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高考英语定语从句翻译技巧讲解
考点分析
在语法填空和翻译题中最常考，也可将定语从句用于写作中，为书面表达增加亮点。虽然已经上过定语从句了,但在上一节的讲解中,我发现孩子对讲过的知识点和方法又生疏了；所以这节课复习定语从句的基本知识并结合翻译技巧进行巩固。
专题详解
以歌曲“That's Why”来导入，首先使学生更好地进入状态；其次，通过找出歌词中的定语从句，也可以了解到学生对这一知识点掌握的情况。
That's Why （You Go Away）
Sung By "Michael Learns to Rock"
Baby, won't you tell me why there is __________ in your eyes
I don't wanna say goodbye to you
Love is one big illusion I should try to __________
but there is something left in my head
You're the one who set it up
Now you're the one to make it stop
I'm the one who's feeling lost right now
Now you want me to forget every little thing you said
but there is something left in my head
I won't forget the way you're kissing
The feeling's so __________ were lasting for so long
But I'm not the man your heart is missing
That's why you go away, I know
You were never__________ no matter how I tried
Now you wanna say goodbye to me
Love is one big illusion I should try to __________
but there is something left in my head
I won't forget the way you're kissing
The feeling's so __________were lasting for so long
But I'm not the man your heart is missing
That's why you go away, I know, yes, I know
Sitting here all alone in the middle of nowhere
Don't know which way to go
There ain't so much to say now between us
There ain't so much for you
There ain't so much for me
I won't forget the way you're kissing
The feeling's so__________ were lasting for so long
But I'm not the man your heart is missing
That's why you go away, I know
That's why you go away, I know
以下歌词包含定语从句：
1) Love is one big illusion I should try to forget.
2) You’re the one who set it up.
3) I’m the one who’s feeling lost right now.
4) Now you want me to forget every little thing you said.
5) I won’t forget the way you’re kissing.
6) But I’m not the man your heart is missing.
1）知识点1
定义
(1) 定语从句：在主从复合句中用作定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词后面。
(2) 先行词：被定语从句修饰的成份。先行词可以为一个词，短语，或整个主句。
(3) 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词，分为关系代词和关系副词。
关系词的作用：
1) 引导定语从句，连接主句和从句，相当于一个连词；
2) 必在从句中作某个句子成份（可以做主语，宾语，表语，定语，状语）
常用的关系代词（在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语）: that、 which、 who、whom、whose、as
常用的关系副词（在从句中只作状语）: when、why、 where
2）知识点2
二、关系代词的用法
在定语从句中关系代词起着连接主句与从句、指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。
先行词 在从句中作主语 在从句中作宾语 在从句中作定语
指代人 who/that whom/who/that whose/of whom
指代物 which/that which/that whose/of which
关系代词的用法
1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Li Yuchun is the singer who/ that got the top prize in “Super Girl” contest of 2005.
（who/that在从句中作主语）
Is he the man who/that wants to see you （who/that在从句中作主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2) whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换），例如：　
There are some people whose faces you can never forget.
Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.　
3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：
Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the earth’s surface which/ that may cause great damage. （which / that在句中作宾语）
The bag (which / that) you are carrying belongs to Lily. (which / that在句中作宾语)
区分：
who和that
在定语从句中who和that指代人时常可以通用，但在下列情况中只能用who,而不能用that。
(1) 先行词是one, ones和anyone时，宜用who。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
Anyone who laughs last laughs best.
Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized.
(2) 先行词是those时，宜用who。
No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake.
(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。
I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in western Yunnan province.
(4) 一个句子带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that, 另一个宜用who。
The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.
(5) 在there be 开头的句子中，宜用who。
There is a young man who wants to see your father.
There are many old men who are against this plan.
which和 that
　限定性定语从句中只用that的情况
(1) 主句已有疑问词who或which时
Which of the cars that are in front of the hotel belongs to you
Who is the man that is sitting by the lake
(2) 先行词既有人又有物时
He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited.
The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.
(3) 先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词时
It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails.
We haven’t got much that we can offer you.
I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised.
(4) 先行词有形容词最高级修饰时
This is the best way that has been used against pollution.
Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across.
(5) 先行词有序数词修饰时
This is the third time that they have met.
The first time that Lester saw the film, he made up his mind to become a director.
(6) 先行词有the very, the only, the same, any, few, little, no, all, one of等词修饰时
This is the very room that I slept in that evening.
Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher.
The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.
(7) 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词已用which, 另一个宜用that
Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.
只用which而不用that的情况
(1) 引导非限定性定语从句时只用which而不用that
The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.
My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden.
Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.
Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.
The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad.
London, which is the capital of UK, is a very beautiful city.
(2) 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时只用which而不用that
I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important.
This is the hotel in which you will stay.
=This is the hotel(which/that) you will stay in.
(3) 在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句，其中一句的关系词是that, 那么另一句的关系词就需用which
Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.
例题及练习
关系代词练习：
用适当的关系代词填空：
1. We need persons _____________ can help us.
2. The man __________you saw yesterday was a doctor from Beijing.
3. There are stars _____________ we still don‘t know in space.
4. This is our classroom， _____________ windows或the windows of _____________ face the south.
5. Here is a book _____________ will give a lot of useful knowledge.
6. This is the song ___________we like best.
7. I will never forget the day， on ____________ I first saw him.
8. This is the room _____________ Lao Liu once lived in.
9. Do you still remember the day on _____________ he joined the army？
10. The earth， _____________ we all know， moves around the sun.
11. _____________ is known to all， the earth is round.
12. The sun is bigger than the earth， _____________ is known to us all.
13. He did not study hard， _____________ led to his failure.
14. We used the same type of machine _____________ they did.
15. We have found such materials _____________ are used in their factory.
16. Here are five fish. The two _____________were caught yesterday are gold fish.
17. Everything _____________ I told you just now is true.
18. They talked of the things and persons _____________ they remembered in the school.
Keys: who/that,( who/whom), ( that/which),whose/which, which/that, ( that/which),which, ( that/which),which, as, As, which, which, as, as, which,( that), ( that).
3）知识点3
关系副词的用法
关系副词和关系代词一样，具有各种作用。在定语从句中代替先行词、在从句中作状语、把两个句子连接成为一个带有定语从句的主从复合句等，相当于“介词+which”结构。由于关系副词在从句中均作状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。
先行词 关系副词 关系副词在从句中充当的成分
指地点 where 地点状语
指时间 when 时间状语
指原因 why 原因状语
1. 关系副词where的用法
由where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，where在从句中作地点状语。先行词还可以是抽象的地点名词，如：case, point, situation, circumstance, activity…
The hotel where we stayed was very clean.
=The hotel(that/which) we stayed at was very clean.
=The hotel at which we stayed was very clean.
I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more.
=I got to the stage(which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more.
=I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more.
2. 关系副词when的用法
由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如time, day, date等，when在从句中作时间状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we first met.
=I’ll never forget the time during which we first met.
I still remember the day when my brother joined the army.
= I still remember the day on which my brother joined the army.
The date when he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.
Next month, when you will be in your hometown, is just around the corner.
There are occasions when joking is not permissible.
3. 关系副词why的用法
由why引导的定语从句，经常会用在先行词reason的后面，why在从句中作原因状语。
The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard.
=The reason(that)/for which I got a job was that I worked hard.
Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason why she left.
=Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason (that)/for which she left.
带reason的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型
定语从句 “The reason why/that...” 或 “...the reason why/that...”
I know the reason why she studies so well.
表语从句 “The reason is that...” (不能用why, 否则就重复了)
The reason is that he is always careless in his work.
例题及练习
关系副词练习：
1. This is the hotel _______last month.
A. which they stayed B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at D. where they stayed
2. Do you know the year ______the Chinese Communist Party was founded
A. which B. that C. when D. on which
3．They have reached the point ______ they have to separate with each other.
A．that B. where C. which D. in which
4. The reason______ I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.
A. why B. that C. because D. which
DCBA
4）知识点4
介词+关系代词
关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时, 介词可放于从句之首, 也可放于从句之末. 但以放于句首较为正式.（介词前置，必须注意不影响动词词组的含义。关系代词who 和 that 用作介词宾语时, 介词必须放在句末.）
This is the book for which you asked.
=This is the book (that/which) you asked for.
Do you know the person with whom I shook hands？= Do you know the person (whom/who/that) I shook hands with
In the dark street, there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help.
Is this the factory to which you paid a visit last week
Is this factory the one to which you paid a visit last week
This is the girl whom they are looking after. (介词after与look构成固定词组，不可前置。look at, look for, look after, take care of等)
“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句常见的有以下几种结构：
(1)介词+关系代词
Mandela was the black lawyer to whom 1 went for advice．=Mandela was the black lawyer whom 1 went to for advice．
(2)名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词
He wrote a book，the name of which I’ve completely forgotten．
The old man has two daughters, both of whom are doctors．
Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，three of which were English novels．
=Last Sunday I bought some books from the bookstore，of which three were English novels．
(3)形容词最高级+介词+关系代词
China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is Taiwan．
(4)介词+关系代词+名词
I called him by the wrong name, for which mistake I apologized．(不能使用whose)
例题及练习
介词+关系代词练习：
1. His glasses, _______ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy.
A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those
2. The pen ______he is writing is mine.
A. with which B. in which C. on which D. by which
3. They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of ______sat a small boy.
A. whom B. who C. which D. that
4. The engineer ______my father works is about 50 years old.
A. to whom B. on whom C. with which D. with whom
5. At last we found the hole in the wall _______ the mouse got into the house last night.
A. in which B. which C. through which D. by which
BACDC
5）知识点5
as引导的定语从句
1. as引导的限定性定语从句
多用于the same …as ; the same as；such …as …; as many/much as；so …as等结构中。如：
I have the same book as you (have).
Her attitude to him was quite the same as it had always been.
We will only discuss such problems as have something to do with our own interests.
Don't do such things as you are not sure about.
There is no such place as you dream of in all this world.
比较：
I live in the same house that he used to live in.
I'm wearing the same shirt as you wore yesterday.
比较：
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）
Here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）
2. as引导的非限定性定语从句
多单独引导一个定语从句，这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为"正如，这一点"。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc.）
As we all know, smoking is harmful to one's health . (as 作宾语)
=As is known to all, smoking is harmful to one's health . （as 作主语）
=It's known to all that smoking is harmful to one's health .
=Smoking is harmful to one's health , as we all know .（as 作宾语）
=Smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one' health.
He was a foreigner, as I knew from his accent. (宾语, 先行词是前面整个句子)
3. as和which引导非限定性定语从句的区别
位置的不同
which 引导的定语从句只置于所限定的句子后；as 位置较灵活，也就是说as可置于所限制的句子前面；插在句子中或放在句子后。如：
He was late again, which made his teacher very angry.
Jack, as you know, is an honest man. 或Jack is an honest man , as you know.
或As you know, Jack is an honest man.
先行词的不同
as引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词多为一个句子；
which引导非限定性定语从句时，其先行词可以是一个词，一个短语或一个句子。
He was proud, which his brother never was. （先行词是一个词）
She was very patient towards the children, which her husband seldom was.
He was proud, which I dislike very much.（先行词是一个句子）
He is an honest man, as is known to all.
He was a foreigner, as I know from his accent.
which在非限定性定语从句做主语时可用各类动词做谓语；而as做主语时，谓语常用系动词，如be, seem, become等，一般不用其他行为动词。
He saw the girl, which delighted him.
He didn’t say anything at the meeting, as/which seemed very strange.
④as 一般译为"正如" "就像"，"这一点"。常用的结构有as we know（众所周知）；as often happens（正如常发生的那样）；as is often the case（情况常常如此）; as we all can see（正如我们看到的）; be announced/expected/known/imagined/mentioned/said/shown/reported等。
例题及练习
练习：
1. Some of the roads were flooded, ______ made our journey more difficult.
A. which B. it C. what D. that
2. The size of the audience, _____ we had expected, was a thousand.
A. who B. which C. as D. that
3. I passed him a large glass of beer, ______ he drank at once.
A. which B. as C. it D. that
4. _____ could be judged from his eyes, he felt terribly sorry for what he had done.
A. Which B. That C. As D. It
A C A C
6）知识点6
翻译题中的定语从句：
定语从句是每年翻译题的必设考点。定语从句是用于修饰名词或代词的，在英语中，紧随名词或代词之后。定语从句翻译的技巧和注意点如下：
1）可根据中文进行判断是否需要用定语从句翻译：
限定性定语从句，中文中有 “的”结构
非限定性定语从句，中文中 “这指的是”、这意味着是…” 等总结上下文的词出现。
2）定语从句必须紧跟在先行词后，先行词不能重复在从句中出现。
3）要选择正确的关系代词和关系副词进行翻译。
定语从句翻译例题
1) 选举结果出乎意料，这令大多数人颇为失望。（which）
The outcome/result of the election was out of expectation, which made most people feel disappointed.
2) 有六十多个社会团体将参与本次艺术节，这听起来太棒了。（which）
There will be more than 60 social groups to attend the art festival, which sounds great.
练习
1) 他最近忙于找工作，结果没有通过期末考试，这让他的老师很生气。(which)
He was so busy (in) looking for a job these days that he failed to pass the final exam, which annoyed his teacher.
2) 如何保护我们的视力是个重要的问题，每个青少年都应该知道答案。（whose）
How to protect our eyesight is an important question whose answer every teenager should know.
3) 鼓励市民买电动汽车，这从长远来看将有助于促进低碳经济。(which)
Citizens are encouraged to buy electronic cars, which, in the long run，will help to promote the low-carbon economy.
强化练习
选句填空：
Is it good to be bored
Boredom traditionally has a bad reputation. In 2009, a study of 7,524 civil servants found that those with the highest levels of boredom were nearly 40% more likely to have died by the end of the 25-year trial, compared with those who weren’t bored. ______1______.The authors speculated that boredom and inactivity might drive people to think more heavily and smoke—activities not related to long life.
Boredom is often defined as a state of dissatisfaction with the dullness of a situation—usually with a bit of restlessness and extreme tiredness. So it may seem strange that researchers are suggesting boredom might have benefits and indeed be an evolutionary insurance scheme（保障系统） for making us seek new experiences. A series of studies from the University of Virginia, published in the journal Science in 2014 found that 18 out of 42 students who were left in a room without nothing to do for 15 minutes gave themselves at least one mild shock on the ankle to relieve the boredom. ______2______.So whatever happened to day dreaming A study from the University of Central Lancashire links a period of boredom with heightened creativity immediately afterwards. It is not the most forceful study: 40 people copied numbers from a telephone book for 15 minutes and then had to come up with different uses for a pair of cups. _____3______ .Another group, who read the numbers, were even more creative with the cups than whose who wrote them out. ______4______
A、One of the authors concluded that we should accept boredom “to enhance our creativity”.
B、Their ideas were rated more creative than those of 40 people who didn’t do the boring task first.
C、Being bored might lead to negative attitude towards life and harm people both physically and mentally.
D、They were also more likely to rate their health worse and to be less active.
E、They think it can remind them to be active and do something meaningful.
F、The authors concluded that people would rather do something unpleasant than nothing.
1._______ 2.________ 3.________ 4._________
D F B A
翻译：
1). It occurred to sb that...
1. 我从未想到我校篮球队会在决赛中败北。(occur)
2. 我万万没想到对电脑知识一窍不通的奶奶如今也迷上了网购。（occur）
3. 他从没想到保护水资源的文化和社会因素也应被列入考虑范围。(occur)
2). There is no doubt that...
1. 毫无疑问在如今这个充满竞争的社会，保持幽默有助于减少压力并促进创造性思维。（contribute）
2. 毫无疑问，小时候没有受过教育的父母经常叮嘱他们的孩子要好好读书。( access )
3). The more..., the more...
练得越多，你的钢琴弹的就越好。（the more）
4).What impressed me most was that...
What matters/worries is that...
使我最担心的是, 这孩子除了玩在线游戏之外, 似乎对周围的一切都漠不关心。 (show)
5). When it comes to...
谈到向别人表达感谢时，除了“谢谢”外，还有许多更有创意的方式。(come)
6). There is no point in doing
我认为就此问题与那些固执己见的人争论下去没有意义了。（point n.）
7). It is/was...that/who...
正是我国宇航员的精神才使我们克服了所有的艰难险阻。（enable）
8). Nothing is more...than...
1. 没有什么能比得上我现在看到的景色。 （than）
2. 就教师而言，没有什么比能看到学生取得进步更令人高兴的了。(than)
It never occurred to me that the basketball team of my school would be defeated in the final.
It has never occurred to me that grandma who was ignorant of computer knowledge is fascinated by online shopping nowadays.
It never occurred to him that the cultural and social aspects of protecting the water resource should also be taken into account/consideration.
There is no doubt that in such a competitive society, keeping a sense of humor contributes to reducing pressure and promoting creative thinking.
There is no doubt that those parents who had no access to education in their childhood often ask their children to study hard.
The more exercise you do, the better you can play the piano.
What worries me most is that the child shows no interests in anything around him except playing online games.
When it comes to thanking people, there are many more creative ways besides “thank you”.
I think that there is no point arguing about the question with those who are stubborn.
As for the teachers, there is nothing more joyful than witnessing the progress made by the students.
No scenery is better/ more beautiful than what I am enjoying here.
It was the spirit of astronauts/ the astronauts’ spirit of our country that enabled us to overcome all the difficulties.
Summary:
“He who bears the greatest hardship becomes the greatest man.” This idiom shows Chinese people’s traditional belief in the vital role that hardship plays in a person’s life as they grow up. But today, as our lives have greatly improved, do we still need this so called “hardship education”
“We definitely do,” said Wang Weiqiong, mother of a 15yearold girl in Jiangxi, “Many children take everything for granted, as they’ve never known how difficult it is to make money.”
Wang is not alone. According to a recent survey of 2,017 people done by China Youth Daily. 81. 8 percent of the interviewees supported hardship education including experiencing life in poor areas, outdoor training, taking part time jobs, and doing housework.
Qiao Yu, from Tianjin Foreign Languages School, also supports the idea. “Hardship helps us grow and be prepared for the difficulties of society,” said the 18yearold, who worked in a cake store this summer.
But while it contributes to students’ development, “hardship education shouldn’t be seen as simply making students suffer,” Sun Yunxiao, deputy director of the China Youth and Children Research Center told China Youth Daily. “It should follow teenagers’ growth.” Sun said that students could also do sports to learn to face difficulties, for doing sports can greatly strengthen their bodies and minds.
One possible version:
The Chinese have a traditional belief that hardships contribute to one’s growth. A recent survey shows that many parents and students support hardship education. While it contributes to students’ development, some experts are opposed to it. They think that some other ways such as doing sports can also do good to one’s growth.
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