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引导定语从句的 “ 介词 + 关系代词 ” 结构
在英语中，由“介词+关系代词”引导的限制性和非限制性定语从句十分常见。但是，不少人在阅读和翻译时对此结构往往感到困惑。以下从五个方面对此结构进行探讨。
一．“介词 + 关系代词” 结构中的关系代词
用来引导定语从句的关系代词常见的有
who，whom，whose，which，that等。
而这些关系代词能在定语从句中作宾语的只有whom，which和that三个。
这三个关系代词也能在从句中作介词的宾语，但是，that作介词宾语时，介词不可放在that之前，只能放在从句中原来的位置上，因此，“介词+关系代词”结构中的关系代词实际上只有whom和which两个。
例如 :
The two things about which Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms.
马克思不大有把握的两方面是语法和某些习惯语。
He had a bad cold, because of which he didn't attend the meeting.
他得了重感冒，因此而未能参加会议。
There are 30 students in our class， of whom 25 are league members.
我们班里有学生30人，其中25人是团员。
The person to whom I spoke just now is the postmaster.
我刚才跟他讲话的那个人是邮政局局长。
有时，我们可以见到“介词+where"引导定语从句的例子。
例如 :
His head soon appeared out of one of the second storey windows， from where he could see nothing but trees.
他的头很快从二楼的一个窗口外显露出来，从那儿，除了树木他什么也看不见。
这一句中的from where是一种比较特殊的用法，其中where是关系副词，在从句中作地点状语，替代的是out of one of the second storey windows，其介词一般只见于from。请再看两例:
They stood on the top of the high building， from where
(=from the top of the high building)
they could see the whole city.
他们站在高楼顶上，从那儿看整个城市尽收眼底。
We went up on the roof ， from where
( = from on the roof )
we had a good view of the procession.
我们上到房顶，从那儿(从站在房顶上的地方)我们清楚地看到了游行队伍。
以下一些由from构成的介词短语也有助于我们理解from where结构:
from across the street 从街对面
from under the tree 从树下
from before the war 自从战前
from around the roots 从根部周围
from among the workers 从工人中
二．"介词+关系代词”结构中的介词
a. 这个结构中的介词可能是定语从句中短语动词的一个固定部分。
The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming. 你等的那位老师来了。
以上例句中的for是短语动词wait for的固定部分，不可缺少，也不能用其他介词代替。
例如 :
He bought much furniture, on which he spent almost all the money he saved every month.
他买了好多家俱，把每月积蓄的钱几乎都花在这上面了。
The bodies on which the forces act are in equilibrium.
受到许多力作用的物体处于平衡状态中。
有的介词可能是定语从句中形容词短语或其他短语的习惯搭配
例如:
The metals with which we are most familiar are steel and iron.
我们最熟悉的金属是钢和铁。
上句中的介词with
是定语从句中形容词短语familiar with的习惯搭配
再请看几例：
A single force may be broken into two or more forces to which it is equivalent.
一个力可分解为两个或两个以上的力，它们的和与这个力相等。
Molecules are the small particles of which all matter is composed.
分子是构成一切物质的小粒子。
The sliding of one solid body over another solid body,with which it is in contact, is always resisted by a force called the friction force.
一个固体在它接触的另一个固体上面滑动，总是受到一个叫做摩擦力的阻抗。
b. 此结构中的介词可能由先行词的某种习惯搭配来决定
例如:
The age at which the immunity is acquired differs in different places.
获得此免疫的年龄，在不同地区是不一样的。
(表示“在…岁，若用age，其前面就用介词at)
The speed at which light travels is 200，000 km per second.
光的传播速度为每秒30万公里。
(表示“以…速度"，speed前一般用at)
I'll never forget the day on which I saw Chairman Mao with my own eyes.
我决不会忘记我亲眼见到毛主席的那一天。
(表示“在某一天”，day前要用介词on)
c. 此结构中的介词可能是由which引出的定语从句中短语介词的组成部分。
例如:
Inertia is that property of matter because of which a force must be exerted on a body in order to accelerate it.
惯性是物质的一种特性，由于这种特性，必须对一个物体施加一个力才能使物体加速前进。
Sound is a tool by means of which people communicate ideas with each other.
声音是人们交流思想的工具。
The property by virtue of which a body tends to remain in either of the natural states is called inertia.
使物体趋向于保持其所处的任一自然状态的性质称为惯性。
d. 此结构中的介词可能是关系代词which所修饰的名词的固定部分或其名词所需的习惯搭配
例如:
Earth pressure may exist on either face of a gravity dam, in which case its effect must be determined.
重力坝的上下游面都可能存在土的压力，在这种情况下，必须确定土的压力的影响。
The resistivity of most insulators decreases with an increase in temperature, for which reason the temperature in insulated conductors must be kept reasonably low.
大多数绝缘体的电阻率都随温度的升高而降低，因此，不能让绝缘导体的温度升高到不合适的地步。
e· 这种结构中的介词可能是表示“所属”意义的介词of，其of前常冠有“部分”含义的名词、代词或数词，即构成"名词(代词或数词)+of+关系代词"结构of的前与后是部分与整体的关系。
例如：
Our school has 83 teachers， 30 of whom are women.
我们学校有教师83人，其中30人是妇女。
The lightest element is hydrogen， the atom of which consists of a nucleus of only one proton， round which revolves one electron.
最轻的元素是氢，其原子由仅含一个质子的原子粒组成，有一个电子绕着这个核子转动。
f . 这种结构中的介词有时完全是根据要表达的意思来决定的。
试比较以下几句:
This colourless gas is called oxygen, in which fires burn much better.
这种无色的气体叫做氧气，火在氧气中燃烧好多了。
This colourless gas is called oxygen, without which we could not live.
这种无色气体叫做氧气，没有它我们就不能生存。
This colourless gas is called oxygen, with which we can rescue patients.
这种无色气体叫做氧气，我们可以用它挽救病人的生命
“介词+关系代词”结构的句法功能
a . "介词+关系代词”构成的介词短语在定语从句中一般作状语
例如 :
The materials in which there are many free electrons are called conductors.
内部有许多自由电子的材料叫做导体。
试比较:
The materials are called conductors， and in the materials there are many free electrons.
She loves the children, for whom she is ready to do anything.
她喜爱那些孩子们，并愿意为他们干任何事情。
试比较:
She loves the children， and she is ready to do anything for them.
b. “介词+关系代词"也可以在定语从句中作定语，这主要见于“名词等+介词of+关系代词"结构中
例如:
Gas is a substance the volume of which is determined by the temperature and pressure.
气体是这样的一种物质:其体积的大小取决于温度和压力。
There are 103 elements found in nature， most of which are metals.
在自然界里已发现103种元素其中大部分是金属。
“介词+关系代词”还可以作从句里某一介词的宾语定语,并与该介词短语(即短语介词)在一起作句中的状语。
例如:
The apparatus by means of which protons can be separated from neutrons in nucleus is called a cyclotron.
用以使原子核中的质子与中子分离的装置叫做回旋力速器。
c . "介词+关系代词”在“介词+关系代词+名词"结构引导的定语从句中，其关系代词作定语修饰它后面的名词而介词短语本身在定语从句中作状语
例如：
Water boils at 100 ℃, at which temperature it changes to a gas.
水在 100 ℃ 时沸腾 ， 此时它变成气体。
He might be in bed still, in which case we can go without him.
他可能还没有起来，这样咱们就不带他去。
d. "介词+关系代词”在表示所属关系，用作定语时可用关系代词whose替代
例如:
An element is a substance the nature of which (=whose nature) cannot be changed by an ordinary method of division.
单质是一种不能用普通的分离方法改变其性质的物质
Let AB in the figure on the right represent an inclined plane the surface of which（= whose surface ) is smooth and unbending.
令图中AB表示一个表面光滑而不弯折的斜面。
e. “介词+关系代词”在定语从句中分别用作时间、地点、原因状语时，可分别用关系副词when，where和why来替换
例如：
That is the place at which (= where) his father was murdered by the Japanese aggressors.
这是他父亲被日本侵略者杀害的地方。
Spring is the time in which (= when) people go sight-seeing.
春季是人们游览的好时光。
I should like to know the reason for which (= why) you change the plan.
我想知道你改变计划的原因。
在现代英语里
还可用关系副词that来替换表示时间、地点和原因的"介词+关系代词”结构
以上各例均可用that替代
此外that还可替代表示方式的“介词+关系代词”结构
例如 :
The way in which (= that) words are modified and joined together to express thoughts and feelings differs from one language to another. 各种语言把单词加以修饰和连接在一起以表达思 想感情的方法是有所不同的。
但必须注意
表示方式状语的“介词+关系代词”结构
是不能用how来替换的
以下的句子是不能成立的：
That is the way how he spoke.
That is the way how it happened.

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