hood" with my brother's two daughters. She'd just look up at the right time, long enough to answer– in character –"The better to eat you with, my dear," and go back to her place in the magazine article.
21．Which of the following best described Mrs. Calloway
A．diet. B．Strict. C．Humorous. D．Considerate.
22．What do the underlined words "this feeling" refer to in the last paragraph
A．Desire to read. B．Love for Mrs. Calloway.
C．Interest in games. D．Fear of the library rules.
23．Where is the text probably from
A．guidebook. B．an autobiography. C．a news report. D．book review.
【答案】21．B 22．A 23．B
【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要内容为作者非常喜爱阅读，并保持着在图书馆中阅读和借阅书籍的习惯，而作者的母亲也和作者一样拥有对读书的渴望。
21．推理判断题。根据第一段中I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway our librarian. （我从来没见过哪个在杰克逊长大的人不害怕我们的图书管理员卡洛维夫人）以及SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes.（到处都挂着牌子，上面用黑色的大字写着“肃静”。如果她认为你穿得不合适，她会直接让你回家换衣服）可知Mrs. Calloway很严格。故选B。
22．词义猜测题。根据下文Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else.（现在，我觉得她在做其他事情的同时，也在阅读）可知作者的妈妈也非常喜欢阅读，故作者的母亲渴望读书和作者是一样的。故划线短语意思为“渴望读书”。故选A。
23．推理判断题。结合文章主要内容可知，作者非常喜爱阅读，并保持着在图书馆中阅读和借阅书籍的习惯，而作者的母亲也和作者一样渴望读书。故可推测文章可能来自于一份自传。故选B。
【点睛】文章出处类推理判断题。做这类题重要的是要抓住文章的内容或结构特征，这是推理判断的前提和基础。如报纸，前面会出现日期、地点、通讯社名称等；广告，其格式特殊，容易辨认；产品说明、器皿设备的使用说明有产品名称或操作方法，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数和药量等。如第三小题，结合文章主要内容为作者非常喜爱阅读，并保持着在图书馆中阅读和借阅书籍的习惯，而作者的母亲也和作者一样拥有对读书的渴望。可知文章可能来自于自传。故选B。
（八）
（2020·浙江·统考高考真题）Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella.
Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste
Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.
In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
24．Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free
A．It is soft. B．It contains salt. C．It is warm. D．It has milk in it.
25．What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads
A．Improving air quality. B．Increasing sales of rock salt.
C．Reducing water pollution. D．Saving the cheese industry.
26．Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of_______________.
A．barking up the wrong tree B．putting the cart before the horse
C．robbing Peter to pay Paul D．killing two birds with one stone
【答案】24．B 25．C 26．D
【分析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了威斯康辛州的密尔沃基市正在试验一种新的路面防冻方法——在路面上涂上奶酪盐水。文章说明了这种新方法的好处是，相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保。
24．细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）可知因为奶酪盐水含有盐，所以能帮助冬季道路不结冰。故选B。
25．推理判断题。根据倒数第二段中There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.（在那里它可以污染饮用水，伤害植物，侵蚀土壤。通过在街道上撒上奶酪盐水，然后再撒上一层岩盐，密尔沃基或许可以将岩盐的使用量减少30%）可知岩盐会污染饮用水，而在道路上使用奶酪盐水可以减少水污染。故选C。
26．推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.（奶酪盐水中含有盐，就像岩盐一样，有助于降低水的冰点）以及第四段第一句In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option.（除了省钱，奶酪盐水也是一个更环保的选择）可知相比于常用的岩盐，奶酪盐水既可以帮助道路不结冰，同时又很省钱环保，可知密尔沃基市的街道除冰新方法是一个“一石二鸟”的成功例子。故选D。
（九）
（2020·浙江·统考高考真题）Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
27．What is special about the BYU professors' study
A．It centered on fathers' role in parenting.
B．It was based on a number of large families.
C．It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles.
D．It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
28．What would an authoritative father do when raising his children
A．Ignore their demands. B．Make decisions for them.
C．Control their behaviors. D．Explain the rules to them.
29．Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers
A．Single parents.
B．Children aged from 11 to 14.
C．Authoritarian fathers.
D．Mothers in two-parent homes.
30．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B．Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C．Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D．Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
【答案】27．A 28．D 29．A 30．C
【分析】这是一篇说明文。研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位。研究人员认为，父亲们需要采用一种“权威”的养育方式，且一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩。
27．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.（杨百翰大学的研究人员发现，父亲在帮助青春期的孩子学习毅力方面具有独特的地位）可知杨百翰大学研究的特别之处在于，它关注的是父亲在养育子女中的角色。故选A。
28．推理判断题。根据第四段中Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics: children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy.（相反，权威的养育方式包括以下一些特征:孩子们感受到来自父亲的温暖和爱；强调责任和规则背后的原因；孩子们被给予适当的自主权）可知一个有权威的父亲在抚养孩子时会向他们解释规则。故选D。
29．细节理解题。根据最后一段最后一句Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.（然而，研究人员认为，单亲父母仍然可能在教授坚持不懈的好处方面发挥作用，这是未来研究的一个方向）可知根据研究人员的说法，单亲父母是未来研究的重点。故选A。
30．主旨大意题。根据文章倒数第二段中A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.（一项重要的发现是，随着时间的推移，由权威父亲抚养长大的孩子更有可能培养出坚持不懈的精神，从而在学校取得更好的成绩）和文章主要内容为说明父亲在养育子女中的角色，故选C选项“孩子们倾向于向父亲学习决心”最符合文章标题。故选C。
二、2021·浙江·高考真题
（一）
（2021·浙江·统考高考真题）At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 percent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities (机会) for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by “I’m hungry”. This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes (路线), with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
31．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph
A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples.
32．What has caused the decrease in Australian children’s physical activity
A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns.
33．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile
A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better.
【答案】31．B 32．C 33．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章通过否定沃特金斯的预言，进而提出现在人们时间的紧缺和陪伴的重要性。
31．推理判断题。通过文章第一段“At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.(20世纪初，一位名叫约翰·埃尔弗雷特·沃特金斯的美国工程师对当今的生活做出了预测。他关于人口增长放缓、移动电话和身高增长的预测接近于现实。但他有一个预测是错误的：每个人每天都要走10英里。)”和第二段“Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 percent.(今天在澳大利亚，大多数孩子平均比避免超重所需的体力活动少了2000步。在上世纪70年代初，40%的孩子步行上学，而在2010年，这一比例降至15%)”可知，作者根据沃特金斯的预言做了相关调查，并且写下了这篇文章。通读全文得知作者在第一段提到沃特金斯的预言，是为了介绍文章主题。故选B项。
32．细节理解题。通过文章第三段中“ Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.(家庭时间紧迫，许多家庭的父母都在为房子买单而工作，工作时间往往不是他们自己选择的，他们住在公共交通有限的依赖汽车的社区。)”可知，导致澳大利亚儿童体育活动的减少的原因是时间不够。故选C项。
33．细节理解题。通过文章倒数第二段中“But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.(但是，在每天散步的某个地方，更多关于我儿子日常的事情出现了。我听到他在理解友谊及其局限性。这是一个意想不到的难得的家长可以听到更多的机会)”，说明作者觉得和儿子一起散步能让她更了解她的儿子。故选D项。
（二）
（2021·浙江·统考高考真题）Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a “vocabulary” of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
“That’s what’s so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said. “They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal’s call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: “Climb on me.” The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. “The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that’s not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.
“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. ”
34．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter
A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose.
35．What did Dr Shultz think of the study
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
36．What does the underlined word “gulf” in the last paragraph mean
A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection.
37．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
【答案】34．D 35．B 36．A 37．D
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了科学家们通过跟踪和拍摄乌干达的黑猩猩群，翻译出了黑猩猩用来交流的手势含义。
34．细节理解题。根据第二段中的“Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.(她说，只有人类和黑猩猩有一个交流系统，它们故意向其他成员发送信息)”可知，根据Dr Hobaiter，黑猩猩和人类的共同点在于故意传递信息。故选D。
35．推理判断题。根据第六段中的“Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were a little disappointing.(曼彻斯特大学的进化生物学家苏珊娜·舒尔茨博士说，这项研究是值得称赞的，它试图丰富我们对人类语言进化的知识。但是，她补充说，结果有点令人失望)”可知，这项研究是一个好的尝试，但是发现的结果是有限的。故选B。
36．词句猜测题。首先根据第三段中的“They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.(在这方面，它们是唯一看起来像人类语言的东西)”可知，黑猩猩的手势交流很像我们人类语言的交流方式。但是根据最后一段中的“Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animals convey with non-verbal communications.(此外，这些含义似乎并不超越其他动物通过非语言交流所传达的信息)”可知，黑猩猩手势的交流方式还是和我们语言的交流方式存在不同的，也就是“So, it seems the gulf remains.(所以，看来差异依然存在)”。由此可知，划线词gulf与difference意思接近。故选A。
37．主旨大意题。根据第一段的“Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees use to communicate.(研究人员表示，他们已经翻译出了野生黑猩猩用来交流的手势的含义)”以及文章对这方面的讨论可知，文章主要讲科学家们对黑猩猩手势的研究及一些成果。由此可知，D项Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated(黑猩猩语言：翻译出来的交流手势)适合作本文最佳标题。故选D。
（三）
（2021·浙江·统考高考真题）More than 25 years ago, Saroo Brierley lived in rural（农村）India. One day, he played with his brother along the rail line and fell asleep. When he woke up and found himself alone, the 4-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him-so he got on.
That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city. He lived on the streets, and then in an orphanage（孤儿院）. There, he was adopted by an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.
As he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn't help but wonder about his hometown back in India. He remembered landmarks, but since he didn't know his town's name, finding a small neighborhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across something familiar. He studied it and realized he was looking at a town's central business district from a bird's-eye view. He thought, “On the right-hand side you should see the three-platform train station”—and there it was. "And on the left-hand side you should see a big fountain"-and there it was. Everything just started to match.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance. "There's something about me, " he thought—and it took him a few seconds but he finally remembered what she used to look like.
In an interview Brierley says, "My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion（核聚变）. I just didn't know what to say, because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her. ”
38．Why was Brierley separated from his family about 25 years ago
A．He got on a train by mistake.
B．He got lost while playing in the street.
C．He was taken away by a foreigner.
D．He was adopted by an Australian family.
39．How did Brierley find his hometown
A．By analyzing old pictures.
B．By travelling all around India.
C．By studying digital maps.
D．By spreading his story via his book.
40．What does Brierley mainly talk about in the interview
A．His love for his mother.
B．His reunion with his mother.
C．His long way back home.
D．His memory of his hometown.
【答案】38．A 39．C 40．B
【导语】这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了布尔利小时候意外走失，长大后通过自己努力找回家人的故事。
38．细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句“When he woke up and found himself alone: the 4-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him-so he got on.(当他醒来发现自己一个人时：4岁的孩子判断他哥哥可能在他前面看到的火车上，所以他上了车)”以及第二段中“That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city.(那列火车把他带到了一个千里迢迢之外的陌生城市）”可知，布尔利在25年前和家人分开是因为他误上了火车。故选A项。
39．细节理解题。通过文章第四段“Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program’s satellite pictures.(然后他找到了一个数字地图程序。他花了数年时间在该节目的卫星图片中寻找家乡)”以及“Everything just started to match.(一切都开始匹配了）”可知，布尔利是通过研究数字地图找到家乡的。故选C项。
40．细节理解题。通过文章最后一段“In an interview Brierley says: “My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know: it was like nuclear fusion（核聚变）. just didn’t know what to say: because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her.(在一次采访中，布尔利说：“我妈妈看起来比我记忆中矮多了。但是她走了出来，朝我走来，我也向着她走去，我的感情、眼泪和大脑里的化学物质，你知道的：就像发生了核聚变。只是不知道该说些什么：因为我从没想过见到我母亲会成为现实。我就在这里，站在她面前。)”可知，作者在采访中讲述了他和母亲的团聚。故选B项。
三、2022·北京·高考真题
（一）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
41．What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement
A．It has achieved notable success. B．It is led by number of schools.
C．It began in Europe in the 1970s. D．It will spread to the countryside.
42．What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK
A．To promote eco-tourism. B．To improve forestry research.
C．To popularise gardening. D．To get people close to nature.
43．What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest
A．They are small in size. B．They are thickly planted.
C．They are foreign species. D．They are heavily fertilised.
【答案】41．A 42．D 43．B
【导语】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍的是世界各地的“小森林”的兴起。
41．推理判断题。根据第二段的“As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.(随着他继续与他人分享他的概念，这个想法很快在印度和其他国家流行起来，最终传到了欧洲，在法国、比利时和荷兰等地流行起来。)”可知，“小森林”运动取得了显著的成功。故选A。
42．推理判断题。根据第三段的““We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”(哈特利说:“我们关注的是城市地区，在那里接触自然往往不那么容易。我们认为这是一个尝试打破人与自然之间日益疏远的机会。”)”可知，Hartley在英国领导的这个项目的目的是让人们接近自然，故选D。
43．细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料).(在一个小森林里，必须有至少600棵树，树木种植得更紧密，没有化学品或化肥。)”可知，“小森林”里的树的特别之处在于它们种得很密。故选B。
（二）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
44．What does Ellen Langer’s study show
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
45．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers
46．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
47．What does the text seem to advocate
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
【答案】44．D 45．B 46．C 47．A
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。所以要适度工作，工作时要有积极的情绪，这会让自己在工作中更有效率。
44．推理判断题。根据第一段“Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(许多人认为工作到最大限度是成功的秘诀，但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果。)”和第二段中“In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all.(在哈佛大学Ellen Langer领导的一项研究中，研究人员要求人们将句子翻译成一种新的虚构的语言。那些事先适度练习这门语言的受试者比那些全力练习或根本不练习的受试者犯的错误要少。)”可知，第一段提出主题，即适度的工作也会带来成果，接着第二段作者用Ellen Langer的研究来证明这一点，由此可推知，Ellen Langer的研究表明适度的努力会产生最好的结果。故选D。
45．词句猜测题。根据划线单词下文“while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office.(而他那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事们则在角落办公室里得到不屑的目光。)”可知，while前后是对比关系，那些在会议室吃饭时闲聊的同事会得到别人不屑的目光，即被认为不努力工作，相反，那些在办公桌前吃午饭的年轻银行家可能被视为是一个努力工作以求成功的人，由此可知，划线单词go-getter，指的是那些努力工作以求成功的人，故选B。
46．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity.(此外，许多研究表明，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力。 )”可知，积极的情绪能够提高生产力和创造力，由此可推知，愉快的心情有助于创造性思维。故选C。
47．推理判断题。根据第一段中“but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.(但研究发现，适度的工作也会带来成果)”和第二段中“High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.(高尽责性与低工作表现有关，尤其是在简单的工作中，追求完美并不值得。)”可知，文章主要介绍研究表明适度的工作也会带来成果，所以文章提倡适度工作，即中庸的工作习惯。故选A。
（三）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world". Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. "
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
48．What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity
A．It is closely linked to the steam age.
B．It began earlier than proper thought.
C．It is a little-studied period of history.
D．It will come to an end sooner or later.
49．What can be inferred about Ned
A．He was born in New York City. B．He wrote many increasing stories,
C．He created an electricity company. D．He lived mainly in the 19th century.
50．What is the text
A．A biography. B．A book review. C．A short story. D．A science report.
【答案】48．A 49．D 50．B
【分析】本文是说明文。文章按照时间顺序讲述了蒸汽时代和电力时代的联系。
48．推理判断题。根据第二段“It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions.”（我很好奇，竟然没有人把蒸汽和电力革命的历史放在一起。）可知，在Klein看来，电力时代和蒸汽时代是有很紧密的联系的。故选A。
49．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime.”（为了编织他的故事，Klein创造了一个人物Ned，它是对美国蒸汽和电力革命在一个人的整个人生中的进程的神奇的见证。）和第四段“Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity.”（同时，在19世纪，电力从好奇变成了根需。）可知，Ned见证了蒸汽时代和电力革命，所以他应该是生活在19世纪。故选D。
50．推理判断题。根据最后一段“To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.”（为了构建他的故事，克莱因创造了奈德这个角色，一个虚构的人物，在一个人的一生中见证了蒸汽和电力革命给美国带来的进步。这是一种有助于将长篇故事变得有趣的技巧。）可知，这篇文章是一篇书评。故选B。
（四）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis(危机)in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate (房地产)firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1, 600 miles away. It didn’t take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth’s pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. She moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina Island off the Californian coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30, 000 per year before tax. She doesn’t work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It’s a call she must heed alone, though. Merebeth says, “When I am on the road, I’m just in my own world. I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals.”
51．Why did Merebeth changed her job
A．She wanted to work near her home.
B．She was tired of working in the office.
C．Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D．Her former employer was out of business.
52．The word “wanderlust” in paragraph 2 means a desire to _________
A．make money. B．try various jobs.
C．be close to nature. D．travel to different places.
53．What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job
A．She has chances to see rare animals.
B．She works hard throughout the year.
C．She relies on herself the whole time.
D．She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
【答案】51．D 52．D 53．C
【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述Merebeth从事的新工作。近十年来，她一直是一名自营宠物运输专家。
51．推理判断题。根据第一段中“The downturn hit the real estate （房地产）firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job.（她曾在一家房地产公司做了10年的办公室经理，经济低迷打击了这家公司。 公司破产了，她只好另寻新工作）”，可知，Merebeth之所以换工作，是因为她以前的雇主破产了。故选D。
52．词义猜测题。根据第二段中“It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers.（她自豪地说，除了蒙大拿州、华盛顿州和俄勒冈州，她走遍了美国所有的州。如果她想去一个新的地方，她只需要找到一个有交通需要的宠物。 她风雨无阻地旅行）”，可知，划线词的意思是“渴望去不同的地方旅行”。故选D。
53．推理判断题。根据最后一段中“When I am on the road, I'm just in my own world. I've always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals.（当我在路上的时候，我只是在自己的世界里。 我一直很独立，我强烈地觉得我必须帮助动物）”，可知，Merebeth在她的新工作中一直都是靠自己。故选C。
（五）
（2022·浙江中小学教育资源及组卷应用平台
2020—2022年高考英语真卷阅读理解题汇总
浙江卷（原卷版）
一、2020·浙江·高考真题
（一）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）Challenging work that requires lots of analytical thinking, planning and other managerial skills might help your brain stay sharp as you age, a study published Wednesday in the journal Neurology suggests.
Researchers from the University of Leipzig in Germany gathered more than 1, 000 retired workers who were over age 75 and assessed the volunteers’ memory and thinking skills through a battery of tests. Then, for eight years, the scientists asked the same group to come back to the lab every 18 months to take the same sorts of tests.
Those who had held mentally stimulating(刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests. And they tended to lose cognitive(认知) function at a much slower rate than those with the least mentally challenging jobs. The results held true even after the scientists accounted for the participants’ overall health status.
“This works just like physical exercise, ” says Francisca Then, who led the study. “After a long run, you may feel like you’re in pain, you may feel tired. But it makes you fit. After a long day at work-sure, you will feel tired, but it can help your brain stay healthy. ”
It's not just corporate jobs, or even paid work that can help keep your brain fit, Then points out. A waiter’s job, for example, that requires multitasking, teamwork and decision-making could be just as stimulating as any high-level office work. And “running a family household requires high-level planning and coordinating(协调), ” she says. “You have to organize the activities of the children and take care of the bills and groceries. ”
Of course, our brains can decline as we grow older for lots of reasons-including other environmental influences or genetic factors. Still, continuing to challenge yourself mentally and keeping your mind busy can only help.
1．Why did the scientists ask the volunteers to take the tests
A．To assess their health status. B．To evaluate their work habits.
C．To analyze their personality. D．To measure their mental ability.
2．How does Francisca Then explain her findings in paragraph 4
A．By using an expert’s words. B．By making a comparison.
C．By referring to another study. D．By introducing a concept.
3．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Retired Workers Can Pick Up New Skills
B．Old People Should Take Challenging Jobs
C．Your Tough Job Might Help Keep You Sharp
D．Cognitive Function May Decline As You Age
（二）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short play.
Each play has a theme or central idea which the playwright(剧作家) hopes to get across through dialogue and action. A few characters are used to create a single impression growing out of the theme. It is not my intention to point out the central theme of each of the plays in this collection, for that would, indeed, ruin the pleasure of reading, discussing, and thinking about the plays and the effectiveness of the playwright. However, a variety of types is represented here. These include comedy, satire, poignant drama, historical and regional drama. To show the versatility(多面性) of the short play, I have included a guidance play, a radio play and a television play.
Among the writers of the plays in this collection, Paul Green, Susan Glaspell, Maxwell Anderson, Thornton Wilder, William Saroyan, and Tennessee Williams have all received Pulitzer Prizes for their contributions to the theater. More information about the playwrights will be found at the end of this book.
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage, with you, the reader, in the audience. The houselights dim(变暗). The curtains are about to open, and in a few minutes the action and dialogue will tell you the story.
4．What do we know about the author from the first paragraph
A．He has written dozens of plays. B．He has a deep love for the theater.
C．He is a professional stage actor. D．He likes reading short plays to others.
5．What does the author avoid doing in his work
A．Stating the plays’ central ideas. B．Selecting works by famous playwrights.
C．Including various types of plays. D．Offering information on the playwrights.
6．What does the author suggest readers do while reading the plays
A．Control their feelings. B．Apply their acting skills.
C．Use their imagination. D．Keep their audience in mind.
7．What is this text
A．A short story. B．An introduction to a book.
C．A play review. D．An advertisement for a theater.
（三）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）The traffic signals along Factoria Boulevard in Bellevue, Washington, generally don't flash the same length of green twice in a row, especially at rush hour. At 9:30am, the full red/yellow/green signal cycle might be 140 seconds. By 9:33am, a burst of additional traffic might push it to 145 seconds. Less traffic at 9:37am could push it down to 135. Just like the traffic itself, the timing of the signals changes.
That is by design. Bellevue, a fast-growing city just east of Seattle, uses a system that is gaining popularity around the US: intersection(十字路口) signals that can adjust in real time to traffic conditions. These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.
“Adaptive signals can make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed, ” says Alex Stevanovic, a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.
For all of Bellevue’s success, adaptive signals are not a cure-all for jammed roadways. Kevin Balke, a research engineer at the Texas A&M University Transportation Institute, says that while smart lights can be particularly beneficial for some cities, others are so jammed that only a sharp reduction in the number of cars on the road will make a meaningful difference. “It’s not going to fix everything, but adaptive signals have some benefits for smaller cities,” he says.
In Bellevue, the switch to adaptive signals has been a lesson in the value of welcoming new approaches. In the past, there was often an automatic reaction to increased traffic: just widen the roads, says Mark Poch, the Bellevue Transportation Department’s traffic engineering manager. Now he hopes that other cities will consider making their streets run smarter instead of just making them bigger.
8．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A．Increased length of green lights. B．Shortened traffic signal cycle.
C．Flexible timing of traffic signals. D．Smooth traffic flow on the road.
9．What does Kevin Balke say about adaptive signals
A．They work better on broad roads.
B．They should be used in other cities.
C．They have greatly reduced traffic on the road.
D．They are less helpful in cities seriously jammed.
10．What can we learn from Bellevue’s success
A．It is rewarding to try new things. B．The old methods still work today.
C．It pays to put theory into practice. D．The simplest way is the best way.
（四）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）Your next car might drive itself. After years of trials on city streets, driverless vehicles are now nearing the live phase. Last month, a driverless bus began carrying passengers through Lyon, France, Most in the automobile industry think self-driving vehicles will be on the road by 2020 or before.
Driverless cars will at first be huddled with human-driven cars. But the first places where they will become dominant(统治的) are dense urban areas - precisely the spots most damaged by the automobile age. Many advanced cities are already reducing the role of human-driven cargo. Driverless cars will quicken that process and will bring us enormous benefits.
Driverless cars will reduce accidents by around 90 percent. That’s big-the annual death toll on the world’s roads is about 1.2 million a year. Pollution and carbon emissions will drop, because urban driverless cars will be electric. The old, otherwise they would stay at home most of the time and the disabled and teenagers will suddenly gain mobility.
On the other hand, driverless cars will bring catastrophe. The best thing about the automobile age was that it employed tens of millions of people to make, market, insure and drive vehicles. Over the next 20 years, the mostly low-skilled men who now drive trucks, taxis and buses will see their jobs reduced. Carmakers are especially scared. The few cars of the future might be made by tech companies such as Apple, Baidu and Google. Imaging the impact on Germany, where the automotive sector is the largest industry.
Dramatic change is coming, and driverless cars could arrive by 2020. But governments have barely begun thinking about it. Only 6 percent of the biggest US cities have factored them into their long-term planning.
A decade ago anyone hardly saw the Smartphone coming. It has bought an epidemic of mass addiction. Let’s hope we do a better job of handling the driverless car.
11．The underlined words “be huddled with” in Paragraph 2 can be replaced by “ “.
A．show up B．exist together
C．get rid of D．take the place of
12．Why can driverless cars reduce pollution and carbon emissions
A．Driverless cars reduce the number of cars.
B．Driverless cars will be powered by electricity.
C．Driverless cars save fuel by driving themselves.
D．Driverless cars will reduce too many accidents.
13．What’s the author’s attitude toward driverless cars
A．Doubtful. B．Negative.
C．Objective. D．Worried.
（五）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）We all start out with plans about what our life will eventually look like. And those plans, obviously, don’t include disappointment in the road that each of us will surely face.
When we picture the future, we see only love, success and great friendships.
But sooner or later, we realize that life doesn’t go according to plan. Instead, after we’ve carefully made our plans, we meet the unexpected.
However, unexpected things are to be expected. And once we accept this fact of life, believe it or not, it is liberating(带来自由的).
Once we understand that no one’s life goes according to plan, then the difference between successful and unsuccessful people becomes clear. Successful people are good at handling disappointment, as they know that it’s part of life. And unsuccessful people let pain and disappointment take over.
I know people who talk about a divorce or the death of a loved one as if the event happened yesterday, even if it happened a decade or more ago.
It’s reasonable to experience pain at the time of a loss. However, it isn’t reasonable to keep feeling the pain of an experience that happened a really long time ago.
Most of us have suffered in the past, but past pain should have nothing to do with how we feel in the present-it is over and done with.
As for me, my focus is always on today and the future- that is how I live every day. I don’t need to remember the past, because I have accepted that my life doesn’t always go according to plan.
No one’s life goes according to plan. We all have periods of pain and suffering, which are natural parts of being alive. So don’t allow your past to define who you are. When you wake up each morning, just remember to make the most of the day ahead.
14．In what way are successful people different from others, according to the author
A．They are more hopeful about the future. B．They are working harder than others.
C．They can handle the unexpected better. D．They are good at planning.
15．How does the author think we should treat past pain
A．We should remember it as a lesson. B．We should forget about it and look ahead.
C．We should keep it to ourselves. D．We should share it with friends to get comfort from them.
16．What is the main purpose of this article
A．To tell readers how to plan for their future.
B．To explain why past pain affects people greatly.
C．To show what we should expect from life.
D．To suggest how to handle the unexpected in life.
（六）
（2020·浙江·高考真题）When you have looked through our brochure(手册) and have chosen two or three cottages(小木屋) you would like to stay in, please phone our Holiday Booking Office. The number is: 01225 892299.
31st March to 20th October
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Thursday 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Saturday closed
Sunday closed
21st October to 30th March
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. and Thursday 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Saturday 9:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.
Sunday closed
When a reservation(预订) has been made, it will be held for 7 days. We will give you a holiday reference number and ask you to complete the holiday booking form and return it, with a deposit(订金) of ONE THIRD of the cottage rental.
IF WE HAVE NOT RECEIVED YOUR COMPUTED AND SIGNED BOOKING FORM WITH A DEPOSIT WITHIN 7 DAYS, WE REGRET THAT YOUR RESERVATION WILL BE CANCELLED．
When we receive your booking form and deposit, your reservation will be confirmed-we will send you a Booking Confirmation, together with advice on how to reach your holiday cottage and the telephone number of a local contact so that you can get further details on the cottage before leaving home.
ARRIVAL
Please do not arrive at your holiday cottage before 3:30 p.m. or later than 7:00 p.m.
DEPARTURE
On the morning of departure, please leave your holiday property(住所) by 10 a.m. to allow caretakers enough time to prepare the property for the next visitors. We ask that you please leave the property as you found it. Please do not move the furniture as this can cause damage to the furniture.
LAST-MINUTE BOOKINGS
If you wish to make a last-minute booking, please telephone the Holiday Booking Office to check availability. If your reservation is made within 10 weeks of the holiday start date, full payment is due when booking.
ELECTRICITY
In most Wessex Cottages electricity must be paid for in addition to the holiday price. In some cottages, electricity is included in the rental and in very few there is no electricity at all.
17．What should you know about your booking
A．The reservation can be made on weekends.
B．You need to fill a form before booking.
C．A deposit of one third of the cottage rental is needed.
D．The reservation of a cottage will be kept for 7 hours.
18．When does the Holiday Booking Office open on Saturdays in December
A．At 9:30 a.m. B．At 9:00 a.m.
C．At 4:30 p.m. D．At 5:00 p.m.
19．Which is TRUE about electricity according to the passage
A．There is no electricity in many cottages.
B．Electricity price is more expensive than the holiday price.
C．Electricity is included in the rental in most cottages.
D．You don’t need to pay for it additionally in some cottages.
20．What do we know about last-minute booking
A．Full payment is unnecessary when booking. B．Cottages may be unavailable.
C．The cost is lower than before. D．Additional charges may be made.
（七）
（2020·浙江·统考高考真题）I never knew anyone who’d grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway our librarian. She ran Jackson’s Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing；I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself, She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants from the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you`d taken it out；it made no difference to her that you’d read every word in it and needed another to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now, I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of "Little Red Riding Hood" with my brother's two daughters. She'd just look up at the right time, long enough to answer– in character –"The better to eat you with, my dear," and go back to her place in the magazine article.
21．Which of the following best described Mrs. Calloway
A．diet. B．Strict. C．Humorous. D．Considerate.
22．What do the underlined words "this feeling" refer to in the last paragraph
A．Desire to read. B．Love for Mrs. Calloway.
C．Interest in games. D．Fear of the library rules.
23．Where is the text probably from
A．guidebook. B．an autobiography. C．a news report. D．book review.
（八）
（2020·浙江·统考高考真题）Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free – by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella.
Wisconsin, also called "America's Dairyland," is famous for its cheese. The state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year! a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing of(处置)the brine can be expensive. So what should cheese makers do with the waste
Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causing ice to melt(融化). But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keeping roads safe. Cheese brine has salt in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower water's freezing point.
In addition to saving money, cheese brine could also be a more environment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming the environment.
Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound (化合物)in ordinary table salt. Sounds harmless, right But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year!
The chemical washes off roads and goes into the ground. There it can pollute drinking water, harm plants. and eat away soil. By spreading cheese brine on streets before adding a layer of rock salt, Milwaukee may be able to cut its rock salt use by 30 percent.
Cheese brine has a downside too – a shell similar to that of bad milk. "I don't really mind it," Emil Norby told Modern Farmer magazine. He works for one of Wisconsin's county highway commissions and came up with the idea of using cheese brine. "Our roads smell like Wisconsin!" he said.
24．Why can cheese brine help keep winter roads ice-free
A．It is soft. B．It contains salt. C．It is warm. D．It has milk in it.
25．What is a benefit of using cheese urine on roads
A．Improving air quality. B．Increasing sales of rock salt.
C．Reducing water pollution. D．Saving the cheese industry.
26．Milwaukee's new way to de-ice streets may be an example of_______________.
A．barking up the wrong tree B．putting the cart before the horse
C．robbing Peter to pay Paul D．killing two birds with one stone
（九）
（2020·浙江·统考高考真题）Today's world is not an easy adjustment for young adults. Key skill set for success is persistence (毅力), a characteristic that researchers say is heavily influenced by fathers. Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position to help their adolescent children learn persistence.
BYU professors Laura Padilla-Walker and Randal Day arrived at these findings after following 325 American families over several years. And over time，the persistence gained through fathers led to higher achievement in school.
"There are relatively few studies that stress the unique role of fathers，"Padilla-Walker said. "This research also helps to prove that characteristics such as persistence-which can be taught-are key to a child's life success.”
Researchers determined that dads need to practice an "authoritative" parenting style. Authoritative parenting is not authoritarian:rigid，demanding or controlling. Rather，an authoritative parenting style includes some of the following characteristics:children feel warmth and love from their father；responsibility and the reasons behind rules are stressed children are given an appropriate level of autonomy(自主权).
In the study，about 52 percent of the dads exhibited above-average levels of authoritative parenting. A key finding is that over time，children raised by an authoritative father were significantly more likely to develop persistence，which leads to better outcomes in school.
This particular study examined 11 to 14-year-olds living in two-parent homes. Yet the researchers suggest that single parents still may play a role in teaching the benefits of persistence，which is an avenue of future research.
27．What is special about the BYU professors' study
A．It centered on fathers' role in parenting.
B．It was based on a number of large families.
C．It analyzed different kinds of parenting styles.
D．It aimed to improve kids' achievement in school.
28．What would an authoritative father do when raising his children
A．Ignore their demands. B．Make decisions for them.
C．Control their behaviors. D．Explain the rules to them.
29．Which group can be a focus of future studies according to the researchers
A．Single parents.
B．Children aged from 11 to 14.
C．Authoritarian fathers.
D．Mothers in two-parent homes.
30．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Three Characteristics of Authoritative Fathers.
B．Key Skills for Young Adults to Succeed in Future.
C．Children Tend to Learn Determination from Father.
D．Family Relationship Influences School Performance.
二、2021·浙江·高考真题
（一）
（2021·浙江·统考高考真题）At the start of the 20th century, an American engineer named John Elfreth Watkins made predictions about life today. His predictions about slowing population growth, mobile phones and increasing height were close to the mark. But he was wrong in one prediction: that everybody would walk 10 miles a day.
Today, in Australia, most children on average fall 2, 000 steps short of the physical activity they need to avoid being overweight. In the early 1970s, 40 per cent of children walked to school, while in 2010, it was as low as 15 percent.
The decline is not because we have all become lazy. Families are pressed for time, many with both parents working to pay for their house, often working hours not of their choosing, living in car-dependent neighborhoods with limited public transport.
The other side of the coin is equally a deprivation: for health and well-being, as well as lost opportunities (机会) for children to get to know their local surroundings. And for parents there are lost opportunities to walk and talk with their young scholar about their day.
Most parents will have eagerly asked their child about their day, only to meet with a “good”, quickly followed by “I’m hungry”. This is also my experience as a mother. But somewhere over the daily walk more about my son’s day comes out. I hear him making sense of friendship and its limits. This is the unexpected and rare parental opportunity to hear more.
Many primary schools support walking school-bus routes (路线), with days of regular, parent-accompanied walks. Doing just one of these a few times a week is better than nothing. It can be tough to begin and takes a little planning-running shoes by the front door, lunches made the night before, umbrellas on rainy days and hats on hot ones-but it's certainly worth trying.
31．Why does the author mention Watkins' predictions in the first paragraph
A．To make comparisons. B．To introduce the topic.
C．To support her argument. D．To provide examples.
32．What has caused the decrease in Australian children’s physical activity
A．Plain laziness. B．Health problems.
C．Lack of time. D．Security concerns.
33．Why does the author find walking with her son worthwhile
A．She can get relaxed after work. B．She can keep physically fit.
C．She can help with her son's study. D．She can know her son better.
（二）
（2021·浙江·统考高考真题）Researchers say they have translated the meaning of gestures that wild chimpanzees (黑猩猩) use to communicate. They say wild chimps communicate 19 specific messages to one another with a “vocabulary” of 66 gestures. The scientists discovered this by following and filming groups of chimps in Uganda, and examining more than 5,000 incidents of these meaningful exchanges.
Dr Catherine Hobaiter, who led the research, said that this was the only form of intentional communication to be recorded in the animal kingdom. Only humans and chimps, she said, had a system of communication where they deliberately sent a message to another group member.
“That’s what’s so amazing about chimp gestures,” she said. “They’re the only thing that looks like human language in that respect.”
Although previous research has shown that apes and monkeys can understand complex information from another animal’s call, the animals do not appear to use their voices intentionally to communicate messages. This was a significant difference between calls and gestures, Dr Hobaiter said.
Chimps will check to see if they have the attention of the animal with which they wish to communicate. In one case, a mother presents her foot to her crying baby, signaling: “Climb on me.” The youngster immediately jumps on to its mothers back and they travel off together. “The big message from this study is that there is another species (物种) out there. that is meaningful in its communication, so that’s not unique to humans,” said Dr Hobaiter.
Dr Susanne Shultz, an evolutionary biologist from the University of Manchester, said the study was praiseworthy in seeking to enrich our knowledge of the evolution of human language. But, she added, the results were “a little disappointing”.
“The vagueness of the gesture meanings suggests either that the chimps have little to communicate, or we are still missing a lot of the information contained in their gestures and actions,” she said. “Moreover, the meanings seem to not go beyond what other animal convey with non-verbal communication. So, it seems the gulf remains. ”
34．What do chimps and humans have in common according to Dr Hobaiter
A．Memorizing specific words. B．Understanding complex information.
C．Using voices to communicate. D．Communicating messages on purpose.
35．What did Dr Shultz think of the study
A．It was well designed but poorly conducted.
B．It was a good try but the findings were limited.
C．It was inspiring but the evidence was unreliable.
D．It was a failure but the methods deserved praise.
36．What does the underlined word “gulf” in the last paragraph mean
A．Difference. B．Conflict. C．Balance. D．Connection.
37．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．Chimpanzee behaviour study achieved a breakthrough
B．Chimpanzees developed specific communication skills
C．Chimpanzees: the smartest species in the animal kingdom
D．Chimpanzee language: communication gestures translated
（三）
（2021·浙江·统考高考真题）More than 25 years ago, Saroo Brierley lived in rural（农村）India. One day, he played with his brother along the rail line and fell asleep. When he woke up and found himself alone, the 4-year-old decided his brother might be on the train he saw in front of him-so he got on.
That train took him a thousand miles across the country to a totally strange city. He lived on the streets, and then in an orphanage（孤儿院）. There, he was adopted by an Australian family and flown to Tasmania.
As he writes in his new book, A Long Way Home, Brierley couldn't help but wonder about his hometown back in India. He remembered landmarks, but since he didn't know his town's name, finding a small neighborhood in a vast country proved to be impossible.
Then he found a digital mapping program. He spent years searching for his hometown in the program's satellite pictures. In 2011, he came across something familiar. He studied it and realized he was looking at a town's central business district from a bird's-eye view. He thought, “On the right-hand side you should see the three-platform train station”—and there it was. "And on the left-hand side you should see a big fountain"-and there it was. Everything just started to match.
When he stood in front of the house where he grew up as a child, he saw a lady standing in the entrance. "There's something about me, " he thought—and it took him a few seconds but he finally remembered what she used to look like.
In an interview Brierley says, "My mother looked so much shorter than I remembered. But she came forth and walked forward, and I walked forward, and my feelings and tears and the chemical in my brain, you know, it was like a nuclear fusion（核聚变）. I just didn't know what to say, because I never thought seeing my mother would ever come true. And here I am, standing in front of her. ”
38．Why was Brierley separated from his family about 25 years ago
A．He got on a train by mistake.
B．He got lost while playing in the street.
C．He was taken away by a foreigner.
D．He was adopted by an Australian family.
39．How did Brierley find his hometown
A．By analyzing old pictures.
B．By travelling all around India.
C．By studying digital maps.
D．By spreading his story via his book.
40．What does Brierley mainly talk about in the interview
A．His love for his mother.
B．His reunion with his mother.
C．His long way back home.
D．His memory of his hometown.
三、2022·北京·高考真题
（一）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）All around the world, there are small changes taking place. At the side of roads, behind school playgrounds and on all kinds of unloved pieces of land across towns and cities, tiny forests barely the size of tennis courts are appearing, making a great place for both wildlife and local people who may not normally have easy access to nature. This is the Tiny Forest movement, which aims to prove that the best things in life really do come in small packages.
Tiny forests were first pioneered as a concept in the 1970s by Dr Miyawaki, a Japanese botanist. As he went on to share his concept with others, the idea soon took off in India and other countries before eventually reaching Europe, where it became popular in places like France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
So how does it work Louise Hartley, who is leading the Tiny Forest project in the UK, explains that the process begins by identifying areas in which a tiny forest could have the biggest influence. “We focus on urban areas where access to nature is often not that easy”, says Hartley. “We see it as a chance to try to break the growing disconnect between people and nature.”
In a Tiny Forest, there must be a minimum of 600 trees, and the trees are planted much closer together and without chemicals or fertilisers (肥料). There are usually around 30 different kinds of all-native tree species (物种). This variety, coupled with the fact that tiny forests grow up to ten times faster than standard forests, means they attract a rich abundance of wildlife. It’s also thought that these places could help reduce the risk of flooding, remove carbon from the atmosphere and fight climate change, as well as improving the mental health of those living locally.
41．What do we know about the Tiny Forest movement
A．It has achieved notable success. B．It is led by number of schools.
C．It began in Europe in the 1970s. D．It will spread to the countryside.
42．What is the purpose of the project led by Hartley in the UK
A．To promote eco-tourism. B．To improve forestry research.
C．To popularise gardening. D．To get people close to nature.
43．What is special about the trees in a Tiny Forest
A．They are small in size. B．They are thickly planted.
C．They are foreign species. D．They are heavily fertilised.
（二）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）Many people believe that working to the maximum is the secret to success, but research has found that moderation(适度) also gets results on the job.
In a study led by Ellen Langer of Harvard University, researchers asked people to translate sentences into a new a made-up language. Subjects who practiced the language moderately beforehand made fewer errors than those who practiced extensively or not at all. High levels of knowledge can make people too attached to traditional ways of viewing problems across fields the arts, sciences, and politics. High conscientiousness is related to lower job performance, especially in simple jobs where it doesn’t pay to be a perfectionist.
How long we stay on the clock and how we spend that time are under careful examination in many workplaces. The young banker who eats lunch at his desk is probably seen as a go-getter, while his colleagues who chat over a relaxed conference-room meal get dirty looks from the corner office. “People from cultures that value relationships more than ours does are shocked by the thought of eating alone in front of a computer”, says Art Markman, a professor of psychology at the University of Texas, Austin. Social interaction has been shown to lift mood(情绪) and get people thinking in new directions and in ways that could help improve any post-lunch effort.
Markman also promotes off-task time. “Part of being a good thinker is experiencing things that are seemingly unrelated to what you are working on at the moment but give you fresh ideas about your work,” he says. “Also, there is a lot of research showing that a positive mood leads to higher levels of productivity and creativity. So, when people do things to increase their life satisfaction, they also make themselves more effective at work.”
44．What does Ellen Langer’s study show
A．It is worthwhile to be a perfectionist B．Translation makes people knowledgeable.
C．Simpler jobs require greater caution. D．Moderate effort produces the best result.
45．The underlined word “go-getter” in paragraph 3 refers to someone Who_______.
A．is good at handling pressure B．works hard to become successful
C．a has a natural talent for his job. D．gets on well with his co-workers
46．What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A．A good thinker is able to inspire other people.
B．Experience unrelated to your job is useless.
C．A cheerful mood helps make a creative mind.
D．Focusing on what you do raises productivity.
47．What does the text seem to advocate
A．Middle-of-the-road work habits. B．Balance between work and family.
C．Long-standing cultural traditions. D．Harmony in the work environment.
（三）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）The United States rose to global power on the strength of its technology, and the lifeblood that technology has long been electricity. By providing long-distance communication and energy, electricity created the modem world. Yet properly understood, the age of electricity is merely the second stage in the age of steam, which began a century earlier.
"It is curious that no one has put together a history of both the steam and electric revolutions." writes Maury Klein in his book The Power Makers, Steam, Electricity, and the Men Invented Modern America. Klein, a noted historian of technology, spins a narrative so lively that at times it reads like a novel.
The story begins in the last years of the 18th century in Scotland, where Watt perfected "the machine that changed the world". Klein writes, "America did not invent the steam engine, but once they grasped its passwords they put it to more uses than anyone else. "
Meanwhile, over the course of 19th century, electricity went from mere curiosity to a basic necessity. Morse invented a code for sending messages over an electromagnetic circuit. Bell then gave the telegraph a voice. Edison perfected an incandescent bulls that brought electric light into the American home.
Most importantly, Edison realized that success depended on mass electrification, which he showed in New York City. With help from Tesla, Westinghouse's firm developed a system using alternating current, which soon became the major forms of power delivery.
To frame his story, Klein creates the character of Ned, a fictional witness to the progress brought about by the steams and electric revolutions in America during one man's lifetime. It's a technique that helps turn a long narrative into an interesting one.
48．What is Klein's understanding of the age of electricity
A．It is closely linked to the steam age.
B．It began earlier than proper thought.
C．It is a little-studied period of history.
D．It will come to an end sooner or later.
49．What can be inferred about Ned
A．He was born in New York City. B．He wrote many increasing stories,
C．He created an electricity company. D．He lived mainly in the 19th century.
50．What is the text
A．A biography. B．A book review. C．A short story. D．A science report.
（四）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）For nearly a decade now, Merebeth has been a self-employed pet transport specialist. Her pet transport job was born of the financial crisis(危机)in the late 2000s. The downturn hit the real estate (房地产)firm where she had worked for ten years as an office manager. The firm went broke and left her looking for a new job. One day, while driving near her home, she saw a dog wandering on the road, clearly lost. She took it home, and her sister in Denver agreed to take it. This was a loving home for sure, but 1, 600 miles away. It didn’t take long for Merebeth to decide to drive the dog there herself. It was her first road trip to her new job.
Merebeth’s pet delivery service also satisfies her wanderlust. It has taken her to every state in the US except Montana, Washington and Oregon, she says proudly. If she wants to visit a new place, she will simply find a pet with transport needs there. She travels in all weathers. She has driven through 55 mph winds in Wyoming, heavy flooding and storms in Alabama and total whiteout conditions in Kansas.
This wanderlust is inherited from her father, she says. She moved their family from Canada to California when she was one year old, because he wanted them to explore a new place together. As soon as she graduated from high school she left home to live on Catalina Island off the Californian coast, away from her parents, where she enjoyed a life of sailing and off-road biking.
It turns out that pet transporting pays quite well at about $30, 000 per year before tax. She doesn’t work in summer, as it would be unpleasantly hot for the animals in the car, even with air conditioning. As autumn comes, she gets restless—the same old wanderlust returning. It’s a call she must heed alone, though. Merebeth says, “When I am on the road, I’m just in my own world. I’ve always been independent-spirited and I just feel strongly that I mush help animals.”
51．Why did Merebeth changed her job
A．She wanted to work near her home.
B．She was tired of working in the office.
C．Her sister asked her to move to Denver.
D．Her former employer was out of business.
52．The word “wanderlust” in paragraph 2 means a desire to _________
A．make money. B．try various jobs.
C．be close to nature. D．travel to different places.
53．What can we learn about Merebeth in her new job
A．She has chances to see rare animals.
B．She works hard throughout the year.
C．She relies on herself the whole time.
D．She earns a basic and tax-free salary.
（五）
（2022·浙江·统考高考真题）The benefits of regular exercise are well documented but there’s a new bonus to add to the ever-growing list. New researchers found that middle-aged women who were physically fit could be nearly 90 percent less likely to develop dementia in later life, and as they did, it came on a decade later than less sporty women.
Lead researcher Dr. Helena Horder, of the University of Gothenburg in Sweden, said : "These findings are exciting because it’s possible that improving people's cardiovascular （心血管的）fitness in middle age could delay or even prevent them from developing dementia. "
For the study, 191 women with an average age of 50 took a bicycle exercise test until they were exhausted to measure their peak （最大值的） cardiovascular capacity. The average peak workload was measured at 103 watts.
A total of 40 women met the criteria for a high fitness level, or 120 watts or higher. A total of 92 women were in the medium fitness category; and 59 women were in the low fitness category, defined as a peak workload of 80 watts or less, or having their exercise tests stopped because of high blood pressure, chest pain or other cardiovascular problems.
These women were then tested for dementia six times over the following four decades. During that time, 44 of the women developed dementia. Five percent of the highly fit women developed dementia, compared to 25 percent of the women with medium fitness and 32 percent of the women with low fitness.
"However, this study does not show cause and effect between cardiovascular fitness and dementia, it only shows an association. More research is needed to see if improved fitness could have a positive effect on the risk of dementia and also to look at when during a lifetime a high fitness level is most important. " She also admitted that a relatively small number of women were studied, all of whom were form Sweden, so the results might not be applicable to other groups.
54．What is on the ever-growing list mentioned in the first paragraph
A．Positive effects of doing exercises.
B．Exercises suitable for the middle-aged.
C．Experimental studies on diseases.
D．Advantages of sporty woman over man
55．Why did the researchers ask the women to do bicycle exercise
A．To predict their maximum heart rate.
B．To assess their cardiovascular capacity
C．To change their habits of working out
D．To detect their potential health problems
56．What do we know about Dr Horder's study
A．It aimed to find a cure for dementia.
B．Data collection was a lengthy process.
C．Some participants withdrew from it.
D．The results were far from satisfactory.
57．Which of the following is the best title for the text
A．More Women Are Exercising to Prevent Dementia
B．Middle-Aged Women Need to Do More Exercise
C．Fit Women Are Less Likely to Develop Dementia
D．Biking Improves Women's Cardiovascular Fitness
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