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词法和句法
专题1　正反解读冠词
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
1. Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as　　　　model in New York.
2. Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for　　　　 while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.
3. The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, 　　　　other is with Mum—she never suspects.
4. Mr Johnson lived in the woods with his wife and children. He owned 　　　　farm, which looked almost abandoned.
5. The adobe dwellings(土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American South-west are admired by even 　　　　most modern of architects and engineers.
考点一　不定冠词的使用规则
规则1“a/an+可数名词单数”泛指某一人或某一物。
I met a friend of yours today as I hurried off to work.
今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。
[温馨提示] 判断用a还是用an的依据是其后单词的发音,而不是字母。以元音音素开头的单词前用an修饰。 如:a university student, a unique style, a European writer, an honest boy, an X-ray, an 800-metre-long bridge等。
规则2 序数词前面加不定冠词a/an表示“再一,又一”。
She didn't like the colours of the two bags and asked for a third one.
她不喜欢这两个包的颜色,又要了一个。
规则3 在“of+a/an+可数名词单数”结构中,不定冠词a/an表示“同一,相同”。
Birds of a feather flock together.
[谚]物以类聚,人以群分。
规则4 不定冠词a/an用在姓氏和星期名称前表示“某一个,有一个”;也可指与某人或某物有类似性质的人或事物,相当于a certain。
A Mr Li is waiting for you. He seems to be very anxious.
有一位李先生在等你。他似乎很焦急。
规则5 a/an在表示时间和度量单位的名词前,表示“每一”。
The car runs at a speed of sixty miles an hour.
那辆汽车以每小时六十英里的速度行驶。
规则6 不定冠词a/an用在某些抽象名词和物质名词前,表示“一种,一件,一个,……”。
What a lovely surprise to see you again!
再次见到你是一件多么令人惊喜的事情啊!
规则7 用于固定短语中。
have a gift for有……的天赋;get a lift/ride搭便车;pay a visit to参观;lend sb a hand帮助某人;as a result因此;as a rule通常,照例; in a hurry匆忙地;all of a sudden突然。
考点二　定冠词的使用规则
规则1用于姓氏名称的复数前,表示“一家人”或“夫妇俩”。
The Smiths lived in the apartment above ours.
史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。
规则2用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、表示发明物等的名词前。
Alexander Bell invented the telephone in 1876.
1876年亚历山大·贝尔发明了电话。
[温馨提示] 某些物体虽然也是独一无二的,但习惯上不用冠词,如:space太空,nature自然,man人类等。
规则3用在序数词和最高级前。
He was the first to speak against the new plan.
他是第一个发言反对这项新计划的人。
规则4用于表示方位、西洋乐器等名词前。
As far as I know, he likes playing the piano.
据我所知,他喜欢弹钢琴。
规则5与计量单位的名词连用如:by the yard/metre/dozen/month/year/hour。但by weight/volume/area则不用冠词。
规则6用于表示某世纪、年代、时期或朝代的名词前。如:in the 1980s。
规则7用于固定搭配中。
at the moment此刻,目前;in the end 最后,最终;
to tell the truth说实话;on the other hand另一方面;
by the way顺便说一下;at the same time同时;
on the contrary相反;on the whole总的来说;
go to the cinema/theatre去看电影/戏剧
考点三　零冠词的使用规则
规则1 物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词,泛指总称时不用冠词。
　　/　　 Wealth does not always bring 　　/　　 happiness.
财富并不总是带来幸福。
规则2 表示职位、身份、头衔的名词作表语、补语和同位语。
The professor was assigned headmaster of the school.
这位教授被任命为这所学校的校长。
规则3 “…kind of+名词”中的名词前不用冠词,类似的词还有type, sort, species等。
Today's vehicles use two kinds of 　　/　　 fuel—petrol and diesel.
如今的车辆使用两种燃料——汽油和柴油。
规则 在动词turn之后作表语的名词前不用冠词;在as(虽然)引导的让步状语从句中,单数可数名词前不用冠词。
After years of hard work, Tom turned engineer.
(经过)多年的努力之后,汤姆成了工程师。
规则4 在表示月、季、星期、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前不用冠词。
A year can be divided into four seasons—spring, summer, autumn and winter.
一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。
规则5 高考中常见的纯不可数名词,不能与不定冠词连用。这些词有baggage,luggage,furniture,health,fun,space(太空),advice,word(=news),progress,information,luck,wealth(财产)等。
规则6 在一些习语中常使用零冠词。
at table在吃饭; on purpose故意; lose face丢脸; within reach of在……够得着的地方; in case of假如,万一。
误区之一　不定冠词a和an的误用
【误】 The Wilsons live in a A-shaped house near the coast. It is an 17th century cottage.
【正】 The Wilsons live in an A-shaped house near the coast. It is a 17th century cottage.
[分析] A-shaped以元音音素开头,其前应用an;而17th (seventeenth)是辅音音素开头,所以其前应用a。
误区之二　不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the的误用
【误】 It's the world of wonders, the world where anything can happen.
【正】 It's a world of wonders, a world where anything can happen.
[分析] 世界上独一无二的事物前一般用定冠词,但当此名词带有定语修饰且表泛指时,前面应用不定冠词。
误区之三　冠词的缺失错误
【误】 My father was a foreign student, born and raised in small village in Kenya.
【正】 My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya.
[分析] village是单数可数名词,此处泛指“一个小村子”,故small前用a。句意:我的父亲是一个外国留学生,在肯尼亚的一个小村子里出生、长大。
误区之四　冠词的多余错误
【误】 It's a great fun to jump into the river and swim in the hot summer.
【正】 It's great fun to jump into the river and swim in the hot summer.
[分析] fun是不可数名词,不与冠词连用。句意:在这个炎热的夏天跳进河里游泳,那真是一件很有趣的事。
Ⅰ.单句填空
1. Today, more people are coming to Beijing, the capital of China, to make 　　　　better life for themselves.
2. The driver was at 　　　　loss when word came that he was forbidden to drive for speeding.
3. In 1931,Addams became　　　　 first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.
4. I don't think the experiment is 　　　　failure. At least we have gained experience for the future.
5. 　　　　more learned a man is,　　　　more modest he usually becomes.
6. Brian is gifted in writing music;he is very likely to be 　　　　Beethoven.
7. Life is like 　　　　ocean:only 　　　　strong-willed can reach the other shore.
8. I can't tell you 　　　　way to the Wilsons' because we don't have 　　　　Wilson here in the village.
9. They chose Tom to be 　　　　captain of the team because they knew he was 　　　　smart leader.
10. She was born in 1974 and has played 　　　　piano since the age of six.
Ⅱ.单句改错
1. I still remember how hard first day was.

2. They live far from the school,and it takes them about a hour and a half to go to work every day.

3. I asked Mum to stay in the sitting room and I cooked in kitchen.

4. At the first, I thought I knew everything and could make decisions by myself.

5. My uncle says that he never dreams of becoming rich in the short period of time.

Ⅲ.语法填空
It is a common thing to forget to return a book to the library after you've borrowed it. Maybe, you'll realize it has been some 1.　　　　 (month) since you borrowed it and decide to return it. 2.　　　　 (similar), when Ron Webster borrowed a book from the library of the University of Liverpool, he too forgot to return it. When he was 30, back in 1953, he was working 3.　　　　 a research assistant in the university. It was during this time 4.　　　　 he loaned a book titled Structure and Function in Primitive Society. Shortly after he borrowed this book, he 5.　　　　 (call) to London to continue his research. Just as you might have expected, Ron Webster completely forgot the whole thing.
Ron had a 6.　　　　 (success) career and worked for Ford before retiring and leading a relaxed life. Recently when he took 7.　　　　 look at his collection of books, he discovered the old book. He contacted the officials of the University of Liverpool to ask about the 8.　　　　 (possible) of returning the book.
The librarian was 9.　　　　 (amaze) to see Ron arrive at the University of Liverpool, 10.　　　　 (try) to return a book that he borrowed 61 years ago.
Just in case you were wondering, the total fine that Ron Webster had accumulated over the years amounted to ￡6,510.
语法专题
专题1　正反解读冠词
【高考链接】
1.a　根据句意和语境可知,她只是纽约众多模特中的一个,表示泛指意义;而且model的读音是以辅音音素开头,故用不定冠词a。
2.a　for a while是一个固定结构,意为“一会儿”。
3.the　one…the other…一个……另一个……。
4.a　名词farm是第一次出现,表示泛指,故填a。
5.the　根据空格后面的形容词最高级形式可知填the。
【实战演练】
Ⅰ.单句填空
1.a　句意:现在更多的人来到中国首都北京为自己寻求一种更好的生活。设空处泛指“一种更好的生活”,故填不定冠词a。
2.a　句意:当因超速被禁驾的消息传来时,这位司机不知所措。at a loss为固定短语,意为“困惑;不知所措”。
3.the　序数词前面要加定冠词the。
4.a　抽象名词具体化。这里表示具体的一次失败,故用a。
5.The;the　句意:一个人的知识越是渊博,他通常就越谦虚。“the+比较级…, the+比较级…”意为“越……,越……”。
6.a　句意:Brian在创作音乐上极有天赋,他很有可能成为一个像贝多芬那样的人才。不定冠词用在人名前,表示“一个像……那样的人”。
7.an;the　句意:生活就像海洋,只有那些意志坚强者才能到达彼岸。此句中的ocean是可数名词且是第一次出现,故用an;第二空为“the+adj.”结构,表示一类人。
8.the;a　句意:我无法告诉你去威尔逊家怎么走,因为我们村没有叫威尔逊的。由句意可知前者是特指,后者为泛指。
9.the;a　句意:因为他们知道汤姆是一位精明的领导,所以就选他当队长。第一空用定冠词是特指这个队的队长;第二空用不定冠词表示泛指意义。
10.the　西方乐器作play的宾语时,其前要用定冠词the。
Ⅱ.单句改错
1.first前加the/my　句意:我依然记得第一天是多么艰难。句中特指开始的第一天,所以在first前加上the,也可以加上my。故在first前加the/my。
2.第一个a改为an/one　名词hour虽然是以辅音字母开头,但发音为元音,用an或one均可。
3. kitchen前加the　4. 删去the　5. the改为a
Ⅲ.语法填空
【文章大意】 本文讲述了Ron试图将61年前从图书馆借的书还回去的故事。
1.months　考查名词复数。month是一个可数名词,some修饰可数名词复数形式,所以month要变成复数形式,故填months。
2. Similarly　考查副词。上文讲到借书忘还,此处用副词进行过度,给出形容词,故填Similarly。
3. as　考查介词。work as以……的身份工作,句意:他在大学以研究助理的身份工作。前文有working,故填as。
4. that　考查强调句。强调句句型:It is/was+被强调的部分+that (who)+句子的其他部分。故填that。
5. was called　考查动词时态和语态。句意:在借了这本书不久后,他被叫回伦敦继续从事他的研究。根据句意和所给的单词可知横线上应填was called。
6. successful　考查形容词。横线后的career是一个名词,显然横线上的词是要修饰career的,所以success要变为形容词来修饰名词,故填successful。
7. a　考查冠词。take a look看一下。
8. possibility　考查名词。横线前有定冠词the,用来修饰名词,给出的单词是一个形容词,所以要将形容词变成名词,故填 possibility。
9. amazed　考查形容词。给出的单词amaze是一个动词,但是be动词was后面不能直接接动词原形,所以将动词变成形容词,符合语法规范,故填amazed。
10. trying　考查非谓语动词。此处作伴随状语,故填trying。

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