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2023年高考冲刺课程讲义9（阅读理解常见题型汇总）
词汇猜测题
提问方式：What does the underlined word “...” in paragraph .... mean/refer to
The underlined word “...” refer to/mean...
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“…”
By the underlined word“…”, the author means ...
总结：
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
并列关系：
定义或解释说明：
信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as, is, are, are called, mean, refer to, known as
练习：A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust（刺） the skin and then drink blood.
重述：
信号词: or, that is ( to say ), in other words, to put it another way, i.e., to be more exact, namely
练习：All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without, Dolphins belong to odontoceti, that is to say, they are toothed whales.
举例：
信号词：such, such as, like, for example/ instance, especially, include
练习：Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes.
同义词、近义词：
信号词: or, like , as…as, the same as…
练习：Is he intelligent or stupid
对比关系
信号词：but, however, yet, otherwise, while, though, on the one hand ...on the other hand..., for one thing...for another thing..., instead of, on the contrary, in contrast
练习：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
转折关系：
信号词：whether...or..., unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead of, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary,
练习：Unlike her gregarious sister ,Alice is a shy ,unsociable person who does not like to go parties to make new friends.
（3）因果关系
信号词: because, since, as, for, due to, so, therefore, so…that, such…that, thus, result in, thus, as a result
练习：The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.
其次考察代词指代
提问方式：What does the underlined word “this/it/them/that” refer to
The underlined part “this/it/them/that” in paragraph...refers to ... .
技巧：代词永远出现在原词之后，往前文找指代
this/it/that指代上文提到的人或事情，them指代上文提到的人
将找到的词放入文章中，看看是否通顺
练习：
In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.He left after seven months，physically broken and having lost his mind.A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book，Chasing the Sea：Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia，which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan，where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea.It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land，and of the people he meets on his way：Rustam，his translator，a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California，Oleg and Natasha，his hosts in Tashkent，and a string of foreign aid workers.
What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Developing a serious mental disease.
B.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C.Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
最后可能考察语法
（1）标点符号：破折号,冒号,分号后面的内容;引号,括号中的内容
作用：对猜测的词汇进行解释说明
练习：You may borrow from the library any periodicals: News Weekly, Reader’s Digest, The New Yorkers.
（2）定语从句,尤其是who和which引导的非限制性定语从句
作用：对先行词进行解释说明
It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing, which is almost unheard of.
What does the underlined word “which” refer to
同位语和同位语从句
标志：that后面，两个逗号之间
作用：对名词进行解释说明
Britain, a international and multicultural society, welcomes students from all over the world come here to further their education.
What does the underlined word “multicultural society” refer to
主旨大意题
题型：文章大意题
提问方式：
The main idea of the passage is …
The passage is mainly about …
What is the passage mainly about
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
如何寻找主题句：
特点：概括性
Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.
主题句在文首：开头主题+论证性细节。
文体：应用文 书信 说明文 科技文献 新闻报道
（2）Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working withher hands, and his hobby is gardening.
主题句在文中：例子/问题（铺垫）—主题提出—进一步解释说明
文体：说明文 科技文献 研究报告
提示词归纳：转折关系的词---- 后：but, yet, however, in fact,actually, indeed,...
总结性，结论性的词 ---- 后：in brief，in short, after all, all in all, to sum up, in conclusion, in a word, so, therefore
表研究成果的词---- 内容: show, indicate, suggest, according to...
举例子的词----前: for example, for instance, take ... as an example, ...
（3）When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.
主题句在文末：事实依据—层层推理—得出结论（主题）
文体：广告类 哲理性故事
Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer，cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it
主题句在首尾：主题—进一步引申—主题
Everyone can experience anger sometimes. But not everyone can control it properly. To some people, controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do. Control these by talking to yourself in your own mind, when you experience unwanted feeling. By talking it over in your own head you can work out how you will best deal with the situation.
Anger control can also be achieved by communicating with others with honesty. You can effectively train yourself to respond to situations without getting annoyed about things. It is important to remember it is possible for everyone to get angry and therefore, controlling it is the real challenge.
高频词：围绕某个主题展开的---反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词
反复强调的是重点，重点是考点
文体：议论文
技巧：（1）段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句。
（2）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
（3）作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
（4）表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词语。
练习：
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
What is the main idea of the text
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
题型：标题题
提问方式：
The best title for the passage might be …
Which of the following is the best title for this passage
方法：反向推断法（撇开原文，将选项中的标题，自己构思看看能写出什么文章，是否符合原文作者方式）
练习：
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent.I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either.And I have never known an average man who had both.The two belong together.
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition.Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why？”
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned.We are born with them and need only recapture them.
“The great man，” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it.We stop asking questions.We stop challenging custom.We just follow the crowd.And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average.It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation.But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance.We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
How should you start Modestly, so as not to become discouraged.I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself.She was curious about how the experts did it.Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses.You haven't any special ability Most people don't; there are only a few geniuses.You haven't any time That's good, because it's always the people with no time who get things done.Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking.You're too old Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
What could be the best title for the passage
A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B．Reflections on Human Nature
C．The Keys to Achievement
D．Never Too Late to Learn
题型：写作意图题
提问方式：The passage is meant to …
The purpose of this article is to …
The author intends to...
方法：
文体推断法：
记叙文 ---- tell a story or lessen;entertain readers; share an experience;show sth
说明文、新闻 ---- inform; introduce
议论文 ---- argue; persuade;
应用文 ---- provide some information or advice
广告 ---- advertise; attract readers
练习：
I grew up in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. When the holiday decorations went up, there were houses on my block with trees lit up for Christmas in front yards and behind living room windows. I was born in a Jewish family. Even though I received eight presents for Hanukkah (an eight day Jewish holiday in November or December), it just wasn't fair. My friends had beautiful trees with lights and presents brought by a man in a red suit. I didn't have a tree, and I lived in an apartment building, so I had no chimney (烟囱)．
That year, some neighbors bought a Christmas tree, but it was too tall for their living room. They cut off the top and, knowing I wanted to celebrate Christmas, gave the top to my family. After my parents fell asleep, I opened a window in our apartment. I imagined Santa could park his sleigh (雪橇) on our fire escape. When I woke up the next morning, the window was closed and Santa had delivered a present. I can't even remember what it was, but my memory of the morning lasts.
My relationship with Santa took a break until my daughter, Amanda, was born in 1992. My wife and I saw no reason to deprive (剥夺) her of meeting Santa. In 1998, a friend of mine portrayed (扮演) Santa at the South Street Seaport in Manhattan. He told me to stop by with my wife and daughter, and asked for their names in advance so he could greet them. When he saw us at the seaport, he greeted us by our names. My daughter's mouth opened wide and she pulled back. Maybe she was too young to appreciate this. But other families waiting to see him seemed delighted by his appearance and the gifts he brought.
My two children are now grown up and do not visit Santa, and we do not have a Christmas tree, yet our family still enjoys the holiday. On Christmas Eve, in the spirit of the night, we leave a plate of my favorite cookies on the kitchen table in hopes Santa will leave a present.
What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To bring back his Christmas memories.
B．To show his great love of holidays.
C．To share his family traditions.
D．To introduce Jewish customs.
三、推理判断题
提问方式：It can be inferred from the text that...
From the text we know that...is most likely...
When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is...
The writer suggests that...
The story implies/indicates that ...
We can infer /conclude from the passage that ....
总结：
方法：（1）立足原文，只推一步
绝对选项一般错误，常见绝对化词：only, never, all, absolutely
相对保守词：often, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably
原文内容重复不选
干扰选项特征：（1）过度推断：原文“路见不平”，选项“路见不平，拔刀相助”
（2）以偏概全
（3）事实复述
练习：Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A．It is a short-sighted decision.
B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers.
D．It upsets customers.

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