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高考英语名词性从句用法详解
一、考点分析
在复合句中具有名词的性质的作主语、宾语、表语、同位语的从句叫名词性从句。因此，我们把主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句这四种从句统称为名词性从句。名词性从句的高考考点考点引导名词性从句的关联词、名词性从句句法结构、定语从句与同位语从句的区别
二、专题讲解
知识点1）
引导名词性从句的关联词：
1．从属连词 ：that , if ,whether
① that 本身没有意义，在从句中不做任何句子成分。引导单个宾语从句时，that可以省略。但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句与形式宾语it并存的宾语从句时，that都不能省略。如果引导两个或两个以上宾语从句，第一个that可以省略，从第二个宾语从句起向后的从句中的that不能省。
例如：1. I don’t think （that）she is coming. (可省)
2. The reason is that he is careless. （不能省）
3. The news that our team won the match inspired us.（不能省）
4. I don’t think it necessary that you should read English aloud. （不能省）
5. He told me （that）his father had died and that he had to live alone.
（第一个可省，第二个不可省）
②.从属连词whether 和if
Whether 和if 是“是否”的意思，在从句中不担当句子成分。引导宾语从句时（动词后面的宾语从句）二者可以换用，若宾语从句提前只用whether. 但引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、介词后的宾语从句，及紧跟or /or not 结构或不定式时，只能用whether.
①He wants to know whether or not you agree.
②He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
③He wondered whether to accept or refuse.
④It all depends on whether they will do their best.
⑤Whether she will come or not is still a question .
⑥The question is whether it is worth doing.
⑦None of them can answer the question whether it is worth doing.
2 .连接代词：who , whom, what , which , whose 及whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever
既保留原意，又在从句中担当句子成分。既“谁，什么，哪一个，谁的，无论谁，无论什么，无论哪一个”。以上这些词都是“代词”，因此常作主语、宾语、表语、定语、补足语，不作状语。
注意：what 除译成“什么”，在从句中还可译成“所…的，所…的事物”=the thing(s) that /which.
What（pron.） 在从句中，必须做成分，常做主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语
①This is what they are after.
②The city is far different from what it was ten years ago.
③She is no longer what she was five years ago.
④What is most important in life isn’t money.
注意：whatever和whoever，whomever的功能
它们一般可以引导主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句，并在从句中作主语、表语或宾语。此时，whatever和whoever不含疑问意义。即whatever = anything that; whoever = anyone who。Whomever=anyone whom例如：
1. These pictures are so special that I would do _______/_______ _______ I can to save them.
2. ______ /_______ _______ knows the truth will tell you about it.
3. I will give this dictionary to _______/_______ _______ wants to have it.
特别注意：whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever 即疑问词+ever 的合成词还可以引导让步状语从句。
此时 whatever=no matter what, whoever=no matter who ,
whomever=no matter whom, whichever=no matter which
务必注意这些词引导名词性从句与让步状语从句的区别。
例如：No matter what /Whatever you want, I'll buy it for you. (让步状语从句)
I'll show you whatever you want to see. （宾语从句）
3．连接副词：when, where ,how ,why, however, whenever, wherever
既保留原意，又在从句中做状语。
①Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.
②I have no idea when he will come back home.
③That is why he didn’t come to the meeting.
练习：
1. ________ makes mistakes must correct them.
A. What B. That C. Whoever D. Whatever
2. ______ surprised me most was ______ such a little boy of seven could play the violin so well.
A. That…what B. What…that C. That…which D. What…which
3. ______ we'll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where
4. That is ______ Lu Xun once lived.
A. what B. where C. that D. why
5. World AIDS Day is also important in reminding us that HIV has not gone away, and_____ there are many things still to be done.
A. what B. where C. that D. why
知识点2）
四种名词性从句句法结构
1、主语从句：
（1）作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句做句子主语时主句的谓语常用单数，如：
How we can get there in time remains unknown.
That they will go is certain.
Whatever he did was right.
但当what引导主语从句时，主句谓语动词的形式应根据句意确定。
What we need is more money.
What we need are more experienced teachers.
(2)有时为保持句子平衡，常用形式主语it 代替主语从句，而把主语从句置于句末，常用以it作形式主语的句型有：
①It + be + 形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, quite clear, unusual, etc.) + that从句。
如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is probable that he told her everything.
②It + be + 名词词组(a fact, good news, no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.) + that从句。
如： It's a pity that we can't go.
It's no surprise that our team should have won the game.
③It + be + 过去分词(said, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.) + that从句。
如： It is said that Mr Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
④It + seem（看上去），appear（显得），happen（碰巧）, matter（关系重大），turn out（结果），occur to sb. （某人突然想起）等不及物动词及短语+ that从句。
如: It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
It happened that I was out that day.
特别注意：形式主语it 与强调结构it is/was…that/who中的it 的区别。
①It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language. ________
②It was about 600 years ago that the first clock with a face and an hour hand was made. ________
练习：
1. _________they have won the game made us excited.
　A./　　　　 　B.That　　　　 C.What　　　　 D.Where
2. ________I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business.
　A.If 　　　 　B.Whether　　　C.Even if　　　D.When
3. _________he says in his report is a very interesting question.
　A.What all 　 B.All what　　 C.What　　　　 D.What that
4. When they will start________not been decided.
　A.have　　　　B.is　　　　　 C.does　　　　 D.has
5. _______certain that his invention will lead to the development of production.
　A.That is　　 B.This is　　　C.It is　　　　D.It has
2、宾语从句：
用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的位置与陈述句基本结构中的宾语相同。宾语从句可作谓语动词的宾语，也可以作介词和非谓语动词（动词不定式、动名词、分词）和某些形容词的宾语。
1.作动词宾语
Do you know whom they are waiting for 你知道他们在等谁吗？
He asked whose dictionary it was.他问这是谁的字典。
Please tell me when we shall discuss our plan.
解题技巧：
1.动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe, guess, suppose, assume等后有宾语补足语时，则要用it作形式宾语，而将that宾语从句后置。
如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
2. hate, like, take, owe, have, take for granted等表示“喜欢；痛恨；认为”的动词或动词短语和see to 表示“注意，留意”后有宾语补足语时，要用it作形式宾语而将宾语从句后置。
如：I hate it when they talk with their mouth full of food.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that the car is in neutral.
2.作介词的宾语
It depends on whether he is coming or not.这要看他是否会来。
I was curious as to what we could do next.我想知道下一步我们该做什么。
连词that引导的名词从句很少作介词的宾语，只在in, except, but, besides介词后偶尔看到。形成固定搭配，in that在于（因为），but that要不是(只是)，except that除了……。
其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用it先行一步，作形式宾语。
如：The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.所得税过高是有害的，因为它可能使人不愿多赚钱。
He is a good student except that he is careless.
You may depend on it that they will support you.
3.宾语从句的否定转移。
think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否定意思，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。
如：I don't think you are right.
I don't believe they have finished their work yet.
I don't suppose he cares, does he
He doesn't expect we need worry.
4. 宾语从句中的特殊疑问形式（又称双重疑问句）
在某些宾语从句中，宾语从句的连接代词或连接副词常被移到主句之前，构成特殊疑问形式，其构成为：
Wh-/ How do you + vt. +宾语从句的其他部分？
常见的用于此结构的动词有think, believe, consider, suppose, imagine, expect, guess, say等。
What do you think we will do next
5. 宾语从句中引导词that不可省略的情况
一般情况下，宾语从句中的引导词that 可省略，但下列情况下一般不省略that。
1）介词except, but, besides等后跟that引导的宾语从句时。
The American stood quite still, except that his lips moved slightly.
2）that引导的宾语从句和主句之间有插入语时。
I think, first of all, that we must believe in ourselves.
He said, in his opinion, that Lei Feng was a good example of serving the people heart and soul.
3）宾语从句为主从复合句且从句位于主句之前时。
He said that if he came back early, he could come for the meeting.
Mary said that, as she was not well, she could not get the highest score in the midterm exam.
4）有多个that引导的从句时，第一个that可以省略，而其他的that常不可省略。
I think (that) it will clear up this afternoon and that they will come to say goodbye to us.
5）当it作形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句后置时。
We have made it clear that we will learn to deal with various difficult problems.
6） 当when, who, what, where, why, how等引导的从句与that引导的从句作主句谓语动词的并列宾语时。
I know what the time is and that the wind remains low.
6. 宾语从句中的虚拟
在动词insist（坚持）, order（命令），command (命令), suggest(建议) , advise（建议）, propose（建议），require（要求，需要）, desire（要求，渴望）, demand（要求）, request（要求）等词后的宾语从句中，不论主句谓语动词用何时态，宾语从句中的动词一律用“（should）+动词原形”。
She suggested that Robert (should)go to London and try to find a job there.
7.wh-型疑问词除why 以外，都可接不定式短语作宾语，相当于一个宾语从句，Why +动词原形，why not+动词原形。
He explained to me how to drive a car ( how he can drive a car).
8.时态的呼应与语序。
在宾语从句中只能用陈述句语序，时态呼应上要遵循以下三条原则：
（1）如果主句谓语是一般现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语可根据意思的需要使用任何一种时态。
Can you make sure where Alice has put the gold ring？
They have no idea at all where he has gone．
Do you know who he was talking with at eight last night？
（2）如果主句谓语是一般过去时，宾语从句要用表示过去的某一时态。
He said he would come to see us the next day.
I wanted to know whether he had been to Beijing.
（3）如果宾语从句是表示客观事实、真理等，不管主句是什么时态，宾语从句一律用一般现在时。
Dick asked Lucy how old she is．
The teacher said the sun rises in the east．
练习：
1. He was interested in________he had seen at the exhibition.
A.which 　　　B.that　　　C.all what　　 D.all that
2. He made_________quite clear that he wouldn't change his mind.
　　A.this　　　　B.that　　　C.it 　　　　 D.what
3.I don't know_________.
　　A.what was the matter outside　　　B.what the matter outside was
C.what was outside the matter　　　D.what was happened outside
3、表语从句:
用作表语的从句叫作表语从句，它位于主句中的连系动词之后。
1、由从属连词that，whether引导的表语从句。
that在引导表语从句时无词义，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词，如question(问题)，trouble(麻烦)，problem(问题)，result(结果)，chance(可能性)，suggestion(建议)，idea(想法)，reason(理由)等。表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释，使主语的内容具体化。
The trouble is (that) she has lost his money.
The question is whether we need more ice cream.
The problem was that it was too valuable for everyday use.
What she couldn’t understand was why fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons.
2、由关系代词引导的表语从句。
关系代词who, what, which, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whomever, whichever等引导表语从句，在句中作主语、宾语、表语，关系代词不能省略。
The question is which of us should go.问题是我们哪一个应该去。
The problem was who could do the work.问题是谁能做这项工作。
That's what he is worrying about.那就是他在担心的事。
3、由关系副词引导的表语从句。
Go and get your coat. It's where you left it.
I had neither a raincoat nor an umbrella. That’s why I got wet through.
That is what he is worried about.那就是他所担心的。
4、由连词because，as if/as though等引导的表语从句。
That's because we never thought of it.这是因为我们从未想过此事。
It seems as if he didn’t know the answer.好像他不知道答案。
练习：
1. The trouble is________we are short of hands.
　A.what　　　　B.that　　　　　C.how 　　　　D.which
2. The reason_______I have to go is _______my mother is ill in bed.
　　A.why, why　　B.why, because　C.why, that　 D.that, because
3. That is________ I lost my pen.
　　A.when　　　　B.where　　　　 C.that　　　　D.what
4. My hometown is not________it used to_______ten years ago.
　A.when, do　　B.what, do　　　C.what, be 　 D.when, be
5. Energy is_________makes things work.
　A.what　　　　B.everything　　C.something　 D.that
4、同位语从句:
一、同位语的概念
一个名词（或其它形式）对另一个名词或代词进行修饰，限定或说明，这个名词（或其它形式）就是同位语。同位语与被它限定的词的格式要一致，并常常紧挨在一起。同位语从句即重复说明同一个称谓或事件的从句。
名词作同位语
Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday.
（在这里'my child's teacher'做同位语修饰'Mr Wang')
短语作同位语
I, the oldest girl in the family, always had to care for the other children.
直接引语作同位语
But now the question comes to their minds，“Did she die young because she was a clone ”
句子作同位语
The girls were surprised at the fact that ocean ships can sail up the Great lakes.
二、同位语从句
用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在抽象名词fact，idea，news，hope，belief，thought，truth，doubt，suggestion，warning, instruction，reason，information, question等之后，对这些名词进行说明或解释。
There is no doubt that he is guilty.
You can have no idea what he said.
They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常为如何演奏乐曲写出精确的说明。
有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。
The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city． 他突然想起敌人可能已经逃出城了。
练习：
1. The thought________he might fail in the exam worried him.
　　A.which 　　　B.that　　　　　C.when　　　　D.so that
2. Have you any idea_______
　　A.how fast does light travel　　 　B.how quick light travels
　　C.how soon light travels　　　　　D.how fast light travels
3.His suggestion_______to see the art exhibition interested every one of us.
　　A.that we go　　B.which we should go 　C.that we would go　　D.we would go
4. The fact has worried many scientists ______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A. what B. which C. that D. though
知识点3）
定语从句与同位语从句的区别：
1、性质不同
定语从句是 由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。
同位语从句和主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句同属于名词性从句，表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容，它的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释。
The suggestion (that) she has put forward is very good. (定语从句)
The suggestion that we clean the classroom by turns is very good. (同位语从句)
2、先行词不同
定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛，可以是名词 代词 主句的一部分甚至整个句子
同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常是抽象名词，有一定的内涵。常见的有idea, situation thought, fact, evidence, belief, doubt, fear, hope, question, theory, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, truth, possibility, promise, order，news, order, ability等等。
This is the house which we sold fifteen years ago.
This is all that I have.
The idea why he was chosen attracted our attention. 他为什么会被选上，这一想法引起我们的注意。
3、位置区别
定语从句一般跟在它所修饰的先行词后面，有限定性和非限定性之分。
一般情况下同位语从句跟在先行词后，用以说明该名词所表达的具体内容;有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后，而被别的词语隔开，在语法上叫做分隔式同位语从句。
Word came that he had been abroad.
4、引导词不同
定语从句的引导词有关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose, as等（没有what），关系副词where, when, why等。引导词有连接定语从句、代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句及在定语从句中充当句子成分等作用。
同位语从句的引导词多是that，whether,也有连接代词what，who，whom, whose连接副词how, when, where, why 等。切记，if, which 不能引导同位语从句。
定语从句和同位语从句共同的引导词有：that，which, who, whom, whose, when，where，why。
引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中充当某种成分，作宾语时可省略；而引导同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不作任何成分，也不能省略。
1. The news that our team has won the game was true.
2. The news that he told me yesterday was true.
引导定语从句的who, which, when，where等是关系代词和副词，不但在句中充当句子成分，还有与其含义相当的先行词；而引导同位语从句的who, which, when，where等，虽可以在从句中充当句子成分，但没有与之含义相当的先行词。
1. I have no idea who is in charge of the project.
2. He is the man who is in charge of the project.
1. This is the factory where my father worked.
2. I have a question where your father worked.
练习：
区别下列属于什么从句：
1. The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody． 同
2. The fact that you are talking about is important. 定
3. That question whether we need it has not been considered. 同
4. I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. 定
5. I have no idea when she will be back. 同
课堂小结：
1.名词性从句关联词的选择要根据关联词在句子中的成分及句意来选择。
2.判断句子属于定语从句还是同位语从句，先从定义入手，看句子属于解释还是修饰，接下来在看关联词在句子中所作成分，然后看先行词与关联词的搭配关系，最后注意定语从句中关联词都不需要翻译出来，但在同位语从句却需要。
3.名词性从句的确定是根据这个从句在句子中作什么成分来确定的，比如说从句在句子中作主语就是主语从句。做题是时候我们要先确定这个是什么从句，再确定它的关联词，从句缺主语、宾语、表语、宾补的时候一般填代词，根据句意选择具体哪一个（多数情况填“what”）。缺状语填副词、什么都不缺的情况下填that，if/whether。
练习（综合检测）
一）、选择题
1. Information has been put forward ____ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.
A. while B. that C. when D. as
2.The question came up at the meeting _____ we had enough money for our research.
A. that B, what C. which D. whether
3. There is a common belief among them _____rubbish can and should be put to good use.
A. which B. if C. whether D. that
4.One of the men held the view ________ the book said was right.
A. what that B. that what C. that which D. which that
5. At that time I had no idea ______ I could hand it to him without being seen.
A. if B. how C. which D. that how
6. ---What are you anxious about ---________.
A. Whether we can succeed B. If we succeed C. do we succeed D. That we can succeed
7._______Tom was worried about seemed clearly to the whole family.
A. That B. Which C. What D. How
8. _____ one can succeed depends on ______ hard he works.
A. What, how B. How, what C. Whether, how D. How, when
9. they won the game was we had expected.
A. That; that B. Whether; that C. /; what D. That; what
10. _ _ sometimes keeps her awake all night _____ Tom is getting more and more quiet at home.
A. That; which B. It; that C. Whether; what D. What; that
11. ____is certain is ___prevention is more important than treatment .
A. It; that B. What; that C. As; what D. What; what
12. The boy who got lost decided to remain he was and wait for someone to help him.
A. where B. what C. who D. how
13. We should consider the students’ request the school should give them more room.
A. that B. when C. which D. Where
14.It remains a question ___ they can get so much money in such a short time.
A. how B.that C. when D. what
15.It was a matter of would take the position.
A. who B. whomever C. whom D. whoever
16. _______ leaves the room last ought to lock the door.
A. Anyone who B. Person C. Whomever D. Who
17. is known to us all is that the 2012Summer Olympic Games will take place in London.
A. It B. What C. As D. Which
18. You should put the dictionary _____ you can find it easily.
A. where B. the place C. the place on which D. what
19. ______ we can find from the following, the number of students dropping out is going down.
A. what B. it C. as D. what
20. It makes no difference ______.
A. that who will go with me B. why will they stay
C. when you will leave D. that how you get here
21. _____ my father wants to know is _______ getting on with my study.
A. What, how am I B. How, how I’m C. How, that I am D. What, how I am
22. Edison made a lot of inventions, ______ of great importance.
A. which I think are B. which I think they are C. which I think they D. I think which are
23. Finally we arrived at _____ used to be a battlefield.
A. what B. where C. where there D. it
24. We’ll remember _________ he teaches us.
A. that B. no matter what C. whatever D. no matter which
25.I told him ________ I had come the day before and _______ I was going to stay here for a week.
A. /, / B. that, / C. /, that D. how, /
26. We don’t doubt _______ he can do a good job of it.
A. whether B. that C. what D. why
27.He insisted that he _______ to work there.
A. be sent B. is sent C. was sent D. send
28.---Will you see to that all the papers should be handed in after class ---All right.
A. this B. it C. me D. that
29. It’s no longer a question now ______ man can land on the moon.
A. that B. which C. whether D. what
30.The shopkeeper didn’t want to sell for _ _he thought was not enough .
A where B. how C. what D. which
31.----It seems that he succeeded at last in the USA. ---But you can never imagine ________
A. what a hard life he has experienced. B. what he has experienced a hard life
C. he has experienced what a hard life. D. what a hard life has he experienced
32. My mother asked___ with me.
A. what was the wrong B. what the matter was C. what matter was D. what was the matter
33.---I rang you at about nine, but there was no reply.
---That was probably _____ I was seeing the doctor.
A. why B. what C. that D. when
34.Some experts think the wolf’s team spirit for survival is is needed in today’s competitive culture.
A. that B. what C. which D. how
35.What the teacher really doubts is the boy will mend his ways in the future.
A. when B. how C. whether D. why
36.Is this ________ we met each other two years ago
A. place B. place in which C. where D. place which
37.Output is now six times ________ it was before liberation.
A. that B. which C. what D. of which
38. .----Is Peter going to fix our radio for us ----Yes, ______ he is here.
A. that’s for B. that’s because C. that’s why D. that’s reason
39. Is this the reason ________ she gave for being late
A. why B. what C. when D. that
40. The day will come ________ the people all over the world will win liberation.
A. that B. where C. how D. when
41. We gave him ________ help we could.
A. which B. what C. that D. this
42. __________, the compass was first made in China.
A. It is known to all B. It is known that C. We all know D. As is known to all
43. ______ David says sound right to Helen. That’s why he has made up her mind to leave the matter to him ______ happens.
A. Whatever; whatever B. No matter what, whatever
C. No matter what, no matter what D. Whatever; no matter what
44.---Why are you staring at me
---You look stupid! The way you wear is annoys most.
A. which B. where C. how D. what
45. The poor young man is ready to accept ___________ help he can get.
A. whichever B. however C. whatever D. whenever
参考答案
1-5 BDDBB 6-10 ACCDB 11-15 BAAAA 16-20 ABACC
21-25 DAACC 26-30 BABAC 31-35 ADDBC 36-40 CCCDD
41-45 BD A/D DC
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