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虚拟语气专题讲解
【知识要点】
语气（mood）是一种动词形式， 用以表示说话者的意图或态度。
英语有三种语气：
＊ 直陈语气（indicative mood）---- 事实
France lies to the east of England.
＊ 祈使语气（imperative mood）---- 请求、命令
Make yourself at home.
＊ 虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）
If there were no air and water , we should not be able to live on the earth.
虚拟语气表示说话人的一种主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件而不一定是事实，或与事实相反。
一. 虚拟语气在if条件状语从句中的用法
假设类型 条件从句谓语
动词形式 主语谓语
动词形式
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式(be用were而不用was) should/ would /could/ might+动词原形
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should/ would/could/might + have+过去分词
与将来事实相反 1.should+动词原形2.动词过去式3.were to+动词原形 should/ would/ could/ might +动词原形
1. 在错综条件句子中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词应根据所指的时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。
1） If I were you，I wouldn't have missed the film last night．
2） If he had followed the doctor's advice，he would recover already．（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
2、在if虚拟条件句中，有时可把连词省去，采用倒装语序把谓语动词were或助动词did，had，should 移到句首构成非真实条件从句的另一种句型，其意思不变。
1）Had we time to spare，we would be glad to go to the park．
2）Were it not for the discovery of electricity，the modern world would experience great inconvenience．
3、有时假设的情况不用if引导虚拟条件从句来表述，而用介词（如without， but for等）引出的短语、分词（如supposing等）引出的短语、并列连词（如or，otherwise，but，though等）、由动词suppose引出的祈使句或通过上下文的意思来表达。此时句中谓语动词仍采用虚拟语气的相应形式。
1）But for your advice，I would not be able to do this work．
2）Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened，otherwise he wouldn't have made such a stupid remark． 。
4、通过Were it not for...或Had it not been for...等句式表达条件
Were it not for(=If it were not for) the leadership of the Party,we could not live a happy life.
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.
二 . Wish 引导的从句中用虚拟语气
与现在事实相反 过去时（were）
与过去事实相反 had+过去分词 would/could/should+have+done
与将来事实相反 would/could/might+动词原形
I wish I were as tall as you.
He wished he hadn't said that.
I wish it would rain tomorrow.
三． 表示要求,命令,建议的虚拟语气
一个（坚持） ___insist______
两个（命令） ___order, command_________
三个（建议） ___suggest, advise, propose_(recommend)__
四个（要求） __require, demand, request, __ask________
这些动词后面的宾语从句要使用虚拟语气用法。即从句中的动词使用should + 动词原形, 或者将should省略。
The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.
He insisted that we (should) tell him the news.
It is arranged that he leave for Canada on Friday.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening
My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
四． It’s necessary/strange/natural/ important/pity/no wonder/impossible + that Clause 从句中的动词要用虚拟, 即(should)+动词原形
I It is a great pity that you (should) think so.
It is highly desirable that a new president be appointed for this college．
It is strange that the girl（should）be so arrogant．
五. would rather 后的宾语从句, 用虚拟语气
I would rather you could teach me again.
The manager would rather that his secretary went to the meeting instead of him .
六. as if， as though引导的从句, 用虚拟语气
以as if 、as though（似乎，仿佛）引出的方式状语从，如果表示真实情况应该用直陈语气；如果表示非真实情况， 都必须用虚拟语气。当从句表示与现在的事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反要用"had ＋过去分词"；表示与将来可能相反的则用"would（could，might）＋动词原形"。
The little boy knows so many things as if he were an adult
He acted as usual as though nothing had happened.
七. 由if only （要是……，那该多好啊！）引导的惊叹句, 用虚拟语气
If only I had passed the test ！
If only it stopped raining！
If only I had taken mother's advice
比较if only与only if
only if表示 “只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。If only也可用于陈述语气。
I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。
If only the alarm clock had rung.　　当时闹钟响了，就好了。
If only he comes early.　　　　　　　但愿他早点回来。
八. It is (high) time that
It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。
It is time that the children went to bed.
It is high time that the children should go to bed.
It is high time that we had our lunch. 该是我们吃午饭的时候了。
It is time that he made up his mind. 该是他作出决定的时候了。
九、在和idea，necessity，plan， motion，order，proposal，recommendation，suggestion，under- standing等词有关的同位语或表语从句中，谓语动词用动词原形或"should ＋动词原形"表示虚拟语气。
My idea is that the group（should）hold another session to discuss the problem．
Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be attained be taken into account before starting a new project．
十、虚拟语气用在简单句中，表示祝愿，命令。
May you be happy. 祝你幸福。
May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快
十一、情态动词中的虚拟语气
　　didn't need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.
　　needn't have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。
　　John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。
　 John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home. 约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。 (Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)
You shouldn’t come here yesterday.
I should have worked hard last year, but I didn’t.
基础练习：
1. We demanded that we __________ of any change in the plan.
A． informed B. would be informed C. be informed D. had been informed
2. It’s necessary that he _________ a recognized qualification.
A. has B. have C. had D. having
3. It's high time we ____________ our attention to this problem.
A. turned B. turn C. had turned D. would turn
4. If only you __________ him what I said! Everything would have been all right.
A. didn't told B. hadn't told
C. would not tell D. would have not told
5. He must have had an accident, or he____________ here then.
A. would have been B. had been
C. should have been D. could be
6. Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers_____________ before.
A. had invented B. were invented
C. should have been invented D. had been invented
7. _____________ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced.
A. Were they to B. Could they C. If they D. Would they
8. Five minutes earlier, and we ____________ the last bus.
A. had caught B. should have caught
C. could have caught D. caught
9. You ____________ the clothes! We have a washerwoman to do that sort of thing.
A. shouldn't have washed B. mustn't have washed
C. can not have washed D. needn't have washed
10. Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she _________ a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got
11. The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _____________ himself.
A. injure B. had injured C. injured D. would injure
12. It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios __________ after 11 o'clock at night.
A. were not played B. not to play C. not be played D. did not play
13. You don't have to be in such a hurry. I would rather you _________ on business first.
A. would go B. will go C. went D. have gone
14. It is important that enough money ___________ to fund the project.
A. be collected B. must be collected
C. was collected D. can be collected
15. If only the committee __________ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
A. approve B. will approve C. can approve D. would approve
16. I don't think it advisable that Tom ________ to the job since he has no experience.
A. is assigned B. will be assigned C. be assigned D. has been assigned
17. You _________ her in her office last Friday; she's been out of town for two weeks.
A. needn't have seen B. must have seen
C. might have seen D. can't have seen
18. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _________ him.
A. would have telephoned B. must have telephoned
C. would telephone D. had telephoned
19. It is recommended that the project _________ until all the preparations have been made.
A. is not started B. will not be started
C. not be started D. is not to be started
20. I wish I ________ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A. could have slept B. slept C. might have slept D. have slept
提高练习
1. If I _________ the opportunity I would not have missed it.
A. had given B. was given C. had been giving D. had been given
2. If we _______ yesterday, we _________ the work.
A. weren't interrupted.., would finish B. didn't interrupt.., would have finished
C. hadn't been interrupted., would have finished D. hadn't interrupted.., would have finished
3. If the transfer of power in Iraq had taken place later than June 28，2004, more attacks from Iraqi _______ to American soldiers.
A. would have happened B. would happen
C. will have happened D. could have happened
4. Your examination results were quite satisfactory, but ________ if you had spent less time in playing football
A. wouldn't they have been better B. wouldn't they be better
C. won't they be better D.won't they have been better
5. I didn't know this Picasso exhibit was closed, but I wouldn't have been able to come even if _________ about it.
A. I know B. I'd known C. I have been knowing D. I've known
6. If he ___________ hard in the past five years, things wouldn't be going so smoothly.
A. had not been working B. has not been working
C. was not working D. were not working
7. Do you think the thief entered through the garage door
No. If he had, I don't believe he __________ the living room window.
A. would have broken B. had broken C. has broken D. broke
8. With all this work on hand, he __________ to the cinema last night.
A. mustn't go B. wouldn't go
C. oughtn't to go D. shouldn't have gone
9. I'd rather you __________ anything about it for the time being.
A. do B. didn't do C. don't do D. didn't
10. One of the requirements for a fire is that the material _____ to its burning temperature.
A. be heated B. is heated
C. would be heated D. to heat
11. He is working hard for fear that he ___________ .
A. fell behind B. may fall behind
C. should fall behind D. would fall behind
12. _____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.
　　A. If were I B. I were　 C. Were I　 D. Was I
13. It is highly desirable that a new chairman ___________ for the committee.
A. will be elected B. is elected C. elect D. be elected
14. It is requested that every student ___________ a plan for the next semester.
A. makes B. make C. will make D. would make
15. The librarian recommended that the professor __________ the newly published book.
A. borrow B. borrowed
C. should have borrowed D. borrowing
16. If they _________ the contract ahead of time, they could not have missed the plan.
A. signed B. had signed
C.would have signed D. should sign
17. I don't think it advisable that he _________ to the job since he has no experience.
A. be assigned B. wi ll be assigned
C. is assigned D. has been assigned
18. What do you think of his proposal that we __________ put on a play at the English evening
A. will B. should C. has D. have
19. He must have missed the train, otherwise he _________ then.
A. should arrive here B. has arrived here
C. would have arrived here D. arrived here
20. It ___________ a mistake not to help him.
A. will he B.can he C. would be D. is
21. Mr. Johnson prefers that _________ with him personally.
A. she speaks B. she will speak
C. she speak D. she would speak
22. You _________ yesterday, if you were really serious about the job.
A. ought to come C. ought to be coming
B. ought to have come D. ought have come
23. The old worker urged that we __________ cheaper materials instead.
A. use B. used C. would use D. will use
24. When he took the pen back to Mary, she said coldly, You ______ it sooner, for I ________ it.
A. should have returned.., might need B. should have returned.., might have needed
C. should return.., might have needed D. must have returned.., must have needed
25. I would have written before, but I __________ ill then.
A. am B. was C. had been D. would be
26. Suppose/Supposing you _________ him now, what would you say to him
A. meet B. met C. have met D. would meet
27. Susan _____ written a report like this.
A. can have B. mustn’t have
C. can’t have D. ought to not have
28. You ________ to town to see the film last week. It will be on TV tomorrow.
A. needn't go B. should not go
C. had better not go D. needn't have gone
29. I ________ her to the party but I didn't know her well.
A. ought have invited B. would have invited
C. should invite D. may have invited
30. Helen doesn't know how much I spent in repairing the house; if she ever found out, I'm sure she __________ me.
A. would never forgive C. does never forgive
B. never forgives D. will never forgive
强化题
1. — The Chinese athletes did extremely well in the Athens Olympics.
— Yes， they _______ very hard, or they such great achievement.
A. must have been trained； couldn’t have got
B. must have trained； could have got
C. must have been trained； mustn’t have got
D. should have been trained； couldn’t have got
2. Everything _______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade ( 消防队).
A. will be destroyed B. will have been destroyed
C. would be destroyed D. would have been destroyed
3. We ______ last night， but we went to the concert instead.
A. must have studied B. might study
C. should have studied D. would study
4. — If he _______ ， he _______ that food.
— Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned； would not take
B. had been warned； would not have taken
C. would be warned； had not taken
D. would have been warned； had not taken
5. — But for the bird flu ( 禽流感 ) in Vietnam in the summer of 2004，I ______ you to go to Vietnam for sightseeing.
— Really？ What a pity！
A. have taken B. had taken
C. should have taken D. would have taken
6. Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat， the earth at night ______ ， too cold for us to live.
A. would be freezing cold B. will be freezing coldly
C. would be frozen cold D. can freeze coldly
7. He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ of hunger and cold.
A. would be died B. would have died
C. would die D. will have died
8. I should very much like to have gone to the party but I _______.
A. am not invited B. was not invited
C. shall not be invited D. am not being invited
9. — Some American and British soldiers abused (虐待) the war prisoners in Iraq.
— I think it’s necessary that they ______ seriously according to the international law.
A. punish B. be punished
C. must be punished D. will be punished
10. What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of heater？
A. be made B. will be made
C. would be made D. will have to be made
11. — Did you go to see the football match yesterday？
— No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______ .
A. did B. have C. would D. had
12. ______ ， we could not have finished the work on time.
A. If they do not help us B. Was it not for their help
C. Should they offer to help us D. But for their help
13. If we had been more careful， we _______ much better results now.
A. got B. had got
C. would be getting D. would have got
14. Henry _______ a rich man today if he had been more diligent in the past.
A. would be B. is C. will be D. was
15. They thought it desirable that an armed guard______ in readiness.
A. stands B. stand C. stood D. would stand
参考答案：
基础题
1—5 CBABA 6-10 DACAB 11-15 CCCAD 16-20 CDACA
提高题
1—5 DCAAB 6—11 ABDBA 11—15 DCDBA
16—20DABCC 21—25 DBABB 26—30 BCDDA
强化题
1-5 ADCBD 6-10 ABBBA 11-15 DDCAB
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