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七年级英语语法归纳总结附练习题
Step 1 词类，句子成分，构词法介绍
1、词类
英语词类分十种：名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
（1）名词（n.）：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy，morning，bag，ball，class，
（2）代词（pron.）：主要用来代替名词。如：who，she，you，it .
（3）形容词（adj.）：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good，right，white，orange .
（4）数词（num.）：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one，two，three，first，second，third，fourth.
（5）动词（v.）：表示动作或状态。如：am，is，are，have，see .
（6）副词（adv.）：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now，very，here，often
（7）冠词（art.）：用在名词前，帮助说明名词。如：a，an，the.
（8）介词（prep.）：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in，on，from，above，.
（9）连词（conj.）：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and，but，before .
（10）感叹词（interj.）：表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh，well，hi，hello.
2、句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
（1）主语是句子所要说的人或事物，回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。
如：I’m Miss Green.
（2）谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态，回答“做（什么）”。主要由动词担任。
如：Jack cleans the room.
（3）表语在系动词之后，说明主语的身份或特征，回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping。
（4）宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果，回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。
如：He can spell the word.
有些及物动词带有两个宾语，一个指物，一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语，指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter..
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语，放在直接宾语后面，来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me .
（5）定语修饰名词或代词，通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .
（6）状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词，通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .
（7）宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么，通常由形容词或动词充当。
如：They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons.
同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面，进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom
3、构词法
英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。
（1）合成法：如：spaceship，headache，basketball，playground等等。
（2）派生法：
1）派生名词：①动词＋er/or ②动词＋ing ③动词＋（t）ion ④形容词＋ness ⑤其他，
如：inventor，learner，swimming，congratulation，kindness，carelessness，knowledge
2）派生形容词：①名词＋y ②名词＋ful ③动词＋ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous
⑥Chinese;Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名＋（i）an
如：snowy，sunny，hopeful，beautiful，interesting，follwing，daily（每日的），nervous，delicious
3）派生副词：①形容词＋ly ②其它，
如：slowly，angrily，full→fully，good→well，possible→possibly等等。
（3）转换法：
1．动词转换为名词的常见方式
1)“动词+ion”
例如：pollute→pollution, invent→invention, discuss→ discussion
2)“动词去e+ ation”
例如：invite→invitation，organize→organization
3）“动词+er”
例如: work→worker, teach→teacher, write→writer, speak→speaker, run→runner, win→winner
4)“动词+ or"
例如：invent→inventor, act→actor
5)“动词+ing"
例如：build→building, begin→beginning, paint→painting
6)“动词十ment"
例如：develop→development, amuse→amusement
2．动词转换为形容词的常见方式
1)“动词+ive"
例如：act→active, attract→attractive
2)“动词+ able"
例如：change→changeable, enjoy→enjoyable
3)“动词+ing"
例如：excite→exciting, follow→following
4)“动词+ ed"
例如：frighten→frightened, bore→bored
5)“动词+ ful"．
例如：forget→forgetful
3．名词转换为形容词的常见方式
1)“名词+ ful"
例如：care→careful, use→useful, power→powerful
2)”名词+ less"
例如：care→careless, home→homeless
3)“名词+ly"
例如：friend→friendly, love→lovely
4)“名词+y"
例如：sun→sunny, wind→windy, health→healthy, noise→noisy, luck→lucky, snow→snowy
5)“名词+ing"
例如：interest→interesting
6)“名词+n"
例如：America→American, Australia→Australian
7)“名词+ ern"
例如：south→southern, north→northern
8)“名词+ ous"
例如：danger→dangerous
9)“名词+ en"
例如：wood→wooden, gold→golden
10)“名词+al"
例如：nation→national, education→educational
4．形容词转换为名词的常见方式
1)“形容词+y"
例如：difficult→difficulty, honest→honesty
2)“形容词词尾t改成ce"
例如：different→difference, important→importance
3)“形容词+ ness"
例如：ill→illness, kind→kindness
4)“形容词+ dom"
例如：free→freedom, wise→wisdom
考生答题时可遵循下列步骤：(1)明确所给词的词性；(2)弄清所给句子的句意；(3)确定空处所填词的词性；(4)确定所给词的形式变化；(5)注意词汇知识及习惯用法；(6)注意句子是否通顺。
练一练
1. All the students in Shanghai should help fight____________to protect the environment. (pollute)
Now the good method is____________used in the experiments. (wide)
The old man was____________ to the policeman who found the lost car for him. (thank)
4. For the____________time he became worried about the future because of the globalfinancial crisis (金融危机). (one)
Help____________to some more shrimps, children. (you)
Qingming Festival is an important Chinese festival to remember people's____________relatives. (die)
7. Professor Brown can still tell quite a few funny____________, although he is already in his eighties. (story)
8. Bolt____________ in winning the gold medal in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. (success)
第二组
As a fashion model, she is always on a diet to control her____________. (weigh)
Could you show____________how to control the new machine (he)
3. Mike bought me a new English dictionary as a present on my____________birthday. (nine)
Many people lost their____________in the earthquake in Sichuan Province. (life)
Our new flat is going to be decorated with____________furniture. (tradition)
6. We can____________our reading ability through reading a page of English every
day.(development)
7. Jane always tells us the same things whenever she meets us. She is really____________. (bore)
8. It rained so____________that we had to stop playing basketball on the playground. (heavy)
第三组
Mary bought three____________in the supermarket. (brush)
2. The old couple had an____________weekend when their four children came to see them.(enjoy).
This is the____________time for him to go there alone. (three) .
A car accident happened this morning. ____________, none was hurt. (fortunate)
5. Edison was a great ____________though he stayed at school for only a little time.(invent)
We are going out to____________my sister's return. (celebration)
The twin can do a lot of housework by____________. (they)
The boy's face turned still____________after the headmaster praised him. (red)
答案；
第一组
Key: 1. pollution 2. widely 3. thankful 4. first 5. yourselves
6. dead 7. stories 8. succeeded
第二组
Key: 1. weight 2. him 3. ninth 4. lives 5. traditional
6. develop 7. boring 8. heavily
第三组
Key: 1. brushes 2. enjoyable 3. third 4. Fortunately 5. inventor
6. celebrate 7. themselves 8. redder
Step 2 代词详解
考点归纳
1．人称、物主、反身、疑问代词的数、格、性
　 人称代词 物主代词 反身代词
主格 宾格 形容词性 名词性
单数 第一人称 I me my mine myself
第二人称 you you your yours yourself
第三人称 阳性 he him his his himself
阴性 she her her hers herself
中性 it it its 　 itself
复数 第一人称 　 we us our ours ourselves
第二人称 　 you you your yours yourselves
第三人称 　 they them their theirs themselves
疑问代词 who / who(m)/ 　
what what whose/which whose/which
2．人称代词单、复数出现顺序
人称代词单数并列出现的顺序为：you，he/she (him／her) and I(me)；复数顺序为：we (us),you and they(them).
3．反身代词的用法
self (selves)--反身代词，表示“自己、亲自”的意思。需要注意的是反身代词不能单独作主语，但可以放在人称代词后面，作同位语。如：Mary herself said so．玛丽她自己这么说的。（不能说Herself said so。）
4．指示代词的用法
在一些特定的情景中，如敲门问是谁或是婴儿、小孩或不知性别的人时用it；电话用语中this指自己，that则代表对方。this，these往往指时间或空间较近的人或物；that，those可指时间或空间较远的人或物，并常常用来代替已提到过的名词，以避免重复，that指单数或不可数名词，而those则指复数。如：
The life in the country is more peaceful than that in the city.
The cars from China is cheaper than those from Germany.
5．it和one的用法
it和one都可替代上文出现过的名词，但it指同一事物，而one则代表同一类事物中的一个，并不是同一个。
6. some和any的用法
一般情况下，some用于肯定句，否定句、疑问句和条件句中用any。但some有时也用于疑问句，表示说话者的肯定语气。如：
Would you like some coffee （要来点咖啡吗？）
这样的肯定疑问句中，说话人认为对方的答案会是肯定的，或期望得到肯定回答时，用some而不用any。any有时也可用于肯定句中，表示“任何一个，任何一些”。not (…)any= no。
7．few和a few的用法
few和a few用来代替和修饰可数名词；little，a little用来代替和修饰不可数名词；a few和a little着重肯定意思，相当于汉语“有几个”、“有一点儿”；few和little着重否定意思，相当于汉语“没有几个”、“没有多少”。
not a little=quite a little=much, not a few=quite a few=many
only/just a little相当于little; only/just a few相当于few。
8．all，every，each的用法
从强调重点上看，all强调考虑总体；every强调考虑总体中的所有成员（与all很接近）；each则强调逐个逐个地考虑总体。从用法上看：all和each既可单独使用，也可后接名词，还可后接of短语；而every后必须接名词，既不能单独使用也不能后接of短语。从含义上看，each指两者或两者以上的“每个”；every指三者或三者以上“每个”，因此指两者时只能用each。
9．both, either, neither的用法
both意为“两者全都”，与复数连用；either意为“两者中间的任何一个”；neither表示“两者之间一个也不是”，与单数连用。如:
Both of them come from London．他们两人都来自伦敦。
You may take either with you．两个中间你随便带哪个都行。
Neither is correct．两个都不对。
10．no one，nobody，none的用法
no one与nobody的用法相似，均只用于指人不用于指物，且其后不能接of短语，用作主语时谓语用单数；而none既可用于指人也可用于指物，其后通常接of短语，用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指复数名词，则谓语可用单数（较正式），也可用复数（用于非正式文体）。如:
No one (Nobody) has found it．没有人发现了它。
None of this wood can be used．这木头一点儿都不能用了。
None of the books is (are) worth reading．没有一本书值得读。
11．other, the other, another, others的用法
固定搭配，两个范围内：one…，the other…一个，另一个；Some…，others… 一些，另一些。指单数时，若泛指用another，若特指用the other；指复数时，若泛指用other（后接复数名词）或others（其后不接名词），若特指用the other（后接复数名词）或the others（其后不接名词）。如，
Show me another．另外拿一个给我看。
Show me some others．再拿一些给我看。
We should think of others．我们应该多为别人着想。
Where are the other students 其他同学在哪里？
注：another后一般加单数可数名词，但若其后的名词有数词或few修饰，则也可接复数名词。如：
I've got another ten minutes．我还有10分钟。
12．复合不定代词的用法
复合不定代词主要包括something, somebody, someone, anything，anybody，anyone, nothing, nobody, everything, everybody, everyone等。它们在句中可作主语、宾语或表语，但不能作定语。其中something, someone等和anything, anyone等的区别与some和any的区别一样，前者一般用于肯定句，后者一般用于否定句、疑问句或条件句。使用时应请注意以下几点：
(1) 被定语修饰时，定语应置于其后。如，
Tell me something interesting．给我讲点有趣的事。
There was nobody excited．没有一个人很兴奋。
(2) 指人的复合不定代词若用作主语，其谓语动词一般用单数，相应的人称代词和物主代词也用单数he, him, his（不一定指男性）。但在非正式文体中常用复数代词they，them，their。如：
If anybody (anyone) comes, ask him (them) to wait．要是有人来，让他（们）等着。
(3) anyone, everyone等只能指人，不能指物，且其后一般不接of短语。若是指物或后接of短语，可用any one，every one（即分开写）。
13．疑问代词的用法
疑问代词，即who, whom, whose, which, what等用于引出特殊疑问句的代词。它们在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等。疑问代词作主语时，动词的数要根据疑问代词所代表的数来决定。如果数的概念不清，动词多用单数形式。如：
Which are our seats 哪些是我们的座位？
What are you worrying about 你在为什么事烦恼？
考题精讲
【例 1】 Do you usually want to have__________ try when you fail to do something
A. one B. other C. the other D. another
【解析】another=an+
other，既可作形容词，也可作代词，只能用于三个或更多的人或物，泛指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个”，只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。本题中要表达的是再试一次，因此正确答案为D。
【例2】Alice didn't watch TV last night, her brother didn't watch TV，_________.
A. also B. too C. either D. neither
【解析】either用作代词时，意为“两者中的任何一个”，在句中可做主语和宾语。either在句中用作主语时，谓语动词应为单数形式。either用作形容词时，意为“两者中任何一个的”、“两边中任何一边的”，作前置定语用。either用作副词时，意为“也……”，只用于否定句中。而also和too都用于肯定句中表示“也”。因此正确答案为C。
【例3】I knocked on the door several times but _________ answered, so I left.
A. somebody B. nobody C. anybody D. everybody
【解析】本题考查不定代词的用法。somebody表示某人；anybody在肯定句中表示任何人；everybody表示每个人或所有的人。而本题正确的题意是没有人应答，因此答案为B。
【例4】_________Tom_________ Mary is busy at the moment. You'd better play with others.
A. Both; and B. Not only; but also
C. Neither; nor D. Either; or
【解析】四个短语中B、C、D三个都有就近原则，只有A是可以从谓语动词的第三人称单数直接排除的。D也较容易从意思上排除，而B和C则要分析后一句话的意思，且理清前后关系后才能确定B是正确答案。
考点精练
1. Could Nancy solve that difficult maths problem by __________
A. she B. her C. hers D. herself
2. I don't think _________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.
A. this B. that C. its D. it
3. Linda is a new comer here, but she gets on well with_________.
A. we B. our C. us D. ours
4. He is very lazy. He doesn't do_________ housework at home.
A. some B. any C. a few D. many
5. We've got two bicycles. One is for my parents, _________ is for me.
A. other B. the other C. another D. others
6. -- I like playing football best. It's my favourite outdoor activity. –_________.
A. So am I B. Neither am I C. So do I D. Neither do I
7. -- Who knocked at the door
-- I’ve no idea. I just pretended nobody was at home, so I didn't ask who_________ was.
A. he B. that C. she D. it
8. In 1850, about a third of the USA__________ covered by forest.
A. were B. has been C. was D. have been
9. This kind of flower __________sweet.
A. smells B. smell C. is smelling D. are smelling
10.In the past, __________ of the buses was air-conditioned.
A. neither B. all C. none D. either
11.When I'm unhappy, I will look for ___________to do.
A. something interesting B. interesting something
C. interesting nothing D. anything interesting
12.— When shall we go to the History Museum, this Saturday or Sunday
—_________is OK. I'm free these days.
A. Both B. All C. Either D. Neither
13.— Which do you prefer, black coffee or milk tea
—_________. I'd like some hot milk.
A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. None
14.After school, some students like to play video games, while___________ like playing football
on the playground.
A. other B. rest C. others D. the others
15. My sister Mary swims faster than___________ student in her class.
A. any B. any of C. any one D. any other
答案：1-5 DDCBB 6-10 CDCAC 11-15 ACCCD
Step 3 感叹句学习
一、什么叫感叹句
感叹句是表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情的句子。感叹句句末通常用感叹号，读时一般用降调。
二、感叹句的基本句型
【句型一】What / + (a / an) + 形容词 + 名词 /+ 主语 + 谓语！
What a clever boy he is! (他是个)多么聪明的男孩啊！
What an interesting story it is! (这是个)多么有趣的故事啊！
What fine weather it is! 多好的天气啊！
What beautiful flowers they are! (它们是)多么漂亮的花啊！
【说明】 在感叹句中，What a / an 常用来修饰单数可数名词，若其前面的形容词为元音开头，则用 an。what 是用来修饰复数可数名词和不可数名词。但有些不可数名词，如 rain, surprise, breakfast, lunch 等，当前面有形容词修饰，使抽象名词具体化时，则要用 what a / an，如：
What a heavy rain it is! 多大的一场雨啊！
What a great surprise it is! 这多么令人惊奇啊！
What a rich breakfast it is! 多么丰盛的一顿早餐啊！
【句型二】How /+ 形容词 / 副词 / + 主语 + 谓语！
How well you look! 你气色真好!
How kind you are! 你心肠真好!
How beautifully you sing! 你唱得真好听!
Strawberries! How nice! 草莓! 多好呀!
How clever the boy is! 这个男孩多么聪明啊！
How fast he runs! 他跑得多么快啊！
【说明】how还可以修饰动词构成感叹句，但动词不提前。如：
How I want to be a doctor! 我多么想成为一名医生啊！
How she dances! 她跳得多好啊！
感叹句型总结
How +形容词+ a +名词+其他成分！
How+形容词或副词+其他成分！
What +名词+其他成分！
What +a+形容词+名词+其他成分！
What + 形容词+复数名词+其他成分！
What + 形容词+不可数名词+其他成分！
请看以下例子：
①It’s an interesting film. 这是一部有趣的电影。
→What an interesting film it is! 这是一部多有趣的电影啊！
②It’s wonderful weather. 天气很好。
→What wonderful weather! 天气真好！
③He did the work carefully. 他做这工作很仔细。
→How carefully he did the work! 他做这工作多仔细啊！
④Time passed quickly. 时间过得很快。
→How quickly time passed! 时间过得真快
【难点】
what类感叹句省略形容词
1. 当其中的名词带有形容词的意味时【重点】
What luck! 真幸运!
What fools! 真是些笨蛋!
What a surprise! 真是意想不到!
What fun we could have! 我们玩得多开心啊
2. 当进行批评时
What nonsense! 一派胡言!
What a shame! 多可耻(惜)!
What a mess! 多么脏乱啊!
3. 当表示强调或夸张时
Oh, what a lie! 啊，多大的谎言!
What a night! 多糟糕的一个晚上！
4. 当表示蔑视时
What a man he is! 那家伙算什么!
注：有时在没有上下文，意思可能不确定。如：
What a day! 看这天气! (是褒是贬，视具体情况而定)
【难点】
how在感叹句中修饰动词
感叹句有时可用“how+主语+动词”构成，此是how直接用于修饰动词。如：
How I missed you. 我多么想念你啊。
How you’ve grown! 你都长这么大啦!
How you’ve changed! 你的变化真大!
How he wished for a drink! 他多希望能有点东西喝!
How things get around! Everyone must know you are in town. 消息传得多快!人们一定都知道你到城里来了
三、注意
（1）要修饰名词的形容词不能是表数量的many， much， little， few，遇此情况要用how，即使它们后面跟有名词：
How many books he has！ 他的书真多！
How much money he gave her！ 他给了她好多钱呀！
How little money I have！ 我的钱多么少呀！
How few friends he has！ 他的朋友真少！
比较：What a little box it is！ 多小巧的盒子呀！（该little不表示数量）
（2）有时句中的主语和谓语可以省略：
How fast！ 多快呀！
How nice！ 多好呀！
How beautiful！ 多美呀！
How nice of you to come！ 你来了真好！
练一练
1. _______ carefully the boy does his homework!
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
2. _______ well you sing but _______ badly he dances!
A. How, how B. What, what
C. How, what D. What, how
3. ________ cheap these clothes are! I’d like to buy some for my son.
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
4. _______ fools they were! They believed what the girls said.
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
5. _______ difficult questions they are! I can’t answer them.
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
6. I miss you very much. _______ I want to see you!
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
7. Oh, ________ mistake you’ve made! It’s too bad.
A. How B. How a
C. What D. What a
8. _______ lovely weather we are having these days!
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
9. _______ delicious your supper is!
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
10. _______ interesting work it is to teach children!
A. How B. How an
C. What D. What an
答案：1.—5. AAACC 6.—10. ABCAC
Step 4 连词详解
考点归纳
连词看似简单实则易错。特别要提醒同学注意的是必须掌握每个连词的用法，认真仔细地思考、分析和判断，这样才能从四个选项中通过排除三个错误的选项选出正确答案。杜绝有些同学没有经过完整的思考，题目只读到一半的时候就填写答案。
1．并列连词
(1). 具有引申意义的并列连词
and (和), as well as(和)，both……and(既……又……)，
neither…nor（既不……又不），not only……but also（不但……而且）
We're here anyway, and that's lucky．我们总算到了，运气还不错。
Air, as well as water, is needed to make plants grow．空气和水一样是植物生长所必须的。
The room is both clean and bright．那房间既干净又明亮。（连接两个形容词）
Neither Tom nor the twins like to play football．汤姆和那对双胞胎都不喜欢踢足球。
She is not only a teacher but also a writer．她不但是个老师，而且还是个作家。
用“neither…or…”，“not only…but also…”连接主语时，谓语动词要遵循就近原则，与最靠近谓语动词的部分（亦即nor/ but also后面的部分）的单复数一致。
Neither you nor I，nor anybody else knows the answer. 无论是你、是我，还是任何别的人都不知道答案。
Not only he but also you are wrong．不但是他，连你也错了。
(2). 具有转折意义的并列连词
but(但是)，however（然而），still（但是），while(而)，yet(但是)
There will still be difficulties, but we can manage．困难仍然会有，但是我们可以设法解决。
I was reading English while he was watching TV．我在读英语而他在看电视。
He failed again, still he didn't lose heart．他又失败了，但是他并不灰心。
He is always polite to me, and yet I don't like him．他总是对我很礼貌，但我仍不喜欢他。
(3). 具有选择意义的并列连词
or(或者；否则)，either…or(不是A就是B)，otherwise (否则)
The sea can be blue or green or grey．海有时候会是蓝色，或者绿色，或者灰色。
Do you want to have a bath at once or shall I have mine first 你想马上洗个澡，或是让我先来洗？
Hurry or you will miss the train．赶快，否则你赶不上火车了。
You can either watch TV or play computer games．你可以看电视或者玩电子游戏。
用“either…or…”连接主语时，谓语动词要遵循就近原则，与最靠近谓语动词的部分（亦即or后面的部分）的单复数一致。
Either Tom or his two brothers have to clean the house．不是汤姆，就是他的两个兄弟必须打扫房子。
(4). 具有因果意义的并列连词
for (因为), so (因此)，thus(这样)
He shook his head, for he thought differently．他摇摇头，因为他想得不一样。
The days were short, for it was now December．白天的时间短了，因为现在是十二月。
The play began at eight, so we must have dinner at
seven．戏8点开演，因此我们必须7点吃饭。
He studies hard, thus he got high marks. 他学习努力，所以得了高分。
2．从属连词
(1) 引导宾语从句的从属连词分别由连接代词that，who( m)，what，which，whose等，或连接副词if／whether，when，where，why，how等充当。
(2) 引导状语从句的从属连词
引导状语从句的从属连词可表示下列关系：
时间when, while, until, before, after, as soon as, since
原因because, since, now that, as
条件if, whether
让步though, although
结果so…that, such…that
目的so that, in order that
比较than, as…as, not so/as…as
考题精讲
【例l】________ John failed to climb to the top of the mountain several times, he didn’t give up．
A. Although B. Because C. Whether D. Unless
【解析】本题答案是A。根据主从句的句意：虽然John几次都未能爬到山顶，但他没有放弃。这是although引导的让步状语从句，所以选A。
【例2】Keep an English diary，________ your English will improve.
A. or B. since C. when D. and
【解析】本题答案是D。本句的知识点：祈使句，and/ then/or +一般将来时的简单句。其中“or”解释为“否则”，“and/then”解释为“然后”，根据句意选择D。
【例3】We should leave early tomorrow morning，________ we won't get there on time.
A. so B. but C. or D. and
【解析】答案是C。连词or在句中表示“否则，不然”，转折所导致的结果；so表示结果；前后对应，and是并列关系的连词；but表示转折与上文相反。
【例4】Bill won't make any progress ________ he studies harder than before.
A. so B. when C. because D. unless
【解析】答案是D。根据句意结果是不会取得进步，四个选项的关系so所以，表示结果；when当……时候，表示时间；because因为；unless如果不，除非，表示条件。
【例5】________ Tom ________ Mary is busy at the moment. You'd better play with others．
A. Both; and B. Not only; but also
C. Neither; nor D. Either; or
【解析】本题答案是B。首先根据动词is busy单数形式可排除A选项动词用复数。根据下文意思分析，此刻两个人都很忙，不能和你玩。而C选项是否定意义，两个人都不忙，D选项表示两个人中有一个人忙，可以和你玩。这是极容易错的典型题。
【例6】The cyclist held his raincoat tightly ________ the wind couldn't blow it away.
A. so B. so that C. when D. because
【解析】本题答案是B。首先要考虑上下文的关系，不是因果关系，所以排除A和D。紧紧抓住雨衣目的是为了防止刮走，而C是表示时间的连词。
【例7】Peter was late for the meeting ________ he missed the ferry.
A. though B. because C. while D. if
【解析】答案是B。本句上下文是因果关系，上句是结果，下句表示原因，故用because。四个选项都是引导状语从句的从属连词而不是并列连词。though是转折关系的从属连词；while用来表示转折关系；if表示假设的条件，不符合句意。
【例8】 Which would you like to buy，a DVD player ________ an MP3 player
A. so B. or C. but D．and
【解析】答案是B。本句是选择疑问句，是“特殊疑问句，A or B ”结构。提供两种情况，询问对方选择哪一种。
【例9】Mr. Li is our teacher and friend as well.（保持句意基本不变）
Mr. Li is ________ only our teacher ________ also our friend.
【解析】答案是not only…but also。根据句意，as well是“也是”的意思，而not only．．．but also是固定词组，表示“不仅……而且”，与句意吻合。
练习题
1.The railway station used to be ________ large ________ modern.
A. either; or B. neither; nor
C. both; and D. not only; but also
2. He ran ________ quickly ________ we couldn't catch up with him.
A. so; but B. such; that C. so; that D. such; and
3. The man is old. He works like a young man, ________.
A. but B. however C. still D. yet
4. Listen carefully, ________you'll miss the important points.
A. and B. or C. but D. so
5. I found a little boy running after me, ________ I stop ped.
A. because B. so C. when D. and
6. Man could not fly ________ the Wright brothers built the first plane.
A. before B. after C. because D. in order that
7. I asked him ________ he hadn't passed the driving test.
A. for B. if C. that D. why
8. I wonder ________ they managed to do the job in such a short time.
A. when B. how long C. how D. what
9. I would like to go swimming, ________ he won't.
A. and B. for C. but D. nor
10. ________ you understand this rule, you won't have any trouble in doing these exercises.
A. While B. Because C. Until D. Whether
答案：1-5 BCBBB 6-10 ADCCC
Step 5介词详解
考点归纳
介词是表示它后面的名词、代词、短语、从句等与句子其他成分的关系的词。在句子中它不能单独使用，只能由名词、代词、数词、动名词等构成的介词短语作句子的成分。介词分为简单介词、复合介词、双重介词、短语介词和分词介词五种类型。介词后常用人称代词宾格和动词-ing形式。
1．介词种类
(1) 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for, to, without等。
(2) 复合介词，如because of, in front of, instead of, by means of, along with等。
2．介词和其他词类的习惯搭配
(1) 和动词的搭配，如listen to，laugh at，get to，look for，wait for，hear from，turn on, think of, look after, spend…on. look forward to, agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, take care of, try on等。
(2) 和形容词的搭配，如be interested in，be afraid of，be angry with，be different from, be late for, be full of, be sorry for, be good at等。
(3) 和名词的搭配，如answer to，key to，reason for，cause of，pay a visit to，with pleasure, on one's way to, in trouble, at breakfast, at the end of, in the end等。
3．方位介词
上面：on(表面紧贴)；over(正上方)；above(抽象意义的上方)
下面：under(正下面，正下方)；below(抽象意义的下方)
前面：in front of(在外部的前面)；in the front of在内部的前面）
穿过：across(从平面上)；through(从空间中)
在……的北方：in the north of（小行政区在大行政区的北部）；on the north of（同等行政区接壤）；to the north of(同等行政区不接壤)
4．时间介词at，on，in
in: 后面加时间段。
如：年in 2008，月in August，季节in spring，上午in the morning，晚上in the evening，下午in the afternoon
on: 后面加某一天。
如：星期on Sunday，节日on Teachers' Day，前夜on the eve。特别要注意的是当morning，afternoon，evening等有修饰成分的时候，表示特定一天的早上、下午和晚上所以也用on，例如：on a cold morning, on the afternoon of Teachers' Day
at: 后面加时间点。
如：时刻at 8:20，正午at noon，午夜at midnight。另外有一些固定搭配：at the moment, at last, at first, at times, at once, at this time of the year, at the beginning of, at the end of this month, at the same time.
注意：在表示时间的结构中，下列情况下一般不用介词。词组里有：next，last，this，that, tomorrow, yesterday, one, every, all, tonight 以及the day before yesterday和the day after tomorrow前不用介词。
介词during和in后面都可以加一段时间，例如：during 3 days，in three days。但是前者表示三天内，而后者表示3天后，这是考试时容易考到的难点，同学们要特别留心。
5．其他介词
(1)by：表示用……方法，通过……人，可加交通工具bus，car，bike等，中间不加冠词；也可加动名词I learned a lot by making things．我通过做东西学到了很多。
(2) with: 表示“有着……，带着……，伴随着……”。例如：He went out with a big smile．他面带笑容走了出去。但当with表示“用”时要和in区别开来：with指“用工具、手、口等”，而in则指“用语言、话语、声音等”。
(3) like: 注意这里它可不是动词，它的意思是“像……一样”。例如：You look like your father.你很像你爸爸。
(4) along，around，about:这三个单词长相相近都以a开头，along表示沿着，around表示绕着，about表示关于，大约。
(5) between，among（表位置）
between仅用于两者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between，如The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之间。
(6) across:（表面）跨过；through:（内部）穿过，贯穿（介词）。
(7) in the tree, on the tree
in the tree指动物或人在树上；而on the tree指果实、树叶长在树上。
(8) on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way指在路上；in the way指挡道by the way指顺便问一句；in this way用这样的方法。
(9) in the corner, at the corner
in the corner指在拐角内；at the corner指在拐角外。
6. 常见短语中介词的搭配
形容词+介词：
be afraid of 害怕某事／做某事 be angry with sb. 生某人的气 be bad for对…… 有害 be busy with sth. 忙于做某事 be careful with 小心 be difficult from 与……不同 be familiar with 与……熟悉 be famous for 因……而著名 be famous as 作为……而出名 be fond of 爱好 be full of 充满 be good to 对……友善 be good at 擅长 be late for 迟到 be next to 紧挨着，接近 be poor at 对……比较差 be proud of 为……感到自豪 be ready for 为……做好了准备 be surprised at 对……感到惊奇 be thankful to sb. for sth. 因……感谢某人
常用介词短语：
at first起先，开始时 at home在家 at last最后，终于 at least至少 at present目前 at once马上 at school在学校 at the moment此刻，目前 at the same time同时 on business因公出差 on board在船上 on duty值班 on foot步行 on holiday在度假 one's way（to）在去……的路上 on show上演 on the air在播送 on time准时 by air mail寄航空信件 by and by不久以后 by bus/air乘公共汽车／飞机 by day在日间 by night在晚间 by oneself亲自 by phone打电话 by ship/train乘船／火车 by the way顺便说（问）一下 for a while暂时，片刻 for example例如 for good永远 for the first time第一次 for the time being暂时，眼下 from day to day 一天一天地 from door to door挨家挨户 from then on从那时起 from time to time不时地 in a hurry匆忙地 in a minute一会儿 in a word简言之 in addition另外，还有 in charge of主管，负责 in common共同，共有 in danger处于危险中 in hospital住院 in fact事实上 in front of在……的前面 in no time立刻，马上 in other words换言之 in public当众，公开 in return作为回报 in surprise吃，凉 in the end最后，终于 in this way用这种方法 in trouble处于困境中
动词词组：
break into闯入 care for照看 come across遇见，发现 compare with与……相比 depend on依靠 die of死于某种疾病 dress up穿着盛装，化妆 get along with与……相处 get rid of摆脱 go on a picnic去野餐 go over复习 hold on不挂断（打电话用语） hurry off匆匆离开 join in参加 keep in mind牢记 laugh at嘲笑 learn from向……学习 learn sth．by heart用心记忆 look after照料，照看 look forward to盼望 make up one's mind下决心 see sb．off为某人送行 shake hands with与……握手 show sb. around带领某人参观 take part in参加 take in吸入，吸收 thank sb. for sth.因某事感谢某人 turn down关小，调低 wake sb. up叫醒某人 worry about担心，担忧
考题精讲
【例1】It happened ________ the morning ________ September 10, 2008.
A. in; on B. on; of C. in; of D. on; in
【解析】此题是考查时间介词的用法。泛指“在早晨（上午、下午、晚上）”等情况时，常表达为in the morning/afternoon/evening，但如果指具体某一天的早晨、上午、下午或晚上，则不用介词in，而要用介词on。答案：B。
【例2】The foreigners arrived ________ Shanghai late ________ night．
A. at; at B. in; at C. in; in D. at; in
【解析】此题是考查介词与其他词之间的搭配用法。动词arrive常可与介词at或in搭配，意为“到达某地”，at后常接小地点，而in后常接大地方，且大小是相对的，这要根据具体的情况来确定。此句中Shanghai属大地点，应用in。与night搭配的是介词at，构成at night。答案：B。
【例3】Mr. Smith is busy ________ some important work in his office now。
A. at B. for C. to D. with
【解析】本题是考查介词与形容词间的固定搭配用法be busy with sth。
【例4】 My father goes to work ________ his car.
A. by B. in C. on D. off
【解析】by，in，on都可以表示方式，后接交通工具的名词。但by一般后面直接跟交通工具名词，不加任何的修饰词；表示“在……车里”不常用on。因此只有B是正确答案。
练一练：
1. Simon was born in Thailand ________ July 4th, 1995.
A. at B. in C. on D. from
2. He retuned home ________ America last month, and he will leave ________ England tomorrow.
A. to; from B. from; to C. for; to D. from; for
3. — Did you have breakfast this morning
— No, I got up late and went to school ________ breakfast.
A. for B. in C. without D. after
4. ________ the help of the teacher and his parents, he became a good student.
A. Under B. On C. With D. By
5. Our country provides the poor in Africa ________ a lot of useful things.
A. with B. for C. to D. by
6. Mary cooked dinner ________ her parents while they were cleaning the yard.
A. with B. for C. to D. by
7. After class, I like playing computer games and chatting ________ my friends ________ the Internet.
A. to; by B. with; on C. for; in D. about; through
8. Doctor Bethune was famous ________ his kindness to the sick and wounded soldiers.
A. as B. of C. for D. to
9. ________, I found a wallet ________ on the ground.
A. On my way to home; lie B. On my way home; lying
C. On I way home; lay D. On my way to school; lain
10. The train leaves ________ 10:20 ________ every day.
A. in; / B. at; on C. at; / D. at; in
答案：1-5 ADAAB 6-10 CCACB
Step 6冠词详解
考点归纳
冠词分为两类：不定冠词a (an)和定冠词the。
1．不定冠词a (an)的用法
(1)泛指表示“一个”，a用在以辅音读音开头的单词前，an用在以元音读音开头的单词前。
注意：
有些单词虽然是以元音字母开头，但读音以辅音开头，要用冠词a，如university, uniform, useful, useless,
European, one等。而有些单词虽然是以辅音字母开头，但读音以元音开头，要用冠词an,如hour, honest等。
26个字母中有12个字母(a, e, f, h, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, x)的读音以元音开头，要用冠词an。
(2)不定冠词常用在一些习惯用语中，如have a good time, go for a swim, in a hurry, take an active part in等。
2．定冠词the的用法
(1) 特指，如The boy in blue is my brother.
(2) 前指，如This is a photo of a school. The school is very beautiful. I have studied in the school for 3 years.
(3) 谈话双方共指，如Excuse me. Where is the No.1 bus stop
(4) 用在宇宙中独一无二的事物前，如The sun is shining brightly.
(5) 用在形容词最高级前，如Shanghai is one of the largest cities in the world.
(6) 用在方位前．如The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
(7) 用在序数词前，如Our classroom is on the second floor.
(8) 用在乐器前，如I can play the piano.
(9) 用在江河、海洋、山脉前，如The Yellow River is the second longest river in our country.
(10) 加在某些形容词前表示一类人，如the poor, the old, the blind.
(11) 定冠词加姓再加“s”表示一家人，如the Whites, the Greens.
(12) 专用名词前，如the Great Wall, the United States.
(13) 定冠词常用在一些习惯用语中，如all the time, at the moment, by the way.
3．零冠词
(1) 介词by+交通工具，如by train/bus/underground，但用动词take时要说成take a(an) train/bus/underground.
(2) 一日三餐前，如have breakfast/lunch／dinner。
(3) 球类运动前，如play football/basketball.
(4) 学科名称前，如We study Chinese, maths, English and so on.
(5) 日期、节日前，如June 1st is Children's Day.
(6) 月份、星期前，如in March/October, on Monday/Friday.
(7) 在this, those, my, whose, next, last, some, any, every, each等词前。
(8) 称呼、头衔、职务前。
(9) 一些固定词组，如at night, at first, at last, in trouble.
考题精讲
【例1】Can I have _______ look at the photos of your pen friend
A. a B．an C.／ D. the
【解析】have a look看一下是固定词组，因此正确答案为A。
【例2】Linda always takes _______ active part in sports after school.
A.／ B. a C. an D. the
【解析】take an active part in积极参加是固定词组，因此正确答案为C。
【例3】 My father usually reads morning papers before going to _______ work.
A. the B. a C. an D.／
【解析】go to work去上班是固定词组，不需用冠词，因此正确答案为D。
考题精练
1. Alice wrote _______ article on the educational visit to _______ France last night.
A. a; the B. an; the C. the; the D. an;/
2. These seats are for _______ old. You may take the seats over there.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
3. The Olympic Opening Ceremony (仪式) is _______ international event and the whole world is watching!
A. a B. an C. the D. /
4. The young man is _______ teacher. He likes playing _______ football.
A. a; the B. an; / C. a; / D. an; the
5. _______ young man beside me is _______ university student.
A. A; a B. An; / C. The; an D. The; a
6. — Do you have _______ MP3 player
— Yes, I have one.
A. the B. a C. an D. /
7. Attention, please! There is _______ "h" in the word "exhibition".
A. a B. an C. the D. /
8. In front of our housing estate, there is _______ one-way street.
A. an B. a C. / D. the
9. Don't talk to Simon like that. After all, he is only _______ eleven-year-old boy.
A. a B. an C. the D. /
10. The film "Kung Fu Dunk" is _______ exciting one and Jay Chou is ______ leading actor.
A. a; the B. an; the C. the; a D. an; a
答案：1-5 DABCD 6-10 CBBBB
Step7数词详解
考点归纳
1．基数词变序数词的方法
基变序，有规律；词尾要加th；一二三，特殊记；词尾分别tdd；八去t，九去e；ve则以f替；ty则变作ti；后面还有一个e；要是遇到几十几；只将个位变成序。
如，one— first two—second three—third eight—eighth nine—ninth
twelve—twelfth twenty—twentieth twenty-one—twenty-first
2．分数的表达
分数的分子用基数词，分母用序数词；当分子超过1，分母加s. 分子和分母中间通常用“-”连接。如，1/3和2/5分别为one-third, two-fifths。注意：1/2,1/4,3/4的特殊表达方式分别为a half, a quarter, three quarters。含分数的短语作主语时，谓语由分数后的词决定。
3．hundred，thousand和million的用法
数词hundred, thousand和million的用法是在单数形式前加基数词表示具体的量，也可以在其复数形式后加of表示模糊概念，如，hundreds of, thousands of, millions of。
4．日期的表达
日期的表达方式为“日月年或月日年”。如，2009年5月1日在英语中可写为“May 1，2009”或“1 May，2009”。
5．与数词有关的钟点表达法
顺读法（钟点十分钟） 如，4：30 four thirty
4：15 four fifteen
倒读法（分钟+ to/past+钟点） 如，4:30 half past four
4:15 fifteen past four/a quarter past four
6．序数词与不定冠词连用
序数词与不定冠词(a；an)连用表示“又一，再一”。如，You've done it twice．Why not try a third time
7．岁数及年代的表达方式
1)“人+ be+数字+(years old)”表示“某人多少岁了”。如，The little girl is eight(years old)．这个小女孩8岁了。
2)“one's age+be+数字”表示“某人的年龄是多少”。如，The little girl's age is eight．
3)“几十岁”可用十位数基数词的复数形式，结构为“in one's…s”。如(be) in one’s teens十几岁；(be) in one's twenties／thirties/ forties/…二十多岁／三十多岁／四十多岁．．．，
4)“in the 1970s”这种结构用于表达世纪和年代，意为“20世纪70年代”，指1970到1979这段时间。如果只想表达年代，可直接用“in the seventies”表示“在70年代”。
如，In the l870s, when Marx was already in his fifties,he found it important to study the situation in Russia，so he began to learn Russian．
在19世纪70年代，马克思五十多岁时，他认为研究俄国的形势很重要，便开始学习俄语。
考题精讲
【例1】Nanhui district will provide five square metres of cheaper houses.
A. millions of B. millions C. million D. million of
【解析】当hundred，thousand，million，billion等和of连用表示粗略的数目时，需用复数。hundreds of意为“成百的”；thousands of意为“数千的”；millions of意为“成百万的”。但如果这些词前面有具体数词或several时，需用单数。答案为C。
【例2】We will be glad to celebrate our motherland, China's birthday on October lst, 2009. (sixty)
【解析】序数词的构成一般是在基数词后加-th，但也有几个例外。请记住这个顺口溜：
“一、二、三特殊记，词尾字母t，d，d。八减t，九去e，f替ve。逢上y字换ie。词尾普加th。”另外，序数词前一般要用定冠词the。答案为sixtieth。
【例3】During the Spring Festival, many people can have a holiday.
A. seven days B. seven-day C. seven-days D. seven-days’
【解析】用“数词加连字符加名词”构成的复合形容词修饰名词时，复合形容词的名词应用单数。答案为B。
考点精练
1. It is the time in one week that you broke dishes.
A. third B. three C. thirty D. two-thirds
2. About of the clerks in this office are under the age of 40.
A. three-fifths B. third fifths C. third-five D. three five
3.—How much will it cost to build the school library -- About four yuan.
A. million B. millions C. millions of D. million of
4.—Which class won the match in the end -- I'm not quite sure. Maybe ___________ did.
A. Class Third B. Class three C. third Class D. Class Three
5. The boy will stay there for .
A. one and half B. one and a half hour
C. one and half hours D. one and a half hours
6. -- Do you know when Christmas Day is --It's on .
A. December 24th B. January lst C. December 25th D. October lst
7. Our school will organize a study trip to Canada during the summer vacation.
A. ten days B. ten-day C. ten-days D. ten day
8. After talk, they decided to go to Beijing on holiday.
A. two hour B. two hours C. two-hours D. two hours'
9. —What do you think of the new books
—There are so many new words in chapter. It's a bit hard.
A. fifth B. five C. the fifth D. the five
10. We had learned about English words by the end of last term.
A. nine hundreds and forty-five B. nine hundreds of and forty-five
C. nine hundred and forty-five D. nine hundred and fourty-five
答案：1-5 AAADD 6-10 CBDCC
Step 8 名词详解
考点归纳
1．可数名词的复数变化
1) 规则变化
(1) 大多数都直接在名词后加-s。
(2) 以-s , -x , -ch , -sh结尾的名词加-es。
(3) 以元音字母+y结尾的名词加-s，如boys，days；但以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加-es，如babies，flies，libraries; 以辅音字母+y结尾的专有名词直接加-s，如Marys，Henrys等。
(4)
以-o结尾的名词，大多数在词尾加-s，如bamboos，radios，photos，kilos，但也有少数加-es，如potatoes，tomatoes，heroes; 而zero两种形式均可。
(5) -f，-fe结尾的名词，大部分将-f，-fe改成v，再加-es，如knives，halves，thieves, shelves，leaves，wives，
wolves；但也有少数直接加-s，如roofs，beliefs，safes；而handkerchief和scarf两种均可。
背记小口诀：
妻子(wife)持刀(knife)去砍狼(wolf)，小偷(thief)吓得发了慌； 躲在架(shelf)下保己（self）命(life)，半(half)片树叶(leaf)遮面包（loaf）。
2) 不规则变化
(1) 单复数同形sheep，fish，deer，Chinese，Japanese。
(2) 变内部元音man － men，tooth － teeth，mouse － mice，foot － feet，goose－ geese。
(3) 其他形式。
child－children ox － oxen grown-up － grown-ups passer-by － passers-by brother-in-law － brothers-in-law
man与woman作定语修饰的名词改为复数时，两者都要改为复数，如：two women doctors，many men leaders。
3) 特殊的复数形式
(1) 只有复数，没有单数形式。如：trousers裤子，clothes衣服，shorts短裤，goods商品，glasses眼镜，shoes鞋子等。
(2) 集合名词不能用具体的数字修饰，只能在其前加the表示全体，如：the police，the English，the people，动词也用复数形式，但family，class，team，group等集合名词，若指整体，看作单数形式，若指其中的成员，则看作复数形式，动词也应该有相应变化。
注意：可数名词的量可以用many，few，a few，a(large/great) number of，a great/ good many等来修饰，而some，several，any，enough，most，a lot of，lots of，plenty of，a large／small quantity of等既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。
2．不可数名词
(1)不可数名词一般只有单数形式，前面不能直接加冠词，但在一些固定短语中有些不可数名词也可转化为可数名词，如have a good time，a heavy rain，a strong wind等。
(2)不可数名词可以用much，little，a little，a great deal of，a large/small amount等来修饰，当这些做主语时，主要看量的单位形式决定其谓语动词的单复数。
3．常以复数形式出现的名词
People(人)，clothes(衣服)，trousers(裤子)，police(警察)，glasses(眼镜)，这些名词做主语时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语要用复数。
4. 复数形式的单数名词
有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。
如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics(物理)，No news is good news．
5. 名词的所有格
(1) 名词所有格一般都是在结尾加 ’s，如Kate’s，但以-s结尾的复数，只加“ ’ ”，如Teachers’ Day; of+名词用来表示无生命东西的所有关系，如the problem of the Americans。
但表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生命的名词，所有格也有’s的形式，如two days’ trip。
(2) 当某物为两人共有时，名词所有格为A+ B’s。而当某物为各人所有时为A’s+B’s。
(3) 双重属格则指：of 属格+名词所有格／名词性物主代词，如a cousin of my father's，a friend of mine。
考题精讲
【例1】In her letter, Aunt Huang told us many _____ about her visit to Egypt.
A. news B. stories C. information D. truth
【解析】many只能修饰可数名词的复数，而A、C和D均为不可数名词，因此正确答案为B。
【例 2】They bought some _____ at the supermarket yesterday. (potato) (2008中考）
【解析】potato是可数名词，some既可修饰可数名词的复数，又可修饰不可数名词，而potato是以o结尾的特殊类型
加-es，所以应填potatoes．
【例3】Shanghai is one of the biggest ____ in the world. (city)
【解析】以元音字母+y结尾的名词加-s，如boys, days但以辅音字母+y结尾的名词，先变y为i，再加-es，如babies,
flies, libraries；而city属于后者，因此正确答案为cities。
【例4】It's over _______ from Shanghai to Nanjing.
A. three hours' drive B. three hour's drive
C. three hours drives D. three hours drive
【解析】三小时开车的路程，表示时间、距离、国家、地点等无生命的名词，所有格也有's的形式，因此选A.
考点精练
Ⅰ. Choose the best answer
1. We can get more ________ about the international affairs on the Internet than before.
A. information B. book C. report D. progress
2. If you have any problems, you can ask your parents to give you ______.
A. a piece advice B. an advice C. some advice D. some advices
3. Bret, an old friend of _______ , has decided to give up drinking because he is a driver now.
A. my father B. my fathers C. my father's D. my fathers'
4. — Could you tell me when _______ is — Yes, it's on the third Sunday in June.
A. Mother's Day B. Father's Day
C. Tree Planting Day D. Thanksgiving Day
5. _______ tourists will come to visit Shanghais during World Expo 2010.
A. Much B. Quite a lot
C. A great deal of D. A great number of
6. All the _______ teachers and _______ students are having an important meeting now.
A. women; girl B. woman; girl C. women; girls D. woman; girls
7. The wind, together with the rain and fog, _______ making sailing difficult.
A. have been B. was C. / D. are
8. The singer and dancer _______ our party this evening.
A. was going to be in B. are going to be in
C. were going to be in D. is going to be in
9. _______ fun it is to surf on a windy day!
A. How a B. What a C. What D. How
10. I'll give you _______ to finish the work.
A. two-weeks time B. two weeks' time
C. two week time D. two weeks time
答案：1-5 ACCBD 6-10 ABDCB
Step9形容词，副词分类及用法辨析
考点归纳
1．形容词
形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。
如：He is honest and hardworking. I found the book interesting.
有些形容词只能作表语。如：alone，alive，afraid，asleep，ill，interested，excited, surprised等。
如：That old man feels alone because his children are out. I'm afraid he can't come．
而以ly结尾的形容词有friendly，lively，lovely，likely等。
(2) 形容词与不定代词something，anything，nothing，everything等连用时，要放在这些词后面。
如：Is there anything interesting in today's newspaper
(3) 某些形容词可以和定冠词连用，表示一类人或事物，其作用相当于一个名词，如：the young（年轻人），the poor（穷人），the rich（富人）。当其作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。
如：The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
(4) 如果有两个以上的形容词修饰同一个名词时，其前后排列顺序一般如下：
限定词(a/the，this／some／her…)+数量词（先序数词后基数词）+观点+大小+形状+新旧+颜色+产地+材料+名词。如：a dirty old black shirt 一件又脏又旧的黑色衬衣
2．形容词比较级和最高级的构成
形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化而成的。
(1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er和-est构成。
(2) 以-e结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r和-st构成。
(3) 少数以-y，-er，-ow，-ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er和-est构成。
如：clever - cleverer-cleverest
(4) 以-y结尾，但-y前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y去掉，加上-ier和-est构成。如：happy - happier（比较级）-happiest（最高级）
(5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。如：big - bigger - biggest
(6) 某些双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more和most加在形容词前面构成。
如：difficult - more difficult - most difficult
形容词前若加上less和least则表示“较不”和“最不”。
如：important重要less important较不重要least important最不重要
3．副词
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子，有时也能修饰名词，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、动作、频度等，在句中主要用作状语。
如：we should listen to our teachers carefully．我们应该认真听老师讲课。
(1) 副词表示频度修饰动词时，位于连系动词和助动词之后，行为动词之前，
如：Mr. Smith usually comes to school by car.
(2) already和yet的区别：already用于陈述句，一般用于句中，但不能和时间状语放在一起，译为“已经”；yet用来表达某事在预料之中，在疑问句中译为“已经”，但用在否定句中则译为“尚未，还没有”，一般都放于句末。
如：I have already finished the homework. Have you found your English book yet
(3) ever用于疑问句或带if的肯定句中或含hardly等否定意义的肯定句中，表示“曾经”一般要放在动词前面；它不用于现在完成时的简略回答，而要用Yes，I have或No，never 表示。
如：The old woman hardly ever goes out．（hardly ever可译为：几乎从不）
“Have you ever been to New York "“No, never．”
4．形容词变副词的规律
(1) 一般的形容词在结尾加ly变为副词。如：careful - carefully
(2) 以元音加e结尾的单词要去e再加ly。如：true-truly；以le结尾的单词直接将e变为y。
如：terrible - terribly
(3) 辅音加y结尾的单词去y变i再加ly。例如：angry - angrily
(4) 单音节y结尾直接加ly。例如：shy-shyly
要特别注意形容词、副词同形：hard，fast，late，early，long，far，right，straight，daily等。其中很多单词加ly之后就变成其他意思的单词了。
例如：hardly就变成“几乎不”的意思，是初中阶段五大隐形否定词( few，little，seldom，hardly，rarely)之一。
5．形容词和副词的比较级和最高级
大多数的形容词和副词都有三个等级：原级、比较级和最高级。
1) 比较级的范围：
一般为两者或两个部分进行比较。常见的使用情况有如下三种：
(1) as+形容词或副词原形+as… 为“像…一样”。
(2) not as (so)+形容词或副词原形+as和……不一样。not as/so…as=less than不及，不如
(3) …than………比……（用比较级）在than的句式中有一点需要同学们特别注意：I’m taller than any other student in my class．这句话中用than连接的是I和any other student in my class两个部分，其实表示的是最高级的概念，译为“我比我们班其他同学都要高”，其中any other…是固定搭配，译为“任何其他的”，同时在比较级中为了避免重复，在than后常用one，that，those等词来替代前面提到过的名词。而a little，much，a lot，even，still可用来专门修饰比较级，但不能在比较级前加so，too，very，quite等。
2) 最高级的范围：最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较，表示在众多人或事物中，其中一个“最……”。最高级在结构上和比较级有两个明显的区别标志：
(1)一般用the限定最高级的范围，也可以说，现阶段the就是最高级的主要标志。但是，当形容词最高级前有序数词、物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等限定词修饰时，最高级前不加the，副词最高级前的the通常也是省略的。
(2) 最高级后面往往用of，in，among或用从句修饰表示形容词的最高级的比较范围，
如：This is the best film that I have ever seen.在表示“第二、第三……”时，可在最高级前加“second, third…”
6．还有如下的固定结构也要多加注意
(1) 比较级十and+比较级意为“越来越…”如：hotter and hotter，more and more important
(2) The+比较级，the+比较级“越……就越……”如：The bigger, the better.越大越好。
(3) 表示“是……几倍”时用“twice；three times等+as…as”，如：He has four times as many books as I have.
(4)“the 比较级of+两者”“两者中较……的一个”，如：Lucy is the younger of the twins．
(5) 表示两者相差多少用“具体数量+比较级”，如：My brother is two years older than me．
7. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的不规则变化
原 级 比 较 级 最 高 级
good（好的） well（健康的） better best
bad（坏的） ill（有病的） worse worst
old（老的） older/ elder oldest / eldest
much／many（多的） more most
little（少的） less least
far（远的） farther/ further farthest / furthest
考题精讲
【例1】 We are glad to see our hometown is developing _____________ these years than ever before.
A. much more quickly B. quickly
C. very quickly D. most quickly
【解析】本题考查副词比较级的用法，是一句带有than的比较级的句子，将these years和even before相比较，而通常副词的比较级用more构成，同时a little，much，a lot，even, still等可用来专门修饰比较级。因此正确答案为A。
【例2】Why does he look so____________？Did he sleep well last night
A. interested B. frightened C. tired D. surprised
【解析】look意为“看上去”，是连系动词。连系动词后接形容词作表语，表示人的情绪特征或状态。从整句的意思来看，是想表达昨晚没睡好所表现出的疲倦，因此C为正确答案。
【例3】Everything we've seen and heard in Beijing is _____________in the history of the Olympic Games.
A. the most exciting B. more exciting
C. more exciting than D. most exciting
【解析】这主要是掌握对最高级的用法。本题目中everything和in Beijing都可以提示句子想表达的是最高级。因此正确答案是A。
【例4】“Would you like me to show you the way ”the volunteer said______________to the tourist．
A. lovely B. likely C. kindly D. friendly
【解析】在英语中并不是以ly结尾的就都是副词，如本题中的friendly，lovely，likely就是以ly结尾的形容词。而从本题结构可以清晰看出这里所要的是对said这个动词的修饰。因此答案只能选kindly这个副词了。
考点精练
1.Thanks to Elaine. With her help, we finished the work an hour__________________.
A. early B. earlier C. earliest D. the earliest
2.— Jack, how are you feeling today
—Much__________________. I think I can go to school tomorrow.
A. good B. better C. well D. best
3.A survey showed that Jingjing and Huanhuan were____________among the five Olympic mascots.
A. popular B. more popular
C. most popular D. the most popular
4.We feel that we can sing as____________as the pop stars when we are singing Karaoke.
A. well B. better C. best D. good
5.— Talking is easier than doing.
—Yes. We'd better____________and____________. Doing should go first.
A. to talk less; do more B. talk less; do more
C. talking less; do more D. talk more; do less
6.When the music started, everyone in the hall began to keep_____________.
A. noisy B. quiet C. quietly D. slowly
7.The Yellow River is____________than any other river in northern China.
A. long B. longer C. the longest D. longest
8.Mary lost her key. She can't find it____________now.
A. somewhere B. anywhere C. everywhere D. any way
9.Tell me____________you're getting on with your friends at school.
A. what B. why C. where D. how
10.Chusovitian felt like an 18-year-old girl when she won the silver medal on the vault (跳马牌). She felt____________at that time.
A. interesting B. excited C. exciting D. beautiful
11.Every student likes Miss Green because she always talks to them____________.
A. politely B. lovely C. friendly D. luckily
12.We could____________believe that Bill had worked so____________in the countryside.
A. hardly; hardly B. hard; hard C. hard; hardly D. hardly; hard
13.George wasn't used to telling lies. His face turned____________.
A. red B. clean C. sadly D. happily
14.Shanghai's new landmark — the World Financial Building is the first _____________building in Asia.
A. the tallest B. tallest C. taller D. tall
15. In winter the____________the snow is, the happier the children are.
A. heavy B. heavier C. heavily D. the heaviest
答案：1-5 BBDAB 6-10 BBBDB 11-15 ADABB
Step 10 动词种类学习
1、动词的分类：
类 别 意 义 例 句
实义动词 含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句子中能独立作谓语。 She has some bananas. 她吃些香蕉。 They eat a lot of potatoes. 他们常吃土豆。 I’m reading an English book now. 我现在正看一本英文书。
连系动词 本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。 His father is a teacher.他父亲是教师。 Twins usually look the same. 双胞胎通常看起来一样。 The teacher became very angry. 老师变得很生气。
助动词 本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，用来表示否定、疑问、时态、语态或其它语法形式，助动词自身有人称、单复数和时态的变化。 He doesn’t speak English. 他不说英语。 We are playing basketball. 我们在打篮球。 Do you have a brother 你有兄弟吗？
情态动词 本身有一定的意义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和单复数的变化，有些情态动词有过去式。 You can keep the books for two weeks. 这些书你可以借两个星期。 May I smoke here 我可以在这儿抽烟吗？ We must go now. 我们现在得走了。
重要注解：
（1）关于实义动词：
① 英语的实义动词又可分为及物动词和不及物动词两大类：
后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的叫及物动词；本身意义完整，后面不需跟宾语的叫不及物动词。
② 有些动词通常只作不及物动词。如：go,come,happen,lie,listen,rise,arrive,hall等。
有些动词通常用作及物动词。如：say, raise, lay, find, buy等。
③ 大多数动词可以兼作及物动词和不及物动词。如：study, sing等。
④ 有些动词作及物动词与作不及物动词时的意义有所不同。如：know, wash等。
⑤ 有些动词常和介词、副词或其它词类一起构成固定词组，形成短语动词。
如：listen,reply,wait,look.
（2）关于连系动词：
连系动词用来连接主语和表语，连系动词后面常为形容词。
常见的连系动词有：
be、become、look、feel、sound、smell、taste、seem、turn、grow、get、 go、fall、sit、stand、lie 等。
有些连系动词来源于实义动词，意思也跟着变化：look（看→看起来）、feel（感觉、摸→感到）、 smell（闻、嗅→闻起来）、taste（尝→尝起来）、turn（翻转、转动→变得）、grow（生长→变得）、get（得到、到达→变得）、go（去→变得），所不同的是，作为实义动词时，后面不能跟形容词。
become、get、go、be、grow、turn的用法区别：become表示“变成”，比较正式，通常不用将来时表示动作已经完成。get也表示动作已经完成，但是更加口语化，通常表示温度、时间、岁数等变化。go表示“变得”，常见于某些短语中，后面常有形容词bad、blind、hungry等。be表示“是、成为、当”，多用于将来时、祈使句或不定式中。grow表示“变得”，常指逐渐的变化，表示身高、岁数的增长。turn表示“变得”，指变为与原先不同的情况，通常指颜色等变化。如：I was caught in the rain and I became ill./ He has got rich./ He will be a scientist in the future./ My little brother has grown much taller in the past year./ The sandwich has gone bad./ Her face turned red after her mother criticized（批评） her.
（3）关于助动词：
①常见的助动词有：用于进行时和被动语态的be（am, is, are ,was, were, been, being） ；用于完成时的have（has, had, having）；用于将来时的shall（should）；will（would）和用于一般时的do（does, did） .
②助动词必须同主语的人称和数一致，也就是说因主语人称、数的不同而采用不同的形式，其中有些助动词也可作情态动词。如：shall, will, should, would.
（4）关于情态动词：
①常见的情态动词有：can （could） ,may （might）, must ,shall （should）, will （would）, dare （dared） , need等，另外，have to、had better也当作情态动词使用。情态动词后面必须加动词的原形。
②can表示体力、脑力方面的能力或客观的可能性。口语中，在询问或说明一件事可不可以做时，常用“can”代替“may”。情态动词“can”的过去式是“could”，否定式是“cannot”通常缩写成“can’t”，“could”的否定式是“could not”，通常缩写成“couldn’t”。如：Can I help you / He can swim./ That can’t be Mr Li.
③ may表示允许、请求或可能性，用may提问时，肯定回答一般用Certainly或Yes, you may。否定回答一般用can’t或mustn’t. 如：May I ask you a question —Certainly. / You may go now. / It may be in your pocket.
④ must表示“必须”、“一定”的意思。表示“必须”时否定形式是mustn’t；表示“一定”时，否定形式是“can’t” 如：We must be very careful when we cross the road/ It must be Jack./ I haven’t seen Kate today. She can’t be here.
用must（必须）进行提问时，肯定回答用must，否定回答用needn’t；用must（一定）进行提问时，肯定回答仍用must，但是否定回答用can’t.如：Must we clean the room before we leave –Yes，you must.或No, you needn’t. / Must she be in the romm –Yes,she must.或No,she can’t.
⑤ “have to”表示“不得不”、“必须”。We’ll have to leave now for it is very late at night.
have to的疑问形式是：助动词＋…＋have to,否定形式是：助动词＋not＋have to或者用needn’t.如：Do you have to stay until 8 o’clock / You don’t have to do so.（=You needn’t do so.）
⑥ shall在问句中，可表示征求对方意见，与第一人称连用；在陈述句的第二、三人称的主语后或表示“命令”、“警告”、“允许”等。如：Shall we go to the zoo this weekend / He shall
bring his own book next time.
⑦ should可表示“劝告”、“建议”、“惊奇”等意思。We should speak to old people politely.
⑧ will表示“意愿”、“决心”等意思，一般与第二人称连用。如：Will you please close the door for me / I will teach you a lesson.
⑨would表示过去的“意愿”、“决心”等。He would sit near the fire every time he returned home.
would也可以表示现在的情况，表达说话人向对方提出的要求，语气比“will”婉转、客气。在日常会话中，“我想要…”通常用“I would like to”或“I should（I’d） like to”来表示。如：Would you like to have a rest at the moment
would还可以表示过去经常发生的事情。如：Every year parents would tell their children about the boy who would save his people.
⑩ need表示“需要”，用于疑问句或否定句。“need”作实义动词时，在肯定、否定、疑问句中都可以用。如：He needn’t do it in such a hurry.（他不需要如此匆忙地做这件事）/ He needs some help.（他需要一些帮助）/ He doesn’t need to bring his football socks then.（那么他就无须带上足球袜了）
⑾ dare是“敢”的意思，用法几乎与“need”完全相同，即在疑问句和否定句中，可以作情态动词，后面用不带“to”的动词不定式。在肯定句中和实义动词一样，后面的动词不定式要带“to”。How dare you say I am a fool / He didn’t dare to touch the red button.
⑿ ‘d better （do）（“最好是”）一般也当作情态动词使用，否定式是：’d better not （do）. 如：You’d better sit here and say nothing./ You’d better not speak because he is sleeping.
2、动词词形变化一览表：
（1）规则动词变化表：
规则变化 原形动词结尾情况 现在时单三人称 现 在 分 词 过去式和过去分词
一般情况 ＋s ＋ing ＋ed
s,x,ch,sh,o结尾 ＋es ＋ing ＋ed
辅音字母＋y结尾 y→i,＋es ＋ing y→i,＋ed
重读闭音节一元一辅结尾 ＋s 双写辅音字母,＋ing 双写辅音字母,＋ed
不发音的e结尾 ＋s 去掉e,＋ing ＋d
ie结尾 ＋s ie→y,＋ing ＋d
不规则变化 have→has；be→is （无） （见不规则动词变化表）
注意：①在加ing或ed时动词如果以“r”结尾,尾音节又重读的动词,“r”应双写。
②s/es的读音规则：在清辅音后读；在、.
③ed的读音规则：在清辅音后读、.
（2）不规则动词变化表：（ 原形 → 过去式 → 过去分词）
be（am,is） was been lose lost lost
be（are） were been make made made
beat beat beaten may might
become became become mean meant meant
begin began begun meet met met
blow blew blown mistake mistook mistaken
break broke broken must must
bring brought brought pay paid paid
build built built put put put
buy bought bought read read Read
can could ride rode ridden
catch caught caught ring rang rung
choose chose chosen rise rose risen
come came come run ran run
cost cost cost say said said
cut cut cut see saw seen
dig dug dug sell sold sold
do did done send sent sent
draw drew drawn set set set
drink drank drunk shall should
drive drove driven shine shone shone
eat ate eaten show showed shown
fall fell fallen shut shut shut
feel felt felt sing sang sung
find found found sink sank/sunk sunk/sunken
fly flew flown sit set set
forget forgot forgot/forgotten sleep slept slept
freeze froze frozen smell smelt smelt
get got got speak spoke spoken
give gave given spend spent spent
go went gone spill spilt spilt
grow grew grown spoil spoilt spoilt
hang hung/hanged hung/hanged stand stood stood
have（has） had had sweep swept swept
hear heard heard swim swam swum
hide hid hidden take took taken
hit hit hit teach taught taught
hold held held tell told told
hurt hurt hurt think thought thought
keep kept kept throw threw thrown
know knew known understand understood understood
lay laid laid wake woke/waked wok

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