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Unit 3 动词-ing形式作宾语补足语、状语 学案
【重点语法】
（A）动词 ing形式作宾语补足语
V-ing形式作宾补，表示动作的过程，即动作正在进行，尚未结束。宾语与宾补之间是主动的逻辑主谓关系。
动词 ing形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。
1．位于感官动词之后：feel，smell， hear，watch，see，notice，observe等。
I hear someone knocking at the door.
2．位于表示“使；让”的使役动词之后：have，keep，get，leave等。
I’m sorry to keep you waiting for a long time.
3．用于with复合结构中。
I couldn't concentrate my attention on my homework with the noise going on.
【注意】: 现在分词、过去分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别：现在分词表示进行，或主动含义（宾语是现在分词所表示动作的执行者）；过去分词表示被动或完成意义（宾语是过去分词所表示动作的承受者）；不定式表示动作尚未发生。
（1）I heard the folk song sung many times. (song 和sing 是被动关系)
（2）I heard her singing a folk song when I passed by her room yesterday. (her 和 sing 之间是主动关系，正在进行)
（3）With a lot of homework to do, he refused to go swimming. （表示未发生）
（B）现在分词作状语，其逻辑主语一般要与句子的主语一致。分词在句中作时间、原因、伴随、条件、结果等状语。
When reading the newspaper, you should never look up every new word in the dictionary.（时间）
Given more time, he could have finished the exercises. （条件）
Having been to Beijing three times, I won't go with you there.（原因）
He waited at the bus stop, watching at his watch anxiously. （伴随）
A fire broke out in the building at about 7:30, resulting in the death of a young girl.（结果）
Ⅰ.动词 ing形式作状语的用法: 表示时间、原因或条件时，通常位于句子的前部；表示方式、伴随或结果时，通常位于句子的后部。
1．作时间状语，相当于时间状语从句（分词作状语前面可加when, while等）
Hearing the good news, he jumped with great joy.
=When he heard the good news，he jumped with great joy. 听到这个好消息，他高兴的跳起来。
2．作因状语，相当于原因状语从句
Being too young，he couldn't join the army. ＝Because he was too young，he couldn't join the army.
因为年轻，他不能参军。
3．作条件状语，相当于条件状语从句
Working hard，you'll succeed. ＝If you work hard，you'll succeed. 努力工作，你会成功的。
4．作让步状语，相当于让步状语从句
动词 ing 短语作让步状语，相当于一个让步状语从句，有时它的前面可带有连词although， even if，even though等。
Admitting what she said，I still think that she hasn't tried her best.
＝Although/Though I admit what she said，I still think that she hasn't tried her best.
尽管承认她所说的话，但我仍然认为她没有尽最大的努力。
5．作方式状语或伴随状语
He walked down the river，singing softly to himself.＝He walked down the river and sang softly to himself. 他沿着河流一边走，一边轻轻地唱。
6．表示结果，作结果状语，相当于结果状语从句。通常放在句末，中间有逗号隔开，表示一种自然的、顺理成章的结果。
His parents died in the war，leaving him an orphan. ＝His parents died in the war so that he became an orphan. 他的父母在战争中死亡，以致他成了孤儿。
【注】现在分词作状语的几个特性：
（1）时间性。与谓语动词同时发生，用一般时，
如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式having done。
(1) Walking in the street，I met an old friend of mine.
我正在大街上行走时，遇到了一位老朋友。(walking和谓语动词met同时发生)
(2) Having finished the letter，he went to post it.
他写完信后就把它寄了出去。(having finished是先发生的，went是后发生的。)
（2）语态性。与句子的主语之间的关系，是主谓关系或动宾关系。
遵循的规则“主动进行，被动完成”。
（3）否定式: 动词 ing形式的否定式是在它的前面加not。
Not seeing John，I asked where he was. 我看不见约翰，于是问他在什么地方。
（4）人称一致性。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。
分词作宾补不定式作宾补的区别：
感官动词 动词原形→做了某事
主语＋ ＋宾语＋现在分词→正在做某事
使役动词 过去分词→做了或被做
C.　独立主格
上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。
独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。
至于独立主格中是使用-ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.
【注】The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest.
（1）独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting （being） over, all left the room.
（2）作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheek.(主语)/She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheek. (主语)
5.有少数动词 ing(短语)并不表示主语的动作，只是表示说话人的态度，即不存在其逻辑主语必须和句子主语一致的问题。常这样用的有：
generally/frankly/properly...speaking 一般/坦白/恰当……说来
judging from/by... 从……判断
according to ... 根据……
seeing that… 鉴于…… 既然……
considering... 考虑到……
supposing/assuming... 假设……
巩固练习
I．单句语法填空
1．But even though some British people are quite strange, the majority of them_______________(be) really friendly and I’ve made some good friends.
2．I’m now writing to complain ________________ the service of your hotel.
3．Teamwork teaches us to be patient and how to respond ________________different people.
4．Getting the most votes, Jack was appointed________________ monitor.
5．People under stress tend ________________ (develop) their full range of potential.
6．The most successful ________________ (retire) athletes are those who can apply the life skills they learned in sports to another area of life.
7．The thief was scared________________ death when hearing the gunshot.
8．I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced__________ some other less-competitive events.
II. 单项选择
1. ___from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered
2. Finding her car stolen, _______.
A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly
C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help
3. He sent me an e-mail, ________ to get further information.
A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope
4. While building a tunnel through the mountain, _______.
A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground lake discovered
C. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake
5. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage ____the girl and took her away, _____ into the woods. A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappearing
6. _______ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited
7. European football is played in 80 countries, ______ it the most popular sport in the world. A. making B. makes C. made D. to make
8. ______ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. A. Not completing B. Not completed C. Not having completed D. Having not completed
9. Though _______ money, his parents managed to send him to university.
A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in
10. Having been attacked by terrorists, _______.
A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed
C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists
III.单句语法填空
1．She sat there silently, _______________ (think) about what to do next.
2．____________________ (miss) the bus, we had to walk home.
3．___________ (watch) the play, she couldn't keep back her tears.
4．_________________ (not know) how to do it, he turned to the engineer for help.
5．It rained for two weeks on end, completely___________ (ruin) our holiday.
6．You can complete the work ahead of time if___________(take) my advice.
7．___________________ (collect) all the necessary material, she began to write her report.
8．_______________________ (appoint) as chairman, Tony held a family get together to celebrate it.
9．He turned off the light, ____________ (see) nothing.
10．The volcano erupted, _____________ (result) in the death of many creatures.
11. Newly built wooden cottages line the street，________the old town into a dreamland. (turn)
12. Tony lent me the money，________ that I would do as much for him. (hope)
13. ________in a long queue，we waited for the store to open to buy a new iPad. (stand)
14. He got up late and hurried to his office，________ the breakfast untouched. (leave)
15. ________ around the fire，the tourists danced with the local people. (gather)
16. ________ anything about the accident, he went to work as usual. (know)
17. The old man sat under the tree, _________ to the radio. (listen)
18.________ her car stolen, she hurried to ask a policeman for help. (find)
19. Weather _________, we’ll go out for a walk. (permit)
20. _________ to the hospital in time, the little girl who was badly injured was saves at last. (take)
21．____________________________ (ask) to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.
22．He was last seen______________ (play) by the river.
23．Listen！Do you hear someone ______________ (call) for help
24．Dina，___________________________ (struggle) for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
25．It rained heavily in the south，______________ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.
26．—Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work ______________ (fill) my mind，I almost break down.
27．______________ (look) at my classmates’ faces，I read the same excitement in their eyes.
28．Pressed from his parents, and ______________ (realize) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
29．I got to the office earlier that day, _____________________ (catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.
30．_______________________ (eat) at the cafeteria before，Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
能力提升：IV. 完成句子
1．_____________________________，I have learned many practical skills.
随着时间的流逝，我学到了很多实用的技能。
2．______________________________，he is always helping others.
作为一名共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
3．I can’t______________________________ in the classroom like this.
我不能让你像这样在教室里大声喧哗。
4．______________________________，they come to school early in the morning every day.
虽然住得离学校很远，他们每天早上都很早来上学。
5．The boy ______________________________ after he washed his hands.
冲完手之后，男孩就让水一直流着。
6．The students went out of the classroom, ______________________________.
同学们小声地说着话走出了教室。
7．_____________________________________，I have a good command of English.
学了大约十年英语，我对英语掌握很好。
8．She came into the house, ______________________________.
她捧着许多书走进了房间。
9．我将帮着建立英语角，提供给我们学生一个练习英语口语的平台。(provide)
I will help set up the English corner, _________________________________ to practice our oral English.
10．看到一辆车朝她驶来，我伸出手把她拉了回来。(see)
__________________________________________________, I reached my hand out and pulled her back.
11．我对此感到很遗憾，开始想着做些什么来帮助(他们)。(feel)
______________________________________________for that, I begin to think about what to do to help.
12．因长时间被忽视，这个男孩坐在后面感到枯燥就出去了。(neglect)
________________________________for a long time, the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.
13．因为不理解这个问题，他问了老师。(understand)
______________________________________________________________,he asked the teacher about it.
14．中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。(make)
More highways have been built in China, ______________________________for people to travel around.
15．一天晚上哈里给我打电话，要求我尽快去他的公寓。(ask)
One evening Harry phoned me, ______________________________________his flat as soon as possible.
16．因为是周日，我不必早起。
___________________________________________________, I didn't need to get up early this morning.
17．因为生病，所以他无法去学校。
________ _________, he didn’t go to school.
18．一天她在街上散步的时候，碰到了一个老朋友。
_________ _______ ______ _________ one day, she met an old friend.
19．完成作业后，这个小女孩开始看电视。
__________ ________ ________ ______________, the little girl began to watch TV.
20．被老师警告后，他们再也没犯同样的错误。
_________ _________ _________ by the teacher, they didn’t make such mistakes any more.
答案
【复习巩固】
I．单句语法填空
1．But even though some British people are quite strange, the majority of them __are__(be) really friendly and I’ve made some good friends.
2．I’m now writing to complain __about__ the service of your hotel.
3．Teamwork teaches us to be patient and how to respond __to__ different people.
4．Getting the most votes, Jack was appointed __as__ monitor.
5．People under stress tend __to develop__(develop) their full range of potential.
6．The most successful __retired__(retire) athletes are those who can apply the life skills they learned in sports to another area of life.
7．The thief was scared __to__ death when hearing the gunshot.
8．I wish that sports day could be abandoned and replaced __with__ some other less-competitive events.
Ⅱ.单项选择
1-5 CDBDD 6-10 CACCB
III.单句语法填空
1．thinking 2．Having missed 3．Watching 4．Not knowing 5．ruining 6．taking
7．Having collected 8．Having been appointed 9．seeing 10．resulting
11.turning　 12.hoping　 13.Standing 14．leaving　15.Gathering 16. Not knowing
17. listening 18.Finding 19.permitting 20. Having been taken
21．__Having been asked__ (ask) to work overtime that evening，I missed a wonderful film.
22．He was last seen __playing__(play) by the river.
23．Listen！Do you hear someone__calling__(call) for help
24．Dina，__having struggled__(struggle) for months to find a job as a waitress，finally took a position at a local advertising agency.
25．It rained heavily in the south，__causing__(cause) serious flooding in several provinces.
26．—Come on，please give me some ideas about the project.
—Sorry. With so much work __filling__(fill) my mind，I almost break down.
27．__Looking__(look) at my classmates’ faces，I read the same excitement in their eyes.
28．Pressed from his parents, and __realizing__ (realize) that he has wasted too much time, the boy is determined to stop playing video games.
29．I got to the office earlier that day, __having caught__ (catch) the 7：30 train from Paddington.
30．__Having eaten__ (eat) at the cafeteria before，Tina didn’t want to eat there again.
能力提升：IV. 完成句子
1．__With time going by__，I have learned many practical skills.
随着时间的流逝，我学到了很多实用的技能。
2．__Being a League member__，he is always helping others.
作为一名共青团员，他经常帮助他人。
3．I can’t __have you speaking aloud__ in the classroom like this.
我不能让你像这样在教室里大声喧哗。
4．__Living far away from school__，they come to school early in the morning every day.
虽然住得离学校很远，他们每天早上都很早来上学。
5．The boy __left the water running__ after he washed his hands.
冲完手之后，男孩就让水一直流着。
6．The students went out of the classroom, __talking in a low voice__.
同学们小声地说着话走出了教室。
7．__Having studied English for about ten years__，I have a good command of English.
学了大约十年英语，我对英语掌握很好。
8．She came into the house, __carrying a lot of books__.
她捧着许多书走进了房间。
9. providing us students a platform 10. Seeing a car running towards her
11. Feeling quite sorry 12. Having been ignored
13.Not understanding this problem 14. making it much easier
15. asking me to come to 16. It being Sunday
17. Being ill 　 18.Walking on the street　
19.Having finished her homework
20. Having been warned

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