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阅读理解细节题之定位
提高定位速度的2大技巧
细节理解题和推理判断题占了阅读理解的三分之二以上。而解答细节理解题和推理判断题关键是第一步：定位！因为阅读理解中重要的原则之一就是忠于原文。忠于原文指的是每题题干都需要回原文定位，找到相应的对应信息才能解题。很多考生解题时只是粗略地看一遍文章，甚至一口气读4道题干，以为自己如有神功，能全部记住。不分析题干内容就去匆忙读原文，这些学生被称为“印象派”。他们解题的错误率极高，究其原因就是题干回原文定位不准。在没有搞懂题干内容的情况下不对应原文，全凭印象和主观猜测解题，效果可想而知。信息定位有以下两个常用技巧：
一　利用题文一致原则定位
从近几年的全国卷高考试题来看，题目答案信息处的顺序和文章行文顺序基本一致，利用题文一致原则，有助于迅速定位原文。
【命题规律】　以全国卷Ⅰ 4篇阅读理解为例
篇章 第1题 第2题 第3题 第4题
A 第5段 第8段 第10段
B 第1段 第2段 第5段 全文
C 第1和2段 第2段 第4段 全文
D 第1段 第2段 第4段 全文
二　利用定位词定位
1.定位词的选用
(1)特殊定位词
在很多题目当中会出现人名、地名、数字、年份和大写字母缩写这五类特殊词。因为它们的特点是在一篇多数是英文小写字母的文章里非常的醒目，所以很快就能够做到精确定位。
[示例1]
HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordon’s students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think they’re close to a solution(解决方案).“We don’t give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，” says Florence Gold，a project manager.
33.What is the purpose of the HUNCH program
A.To strengthen teacher-student relationships.
B.To sharpen students’ communication skills.
C.To allow students to experience zero gravity.
D.To link space technology with school education.
分析：选D。本题可以根据特殊定位词HUNCH可以定位到本段的第一句“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.”可知，HUNCH项目的目的是把学校教育与航天技术联系在一起，故答案为D。
(2)普通定位词
普通定位词与特殊定位词相比，出现的几率更高。当我们看到题中没有特殊定位词的情况下，要思考的就是在这道似乎没有啥重点的词语中挑选出最能帮助我们快速找到定位的词语。可以当做定位词的首选是名词，其次是动词。
[示例2]
In Save Money：Good Food，she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste，while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day.And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s learnt into practice in her own home，preparing meals for sons，Sam，14，Finn，13，and Jack，11.
25.How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna
A.He buys cooking materials for her.
B.He prepares food for her kids.
C.He assists her in cooking matters.
D.He invites guest families for her.
分析：选C。　由于比较醒目人名Matt Tebbutt和 Susanna在文中出现多次，所以不能作为定位词。本题可以利用题干中的动词help来定位，从而找到原文信息“with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste”。
2.挑选定位词的注意点
(1)文章中的高频词不能作为定位词
定位词的最大优势就是可以缩小阅读范围，如果我们定位了一个在文章中处处可能出现的词语，那就失去了定位的意义。
(2)定位词和文中词有可能是词义转换
在实际做题过程中还要注意，不是所有的题目都可以用定位词来定位的。而且如果是遇到细节信息定位题，很多时候定位词的作用被削弱了，因为题目中的词和文中的词会以同义词替换的形式出现。所以建议考生一方面要掌握如何去找定位词，另外一方面要提高自己的阅读词汇量，尤其是同义词转换，这样才能一击必中，快速找到答案出现的地方解决问题。
[示例1]
Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
Duration：3 hours
This small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see the world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington，D.C.Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom.Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear!
21.Which tour do you need to book in advance
A.Cherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
B.Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.
C.Capital City Bike Tour in Washington，D.C.
D.Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.
分析：选A。本题可以用同义词定位：book in advance ＝reserve“预约”。根据第一条自行车旅行路线中的“Reserve your spot before availability—and the cherry blossoms—disappear！”可知，选择这条自行车旅行路线需要提前预订。
课后练习（一）
When was the last time you told someone they inspire you to go to work each morning
Teachers at Oak Park High School in Kansas City,Missouri,did just that this September,when they pulled individual students out of class to tell them just how much they appreciated them.
The students’ reactions,which were captured(捕捉) on video and shared on YouTube ranged from shy thanks to hugs and tears.
“I have been challenged to find a student who makes me want to come to school every day,” says one teacher in the video,“and that’s you.”
Jamie McSparin,a teacher in charge of the school’s academy program for at-risk sophomores(二年级学生) and juniors,posed the challenge,writes ABC News.
“Initially when we pulled the kids out,they all thought they were in trouble,” McSparin told ABC News.“Any teacher-student interaction(互动) always seems to be negative,and that was something that bothered me,too.No matter if they’re a good kid or a trouble maker or anything,they always thought they were in trouble,” she says.
McSparin says she got the idea for the project after attending a professional development workshop this summer called “the power of positivity”.
“I like the idea of letting students know they are appreciated,because we do appreciate them.I just don’t think we say it enough,” she told local news.
It’s safe to say the challenge was effective.
“I feel special,” said one of the boys in the video.“You should,” said his teacher.“You are special.”
1.What does the underlined word “posed” in Paragraph 5 mean
A.Presented. B.Rejected. C.Ignored. D.Evaluated.
2.How did the students probably feel when pulled out of the classroom at first
A.Nervous. B.Thrilled. C.Curious. D.Encouraged.
3.What inspired McSparin to challenge the project
A.The trouble caused by students.
B.The need of shooting the video.
C.A seminar named “the power of positivity”.
D.A program related to students’ interactions.
4.What message does this text mainly convey
A.Challenge is unavoidable in life.
B.Everyone needs to be appreciated.
C.Positivity outweighs negativity.
D.News media contribute to students’ progress.
参考答案：AACB
课后练习（二）
The flowers are blooming and the birds are singing as Melinda sits in the rose garden of the nursing home.She is recalling old times as she waits for her family’s arrival.The nursing home has been Melinda’s new settlement ever since Thomas passed away a week ago.Thomas had fought a long and hard battle against lung cancer for three years.Unfortunately,he has broken the promise that he and Melinda had made:to be with each other for every birthday.Melinda knew this was unrealistic but agreed to the promise for Thomas’s sake.
“Thomas,you are completely a dreamer.” Melinda shouted to Thomas as he dragged on about living on an island with his beautiful wife.That’s what she loved about him most—he had a vivid imagination.They got married at age eighteen and began having children right away.Mary came within the year,followed by Thomas Benjamin Ⅱ,Lilly-Ann,and Joseph “Little Joey” George.The family lived an exultant life filled with laughter and love.
“Mom!” Lilly shouted,but it really sounded like a howl.Melinda had lost herself in thinking about the life she had shared with her late husband.Lilly pushed her down the long dark halls of the nursing home until they arrived at the recreational room.
When the doors opened,Melinda put her hand over her mouth and was completely speechless.The room was crowded with the people nearest and dearest to her and the warmth and love was felt instantly.The night went on;stories and cocktails were shared and everything was perfect.
However,when Melinda caught a moment to herself she looked around at her family.With a smile on her face,she raised her Manhattan and called out for a toast.“This one is for you,Thomas,though you are not here.”
1.Why did Thomas break his promise
A.He was busy with his work.
B.He died of lung cancer.
C.He had to serve in the army.
D.He stopped loving Melinda.
2.Which of the following best explains “exultant” underlined in Paragraph 2
A.Peaceful. B.Simple. C.Stressful. D.Happy.
3.What can we infer from the last paragraph
A.Melinda’s children forgot their father.
B.Melinda was tired of noise.
C.Melinda missed her husband badly.
D.Melinda liked to drink alcohol.
4.What can be a suitable title for the text
A.A Particular Birthday
B.A Woman at a Nursing Home
C.Memories of Old Days
D.A Big Surprise for Melinda
参考答案：BDCA

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