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(共30张PPT)
“It”作形式主语和形式宾语
一、 It 用作形式主语
当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。
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二、It 用作形式宾语
当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作宾语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构的混乱，常用it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾。
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It 作形式主语的常见句型
① It + be + 形容词 + to do sth. / doing / that ….
e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language.
(学一门外语非常重要。)
It is useless crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)
It was really surprising that she married a man like that.
(她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。)
② It + be +名词词组 + doing / that ….
e.g. It is no good telling lies.
(撒谎没好处。)
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film yesterday. (你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。)
空白演示
③ It + be + 过去分词 + that ….
该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.
e.g. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. (据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。)
It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world.
(大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。)
④ It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 + that ….
e.g. It seems that he enjoys pop songs very much.
(似乎他非常喜欢流行歌曲。)
It appears that Tom might change his mind.
(看来汤姆可能会改变主意。)
⑤ 若句子是疑问形式，就只能用it作形式主语。
e.g. Does it matter much that they won’t come tomorrow (他们明天不来很重要吗？)
Is it true that he will go abroad next week (他下周出国是真的吗？)
⑥ It + takes + (sb.) + some time + to do sth.
这是一个表示“（某人）花多少时间干某事”的句型，其中it是形式主语，代替后面的不定式（to do sth.），句型中的sb.也可以省略。
e.g. It took me some time to read the reading books.(我花了一些时间才读完那段阅读。)
It took him fourteen hours to go to New Zealand from Shanghai by plane.
(从上海乘飞机去新西兰花了他14小时。)
How long does it take you to go to Beijing from Qingdao by train
(从青岛坐火车到北京一般要花多久时间？)
I am not sure, but I think it takes at least nine hours to get there.
(我不能肯定，但估计至少要九个钟头才能到那儿。)
二、It 用作形式宾语
① 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在复合宾语结构中作某些动词的宾语时（如think, make, find, consider, feel, suppose等）；
e.g. They found it pleasant that they worked with us Chinese.（他们发现与我们中国人一起工作很愉快。）
I don’t feel it difficult to understand the Special English.
（我觉得理解英语特别节目并不难。）
He makes it a rule never to borrow money.
（他立志决不向别人借钱。）
I think it no need talking about it with them.
（我认为没必要跟他们谈。）
② 某些表示“喜、怒、哀、乐”的动词，如like, enjoy, love, hate等，往往不能直接接宾语从句；
e.g. I don’t like it that he’s so lazy. （我不喜欢他那么懒惰。）
I hate it when my mother asks me to eat eggs. （我讨厌母亲要我吃鸡蛋。）
③ that引导的宾语从句不能直接作介词的宾语；
e.g. You may depend on it that we shall always help you.
（尽管放心，我们会随时帮你的。）
Would you see to it that she gets home early
（你负责保证她早到家，好吗？）
He insisted on it that he was innocent. （他坚持说自己是无辜的。）
④ 由及物动词与介词组成的固定搭配中，宾语从句若作该动词的宾语时，须借用it。
e.g. I leave it to your own judgement whether you should do it.
（我让你自己判断这事是否该做。）
We owe it to you that there wasn’t a serious accident. （多亏了你才没有发生严重事故。）
it既可作人称代词，用来表示动物或无生命的物体等，也可以作无人称代词，在句中作主语，表示“时间”、“距离”、“天气”等。它还可以引导强调句，使语气得以加强。此外，it在句中能作引导词，充当句子中的形式上的成分，如形式主语、形式宾语等。
　㈠ it作形式主语：it作形式主语时没有具体的意义，而只是帮助把真正的主语移到句子后部去，使句子显得平稳一些。it作形式主语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和主语从句。
如：①It is everyone’s duty to obey the law.
遵守法律是每个人的义务。
　　（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to obey the law）
　　②It is difficult for a foreigner to learn Chinese.
对于一个外国人来说，学习汉语是困难的。
　　（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to learn Chinese）
　　③It is not right to use these places as rubbish dumps.
把这些地方用来倒垃圾是不对的。
　　（it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to use these places as rubbish dumps）
　　④It took them a year to build the bridge.
建这座桥花了他们一年的时间。
　　（ it作形式主语, 代替不定式短语to build the bridge）
⒊ it代替宾语从句：
如：①We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.　
会议取消了我们都感到很遗憾。
②I took it for granted that they were not coming.　
我想他们准是不会来的了。
　
③I’ll see to it that everything is ready in time.　我负责使一切都按时准备好。
It be + 形容词+ for sb. to do sth.与It be + 形容词+of sb. to do sth.：
　　如果句型中的形容词描述的是sb.的品质、品格，在逻辑上可以作sb.的表语，则sb.前应用介词of，否则就用for。
如：①It’s necessary for us to use a short-wave radio to pick up the programmes.我们用一台短波收音机收听这些节目是必要的。
　②It’s important for us to learn English well.学好英语对我们来说是重要的。
　③It’s kind of you to help me.感谢你对我的帮助。
（= You are kind to help me. ）
　④It was foolish of him to give up the job.
他放弃那工作是愚蠢的（= He was foolish to give up the job.）
⒉ it代替动名词短语：动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍
常限于no good, no use, useless, waste等词的后面。　　
　①It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.
　如果你不会开车，有车也没用。
　( it作形式主语,代替动名词短语having a car)
　②It is a waste of time watching TV.看电视是浪费时间。
（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语watching TV）
　③It is no use asking him.问他没有用。　
（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语asking him）
　④It is no use talking to him about it.和他谈这事没有用。
（ it作形式主语,代替动名词短语talking to him about it）
⒊ it代替主语从句：这个主语从句可以用连词that引导，也可以用连接代词或连接副词引导。
如：①It was clear that they had no desire for peace.很清楚他们没有和平的诚意。　　
（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句that they had no desire for peace）
②It is doubtful whether she will be able to come.她能否来还很难说。　　（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句whether she will be able to come）
③It was clear enough what she meant.她的意思是够清楚的。（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句what she meant）
④It hasn’t been made clear when the new road is to be opened to traffic.还没明确宣布新路什么时候通车。（ it作形式主语,代替主语从句when the new road is to be opened to traffic）
　◆ It is a pity/ a shame/ a fact/ an honour/ good news/ no wonder/ a wonder… that…　
如：①It was a pity that the engineer couldn’t come.
可惜工程师没能够来。　
②It is a wonder that he continues to gamble when he always loses!
令人惊讶的是他一直输还一直赌。　
③（It is）no wonder (that) you were late!
难怪你来晚了。
◆ It is + 形容词（如： strange/ natural/ surprising/ obvious/ true/ fortunate/ wonderful/ funny/ possible/ impossible/ likely/ unlikely/ clear/ unusual/ certain/ important…）that …　
如：
①It is certain that he will win.
他一定会取胜。　
②It is important that we should learn from each other and help each other.　
我们应当互相学习，互相帮助，这是很重要的。
◆ It seems/ happened/ turned out/ suddenly struck me/ occurred to me…that …　　
如：
①It happened that I wasn’t there that day.
恰好那天我不在那里。　　
②It seems that his idea is more practical.
看起来他的意见更实际一些。　
　
③It suddenly occurred to me that I knew how to solve that problem.
　我忽然想起我知道怎样解决那个问题。
◆ It + be + 过去分词（如：said/ reported/ announced/ decided/ expected/ hoped/ known/ believed…）that…
如：①It is hoped that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon.(相当于：People hope that the number of deer will greatly increase very soon)　
人们希望鹿的数目将会很快增加。
②It is said that nothing has been done about it.
据说至今对此没采取任何措施。
◆ It doesn’t matter +连接代词或副词…　　It doesn’t make too much difference　　 +连接代词或副词…　　
如：①It doesn’t matter whether he comes or not.
他来还是不来都没关系。　
②It won’t make much difference whether you go today or tomorrow.
你今天去也好，明天去也好，关系不大。
㈡ it作形式宾语：　　it作形式宾语时，可以代替三种形式：不定式、动名词和宾语从句。　　it作形式宾语时，需具备两个条件：　　
① 真正的宾语是不定式、动名词或从句　
② 有宾语补足语　具备了这两个条件，形式宾语it一定要用。
1. it代替不定式短语think/ find/ feel/ consider/ make/ regard…+ it +形容词/名词 + 不定式短语　　
如：①I find it pleasant to work with him.　
(it 作形式宾语，代替不定式短语to work with him)我觉得和他一起工作很愉快。
⒉ it代替动名词短语( 这只限于少数句型，在多数情况下用不定式时更多一些)
　　如：　
①Do you consider it any good trying again
你觉得再试会有好处吗？
　　
②He found it useless( no use) arguing with him.他发现和他辩论没有用。
　⒊ it代替宾语从句：
如：①We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled.　
会议取消了我们都感到很遗憾。
②I took it for granted that they were not coming.　
我想他们准是不会来的了。　
③I’ll see to it that everything is ready in time.　
我负责使一切都按时准备好。

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