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2023年初中英语语法之英语定语从句详解及专项练习
一、定义
定语从句是指在句中做定语作用，修饰句中的名词或代词的从句，其中被修饰的名词或代词为先行词。当关系代词作定语从句的主语时，其后的谓语动词的人称和数取决于先行词的人称和数。
二、定语从句的结构
定语从句一般位于先行词的后面，定语从句由关系代词who,whom, whose, that, which，that, as和关系副词when, where, why等引导。
（一） 关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
（1）who,whom, that
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中做主语和宾语。例如：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you
他就是你想见的人吗（who/that在从句中做主语）
He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.
他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中做宾语）
（2）whose 用作关系词表示所属格，也可看作是关系形容词，因为它后面必须接一个名词连用。不能单独使用。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
（3）which,that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可做主语、宾语等。作宾语时常可省略。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which /that在句中作宾语）
（二）关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
（1）关系副词when,where, why的含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when（on which）one must yield.
任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which）I was born.
北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why（for which）here fused our offer
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗
（2）that代替关系副词，可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when,where, why和“介词+which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略。例如：
His father died the year（that / when / in which）he was born.
他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。
He is unlikely to find the place（that / where / in which）he lived forty years ago.
他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。
三、定语从句中引导词的省略
引导词在从句的学习中向来十分重要，在定语从句中，有些引导词可以互换使用，有些引导词常常可以省略，但在一些特定的情况下，相应的引导词不能被省略。
首先要注意的是，只有在限定性定语从句中引导词才能看情况省略，而在非限定性定语从句中，引导词绝对不能被省略。
定语从句引导词省略有以下几种情况：
关系代词指代先行词在定语从句中作表语时只用that，但时常省略。
She is no longer the girl that she used to be. 她不再是过去那个女孩儿了。
以the way为先行词的限制性定语从句，通常以in which或 that 引导，但通常省略in which或 that。
The way (in which) he spoke to his classmates was unfriendly. 他跟同学说话的方式并不友好。
以reason为先行词的限制性定语从句，如果先行词reason在定语从句中做状语，通常以why引导，但人们通常省略why。
That is the real reason (why) they left their hometown. 那是他们离开家乡的真正原因。
在there be 句型中，关系代词总是被省略。
There is a lady (who) wants to talk with you. 有一位女士想和你谈谈。
四、定语从句中whose的用法
定语从句中whose的用法whose引导的定语从句是语法重点，也是高考中经常考查的语法内容之一。要学好whose引导的定语从句的用法，应注意以下六个方面。
一、whose为who的所有格，作“某(些)人的……”解，它所指代的先行词必须是人，其引导的定语从句修饰它的先行词，同时它本身在从句中作定语。
　　This is the little girl whose parents were killed in the great earthquake.这就是在那次大地震中失去双亲的那个小姑娘。
　　Mr Liu wants to talk to the students whose homework hasn't been handed in.刘老师要跟那些没交家庭作业的学生谈话。
二、whose也可作which的所有格，作“某(些)物的……”解，它所指代的先行词必须是物，其语法功能同上。
　　The company whose name was Not co was in Australia.那个名叫诺特可的公司设在澳大利亚。
　　We live in a house whose windows open to the south.我们居住在一所窗户朝南开的房子里。
三、whose可修饰定语从句中的主语、宾语、介词宾语等不同成分。
　　Mr King，whose legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to hospital.金先生的腿受了重伤，很快就被送往医院。(whose修饰定语从句中的主语legs)
　　We shall have to make a decision about Ms King，whose story I've just told you.关于金女士的情况，我刚才已经告诉你们了，我们得对她的事情作出决定。(whose修饰定语从句中的宾语 story)
四、whose既可引导限制性定语从句，亦可引导非限制性定语从句。
　　The boss in whose department Mr King worked called at the hospital.金先生工作单位的老板到医院来探视。(限制性定语从句)
　　The boss of the company，whose name was Mr Little，told the story.公司的老板叫利特尔，他讲述了这个故事。(非限制性定语从句)
五、由于whose具有兼作who和 which的所有格的双重功能，故在指人时可用of whom代替whose，指物时可用of which代替whose。
　　This kind of book is for children whose native language(=the native language of whom)is Chinese.这种书是给母语是汉语的儿童看的。
　　Mr Brown has written a novel whose name(=the name of which)I've completely forgotten.布朗先生写了部小说，其书名我完全忘了。
　　I live in a room whose window(=the window of which)opens to the south. 我住在一间窗户朝南开的屋子里。
六、按英语习惯用法，下列情况中的whose和of whom或of which切不可混用：
　1.凡是of whom或of which同数词或代词(如some，many，little等)连用表示部分与整体关系时，通常不可用 whose。
　　There are 45 students in our class，35of whom are League members.我们班有45名学生，其中35名是团员。
　　Mr White wrote many articles，some of which were translated into Chinese.怀特先生写了不少文章，其中一些译成了中文。
　2.凡是of whom或of which修饰定语从句中的主语，是表示同位关系的代词both，all等时，切不可用whose。
　　I have two sons，both of whom serve in the army.我有两个儿子，都在部队服役。
　　He has some novels，all of which are written in Russian.他有一些小说，都是用俄文写的。
五、专项练习题十则（附答案）
1.I’d like to tell you about the table manners ________ you should know when you visit Korea.
A. which B. who C. what D. how
2.I shall never forget those years ________ I lived on the farm with the farmers, ________has a great effect on my life.
A. when; who B. that; which
C. which; that D. when; which
3.Is oxygen the only gas ________ helps fire burn
A. that B. / C. which D. it
4.Is ________ some German friends visited last week
A. this school B. this the school
C. this school one D. this school where
5.---What kind of music do you like
---I like music ________ has great lyrics.
A. that B. what C. who D. whose
6.That is the only thing ________ I bought from the supermarket.
A. which B. that C. what D. where
7.The place ________ interested me most was the Children’s Palace.
A. which B. where C. what D. in which
8.The computer ________ last week has gone wrong.
A. which I bought it B. I bought
C. what I bought D. I bought it
9.That is the poor boy ________ father died in a traffic accident last year.
A. who B. whom C. whose D. which
10.Do you know the girl ________ is standing under the tree
A. who B. whom C. which D. where
1-5 ADABA
6-10 BABCA

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