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2023年高考冲刺英语专题讲义9
阅读理解题型汇总
授课：希希
01
词汇猜测题
提问方式：
What does the underlined word “...” in paragraph ... mean/refer to...
The underlined word “...” refer to/mean...
Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word“…”
By the underlined word“…”, the author means ...
总结：题干中出现underlined时候，一般为词汇猜测题
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（1）并列关系：
定义或解释说明：
信号词：be, be called, means, be defined as, is, are, are called, mean, refer to, known as
练习：A mosquito is a small flying pest that thrust（刺） the skin and then drink blood.
蚊子
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（1）并列关系：
重述：
信号词: or, that is ( to say ), in other words, to put it another way, i.e., to be more exact, namely
练习：All whales fall into two groups, those with teeth and those without, Dolphins belong to odontoceti, that is to say, they are toothed whales.
装置
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（1）并列关系：
举例：
信号词：such, such as, like, for example/ instance, especially, include
练习：Cars must have certain safety devices such as seat belt, headlights, and good brakes.
装置
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（1）并列关系：
同义词、近义词：
信号词: or, like , as…as, the same as…
练习：Is he intelligent or stupid
聪明的
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（2）对比关系
信号词：but, however, yet, otherwise, while, though, on the one hand ...on the other hand..., for one thing...for another thing..., instead of, on the contrary, in contrast
练习：Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby.
污秽的
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（2）转折关系：
信号词：whether...or..., unlike, but, yet, however, while, although, nevertheless, instead of, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary,
练习：Unlike her gregarious sister ,Alice is a shy ,unsociable person who does not like to go parties to make new friends.
交际的
考察方式：主要考察逻辑关系
（3）因果关系
信号词: because, since, as, for, due to, so, therefore, so…that, such…that, thus, result in, thus, as a result
练习：The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow.
混浊的
其次考察代词指代
提问方式：What does the underlined word “this/it/them/that” refer to...
The underlined part “this/it/them/that” in paragraph...refers to ... .
技巧：代词永远出现在原词之后，往前文找指代
this/it/that指代上文提到的人或事情，them指代上文提到的人
将找到的词放入文章中，看看是否通顺
In the mid-1990s，Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months，physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later，still attracted to the country，he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit，however，ended up involving a lot more than that.
What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to
A.Developing a serious mental disease. B.Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C.Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. D.Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
D
最后可能考察语法
（1）标点符号：
破折号,冒号,分号后面的内容;引号,括号中的内容
作用：对猜测的词汇进行解释说明
练习：You may borrow from the library any periodicals: News Weekly, Reader’s Digest, The New Yorkers.
期刊
最后可能考察语法
（2）定语从句,尤其是who和which引导的非限制性定语从句
作用：对先行词进行解释说明
It actually scored a perfect 10 in our lab testing, which is almost unheard of.
What does the underlined word “which” refer to
a perfect 10 in our lab testing
最后可能考察语法
（3）同位语和同位语从句
标志：that后面，两个逗号之间
作用：对名词进行解释说明
Britain, a international and multicultural society, welcomes students from all over the world come here to further their education.
What does the underlined word “multicultural society” refer to
Britain
02
主旨大意题
题型：文章大意题
提问方式：
The main idea of the passage is …
The passage is mainly about …
What is the passage mainly about
Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage
总结：题干中出现main idea时候，一般为主旨大意题
如何寻找主题句：
特点：概括性
（1）Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.
主题句在文首：开头主题+论证性细节。
文体：应用文 书信 说明文 科技文献 新闻报道
如何寻找主题句：
特点：概括性
（2）Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working withher hands, and his hobby is gardening.
主题句在文中：例子/问题（铺垫）—主题提出—进一步解释说明
文体：说明文 科技文献 研究报告
提示词归纳：
转折关系的词---- 后：but, yet, however, in fact,actually, indeed,...
总结性，结论性的词 ---- 后：in brief，in short, after all, all in all, to sum up, in conclusion, in a word, so, therefore
表研究成果的词---- 内容: show, indicate, suggest, according to...
举例子的词----前: for example, for instance, take ... as an example, ...
如何寻找主题句：
特点：概括性
（3）When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.
主题句在文末：事实依据—层层推理—得出结论（主题）
文体：广告类 哲理性故事
总结：如何寻找主题句：
常考三种结构：
（1）总——分：
主题句在段首
（2）分——总：
主题句在段尾
（3）分——总——分：
主题句在中间
如何寻找主题句：
特点：概括性
（4）Smoking cigarettes is harmful to your health. Experiments show that cigarette smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious and terrible disease(illness), cancer, cigarette smoking also can cause other health problems. For example, it can give one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for cigarette smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or terrible killer，cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it
主题句在首尾：主题—进一步引申—主题
（5）Everyone can experience anger sometimes. But not everyone can control it properly. To some people, controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do. Control these by talking to yourself in your own mind, when you experience unwanted feeling. By talking it over in your own head you can work out how you will best deal with the situation.
Anger control can also be achieved by communicating with others with honesty. You can effectively train yourself to respond to situations without getting
annoyed about things. It is important to remember it is possible for everyone to get angry and therefore, controlling it is the real challenge.
高频词：
围绕某个主题展开的---反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词
反复强调的是重点，重点是考点
文体：议论文
技巧：（1）段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however, but, in fact, actually等)时，转折词后的句子很可能是主题句。
（2）首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。
（3）作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。
（4）表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词语。
Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.
第一段：在狩猎的时代，语言的种类很多。
Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.
第二段：随着人类的定居和社会的发展，语言的种类变得越来越少了。
At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.
第三段：目前，全球大约有6800种语言，其分布极其不均匀。
Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.
第四段：一些语言使用得很少，正面面临消亡威胁。
第一段：在狩猎的时代，语言的种类很多。
第二段：随着人类的定居和社会的发展，语言的种类变得越来越少了。
第三段：目前，全球大约有6800种语言，其分布极其不均匀。
第四段：一些语言使用得很少，正面面临消亡威胁。
What is the main idea of the text
A．New languages will be created.
B．People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.
C．Human development results in fewer languages.
D．Geography determines language evolution.
C
题型：标题题
提问方式：
The best title for the passage might be …
Which of the following is the best title for this passage
总结：题干中出现best title时候，一般为标题题
方法：反向推断法（撇开原文，将选项中的标题，自己构思看看能写出什么文章，是否符合原文作者方式）
What could be the best title for the passage
A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B．Reflections on Human Nature
C．The Keys to Achievement
D．Never Too Late to Learn
讲好奇心和不满足之间关系、原因
讲人性的好与坏
讲成功的途径和关键因素
讲如何坚持学习
After years of observing human nature, I have decided that two qualities make the difference between men of great achievement and men of average performance: curiosity and discontent.I have never known an outstanding man who lacked either.And I have never known an average man who had both.The two belong together.
第一段：两大因素会影响人类的成功与表现：好奇心与不满足。
Together, these deep human urges (驱策力) count for much more than ambition.Galileo was not merely ambitious when he dropped objects of varying weights from the Leaning Tower at Pisa and timed their fall to the ground.Like Galileo, all the great names in history were curious and asked in discontent, “Why Why Why？”
第二段：人类深层的驱策力比雄心壮志更加重要。
Fortunately, curiosity and discontent don't have to be learned.We are born with them and need only recapture them.
第三段：好奇心和不满足感与身俱来。
“The great man，” said Mencius (孟子), “is he who does not lose his child's heart.” Yet most of us do lose it.We stop asking questions.We stop challenging custom.We just follow the crowd.And the crowd desires only the calm and restful average.It encourages us to occupy our own little corner, to avoid foolish leaps into the dark, to be satisfied.
第四段：伟人并无失去童心。
Most of us meet new people, and new ideas, with hesitation.But once having met and liked them, we think how terrible it would have been, had we missed the chance.We will probably have to force ourselves to waken our curiosity and discontent and keep them awake.
第五段：我们需要强迫自己激发好奇心和不满足感来让他们清醒。
How should you start Modestly, so as not to become discouraged.I think of one friend who couldn't arrange flowers to satisfy herself.She was curious about how the experts did it.Now she is one of the experts, writing books on flower arrangement.
第六段：谦虚是一种方式。
One way to begin is to answer your own excuses.You haven't any special ability Most people don't; there are only a few geniuses.You haven't any time That's good, because it's always the people with no time who get things done.Harriet Stowe, mother of six, wrote parts of Uncle Tom's Cabin while cooking.You're too old Remember that Thomas Costain was 57 when he published his first novel, and that Grandma Moses showed her first pictures when she was 78.
第七段：回答自己借口是开始的其中一种方式。
However you start, remember there is no better time to start than right now, for you'll never be more alive than you are at this moment.
第八段：没有什么比现在开始更好。
第一段：两大因素会影响人类的成功与表现：好奇心与不满足。
第二段：人类深层的驱策力比雄心壮志更加重要。
第三段：好奇心和不满足感与身俱来。
第四段：伟人并无失去童心。
第五段：我们需要强迫自己激发好奇心和不满足感来让他们清醒。
第六段：谦虚是一种方式。
第七段：回答自己借口是开始的其中一种方式。
第八段：没有什么比现在开始更好。
What could be the best title for the passage
A．Curious Minds Never Feel Contented
B．Reflections on Human Nature
C．The Keys to Achievement
D．Never Too Late to Learn
C
题型：写作意图题
提问方式：The passage is meant to …
The purpose of this article is to …
The author intends to...
总结：题干中出现be to时候，一般为写作意图题
选项特征：一般为动词短语
方法：
文体推断法：
记叙文 ---- tell a story or lessen;entertain readers; share an experience;show sth
说明文、新闻 ---- inform; introduce
议论文 ---- argue; persuade;
应用文 ---- provide some information or advice
广告 ---- advertise; attract readers
What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A．To bring back his Christmas memories.
B．To show his great love of holidays.
C．To share his family traditions.
D．To introduce Jewish customs.
记叙文tell a story or lessen;entertain readers; share an experience;show sth
前两段作者叙述了自己对圣诞节的回忆
第三段介绍了女儿及家人对圣诞节的回忆。
A
03
推理判断题
提问方式：It can be inferred from the text that...
From the text we know that...is most likely...
When the writer talks about …, what the writer really means is...
The writer suggests that...
The story implies/indicates that ...
We can infer /conclude from the passage that ....
总结：题干中出现infer（推断）、indicate（象征，暗示）、imply（暗示）、suggest（表明）、conclude（得出结论）、assume（假定，设想） 时候，一般为推理判断题
方法：（1）立足原文，只推一步
（2）绝对选项一般错误，常见绝对化词：only, never, all, absolutely
（选项特征）相对保守词：often, sometimes, some, may, might, can, could, possibly, probably
（3）原文内容重复不选
干扰选项特征：
（1）过度推断：原文“路见不平”，选项“路见不平，拔刀相助”
（2）以偏概全
（3）事实复述
练习：Today's figures, according to one government official, show the positive influence the sugar tax is having by raising millions of pounds for sports facilities (设施) and healthier eating in schools. Helping the next generation to have a healthy and active childhood is of great importance, and the industry is playing its part.
What can be inferred about the adoption of the sugar tax policy
A．It is a short-sighted decision.
B．It is a success story.
C．It benefits manufacturers.
D．It upsets customers.
B
谢谢大家！

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