资源简介

概要写作
本节内容
一）考纲解读
提供一篇350词以内的短文，要求考生基于该短文写出一篇不超过60词的内容概要。
二）原题分析
①原文材料350词以内，概要写作60词。
②原文以说明文、议论文、记叙文为主。
③概要，基本上就是段落大意。每段一句话概括，或者两段一个大意，最多用两句话概括就行。
④要着重训练自己文章主旨大意和各段段落大意的归纳概括能力。
三）写作步骤
1、细读原文，明确文章的主题。
2、根据文章内容划分各段，有些可能是一个段落一个要点，有些是两个段落一个要点。一般每篇都是4-5个要点。
3、找出每段的主题句。
4、归纳每个要点的大意，注意要用自己的话转述。
四）模板及句型
①表示文章的内容以及研究目的
1)This paper is aimed at/covers/mainly deals with...
2)The article focuses on/discusses/is about ...
②表示研究、报道的结论
1)The result showed that...
2)The author found that...
3)It was concluded that...
4)It was reported that...
③表示推荐、观点或建议
1)The author suggests/considers that...
2)Suggestions are made for...
④也可以不用模板，直接就概括文章内容。
五）评分原则
①本题总分为10分。
②词数少于40和多于60的，从总分中减去2分。
③评分时，应主要从以下四个方面考虑：
(1)对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；(2)应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
(3)上下文的连贯性；(4)对各要点表达的独立性情况。
④拼写与标点符号是语言准确性的一个重要方面，评分时，应视其对交际的影响程度予以考虑。
⑤如书写较差以致影响交际，可将分数降低一个档次。
六）写作技巧
1、找关键词和主题句，准确理解、分析原文要点，归纳段落大意。
2、各要点的表达要相对独立。
3、多使用概括性词语，少用具体描述性词语。
4、句型力求简单，每句话要表意明确，慎用长难句。可用同义转换: 近义词、同义词等替换，或句子重构: 调整词类、时态、语态等，尽量少用关系代词which, who等引导的定语从句，而用-ing形式和-ed形式作定语。
5、要点之间要有适当的衔接，而且使用较短的连接词。例如：but, however, yet, then, thus, though, besides, moreover等;少使用或不使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号也能达到使用连接词的效果。
七）各种文体的写作技巧
（1）记叙文(Narration)：找出时间(when),地点(where),什么人(who)，做了什么事(what),结果怎么样(how)等五要素。其中,最重要的要点是某人(who)做了何事(what)。若是夹叙夹议的文章,还要加上作者的看法、观点、经验或感悟。
①叙事性的记叙文(Narration)。
叙事性的记叙文的主要内容的概括主要抓住记叙文的几个要素：时间、地点、人物、事件和影响或后果。
②写人的记叙文（Description）。
写人的记叙文总结要点主要抓住人物的主要特点或事迹，划出关键词（所谓关键词是文中反复出现的体现主题或关联的词）。
（2）议论文（Argumentation）。
找出议论文的三要素，即论点、论据和结论。其关键是找出主题句或结论句。而这种文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句找论点。若文中有一分为二(即对立观点)的观点，两种观点都要概括，不要漏掉其中一方的观点。
（3）说明文（Exposition）
抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文一般有三种：描写某事物的性质功能；针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施；介绍某现象及其原因、结果。
八）说明文例文展示
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. (2017普陀一模)
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”
The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.①
The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”
It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. ②A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past. Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”③
The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.④
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分3个要点，已在文中标出。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kid’s bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers’ income and promote a teaching campaign to display teaching’s bright side.(55words).
九）议论文例文展示
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.(2017长宁嘉定一模)
The advantages of social networking
Why do most people sign up to social networking sites ①The main reason is to stay in touch with other people. These sites also help people to find their childhood friends that they have lost touch with. Renewing these long-lost friendships is just a click away. It is very exciting to be able to catch up with friends and keep up with their news on an almost daily basis thanks to frequent updates.②
Keep up-to-date,however,doesn’t have to be restricted to friends and acquaintances(相识的人）.What many people tend to forget is that they can also use networking sites for professional reasons. It is actually a great way of finding out about upcoming job opportunities. Friends might know about job vacancies that may not be advertised elsewhere or they can even recommend their friends for certain jobs. Even people already employed can promote their business online. This is particularly important for artists, actors and musicians who can create pages devoted to their band or theatre company, and inform fans about their gigs(现场演唱会）or latest exhibitions. In addition, the sites can be used to allow the public to give instant feedback on the artists’ work and to interact with their favourite artist.③
Another great advantage of social networking sites is how easy it is to organise an event with your friends. Thanks to different settings people can organise their friends by different criteria(标准）. These criteria could be how close friends they are, common interests and hobbies or where they live. This means if a certain event takes place, for example, an open-air concert or a football match, all they have to do is invite the right group of friends to attend. Some networking sites offer a range of quizzes and games, so friends living on opposite sides of the globe can invite each other to participate and compete in a variety of games without leaving their homes.④
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是社交网络的优点。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分4个要点，已在文中标出。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
Social networking sites benefit people in several different ways. Not only do they allow people to keep in close touch with friends old or new ,but they provide potential job opportunities and encourage online business promotion plus interaction.Moreover, they facilitate the organization of various events, connecting people with similar hobbies or preferences globally.(54words)
十）记叙文例文展示
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Meet The Member Who Quit Sugar
When I was 15, I weighed 100 kg.
I was a size 20+ and hated the way I looked. I was a serial big eater and quite depressed. I would sit in front of the fridge, eat something, move to the cupboard, eat a packet of chips, and move back to the fridge.
It was a heartbreaking cycle of hate and food. I didn’t feel confident, pretty, or worthwhile.
Shopping made me cry, I avoided mirrors, and my social life came to an end. I actually lost friends because they told me I was antisocial. It became so bad that I wanted to abuse myself; my skin and my mind became my enemy.
But then, I turned my life around. I quit sugar.
It started with my mum. She staged an intervention (干预) that made me cry. I wanted to change - I needed to change - and she could see how unhappy I was.
She put me onto a diet that mostly aimed to schedule meals, and - to my shock horror - cut out all processed sugar. It was so hard at first. I remember the shame of sneaking chocolate and candies when the three o’clock hunger hits.
But the weeks kept coming and it just got easier. I stopped eating sugar, and I stopped loving it; simple as that.
I substituted chips and biscuits for fruit and nuts, and had cup-of-soups after school when I was hit by the desire. I also had more energy, having a 20-minute walk with my dog into my everyday routine; I began to love that personal time.
Cutting out sugar gave me so much more control over my body, and my outlook on life improved. So many people are intimidated by the words “quit sugar”. It’s not true. Fruit, honey, et cetera are natural sugars, and believe me, they fuel you better than chocolate bars ever could.
Now I’m 17, turning 18, and I weigh 70 kg. I still struggle with my weight, but this is where I sit naturally, and I am very proud of myself. I never thought I would be confident enough to wear dresses or skirts, and take leadership roles to put myself out there and develop my social skills.
I could never have done it without the support of my friends and family, and I urge everyone who wants to do right by themselves and change their diet - quitting sugar or otherwise - to share their decision with people. Develop a support network, online or offline, which can offer you advice or pick you up when you’re down. And I can assure you, from my own personal experience, your body will thank you, and you will thank yourself too.
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是关于作者如何戒糖和减肥。
Step 2：划分要点。记叙文注意是找who / what / when / where / why / how
who：the author
what: quit sugar, lose weight
when: 文中划线处
where/why: 无需强调
how: with her mother’s help and change her diet
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
After experiencing a lot of heartbreaking moments due to her overweight, the author made up her mind to go diet by quitting sugar. She turned to her mother and healthy food. After struggling with her weight and sugar-eating habit, now she has lost 30 kg and feels much better than ever before. Her experience is to take action and support.
课堂练习
（一）概括段落大意
With only two weeks to go before Christmas, buying presents is a high priority for a lot of people. However, this year not so many people are leaving their homes to go shopping. These days lots of people can do their shopping in the comfort of their own home with the help of the Internet.
Online shopping is becoming more and more popular for a number of reasons: prices are often lower online; you don’t have to queue up in busy shops and you can buy almost any product imaginable with just a few clicks of your mouse.
Step 1: 请标出主题句。
Step 2: 概括成一句话。
This year, people are doing Christmas shopping online at home rather than leave their homes for cheaper goods and more convenience.
Are you stressed at work A recent study found that one third of workers describe their jobs as highly stressful; and 75% believe that work is more stressful now than it was 20 years ago. Work- related stress can lead to headaches, depression, memory loss, a lack of concentration, stomach problems and an inability to sleep. But what causes it
Step 1: 请标出主题句。
Step 2: 概括成一句话。
A recent study shows that many people are stressed at work, which is harmful to people’s health.
Scientists today are making greater effort to study ocean currents. Most do it using satellites and other high-tech equipment. However, ocean expert Curtis Ebbesmeyer does it in a special way —by studying movements of random floating garbage.
Step 1: 请标出主题句。
Step 2: 概括成一句话。
Unlike other ocean expert, Ebbesmeyer monitors ocean currents by tracking floating garbage.
A recent survey of the effects of noise revealed a large number of sources of noise that we really dislike: Lawn mowers whining on a summer’s day, late-night parties in apartment blocks, noisy neighbors, vehicles of all kinds, especially large container trucks thundering through quiet village, planes and helicopters flying overhead, large radios carried round in public places and played at maximum volume. To our surprise dogs barking incessantly in the night rated the highest form of noise pollution on a scale ranging from 1 to 7.
Step 1: 请标出主题句。
Step 2: 概括成一句话。
According to a survey, among common noises, the worst is dogs barking.
（二）Summary Writing
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fun Offices Make Workers Happier
In order to make their employees happier, companies around the world have been busy installing play equipment in the workplace. Table football, computer games and action figures have become common in some workplaces.
Despite all this effort, unfortunately, work still makes people unhappy. According to a study by the London School of Economics, the place where people feel most miserable is work. ①
To proceed with an emphasis on being happy, however, other emotions are crowded out. Anger, sadness, anxiety and uncertainty all become a no-no. Such a ban on negative emotions can be emotionally bad for employees. A number of studies have shown that being able to express a range of positive and negative emotions is important, particularly when people are dealing with difficult experiences.
Besides, being constantly on the lookout for happiness may actually drive happiness away from us. Scientists have found that when we talk about how important happiness is, we become less likely to find it, even when we have experiences that usually make us happy. ②
Wanting to be happy at work is fair enough, but being forced to be happy at work can be troubling. If companies were genuinely interested in making their employees happy, they would perhaps look at some more “down-to-earth” interventions (务实的干预). A simple step would be to stop interrupting workers with all sorts of pointless demands such as long emails and unnecessary forms. A study by Harvard Business School found workers felt most satisfied on days when they were able to focus on a piece of work and make meaningful progress on it.
In short, if companies really want to make their employees happier, they should think long and hard before pointless restructuring.③
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是关于公司怎么可以让员工更快乐。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分3个要点，已在文中标出。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
A study shows work still upsets people though companies are trying to make workplaces fun. Forcing employees to be happy is useless because being unable to express negative feelings is harmful and always looking for happiness deliberately will make people less happy. Rather, the effective way to make employees happy is not to interrupt employees with meaningless tasks. (58 words)
课后作业
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
When her five daughters were young, Helene An always told them that there was strength in unity. To show this, she held up one chopstick, representing one person. Then she easily broke it into two pieces. Next, she tied several chopsticks together, representing a family. She showed the girls it was hard to break the tied chopsticks. This lesson about family unity stayed with the daughters as they grew up.
Helene An and her family own a large restaurant business in California. However, when Helene and her husband Danny left their home in Vietnam in1975, they didn't have much money, They moved their family to San Francisco. There they joined Danny's mother, Diana, who owned a small Italian sandwich shop. Soon afterwards, Helene and Diana changed the sandwich shop into a small Vietnamese restaurant. The five daughters helped in the restaurant when they were young. However, Helene did not want her daughters to always work in the family business because she thought it was too hard.
Eventually the girls all graduated from college and went away to work for themselves, but one by one, the daughters returned to work in the family business. They opened new restaurants in San Francisco and Los Angeles. Even though family members sometimes disagreed with each other, they worked together to make the business successful. Daughter Elizabeth explains,"Our mother taught us that to succeed we must have unity, and to have unity we must have peace. Without the strength of the family, there is no business."
Their expanding business became a large corporation in1996, with three generations of Ans working together. Although they began with a small restaurant, they had big dreams, and they worked together. Now they are a big success.
Helene An once tied several chopsticks together to show her young daughters the strength of family unity.(1) Helene An and her family had a large restaurant which was changed from a small Italian sandwich shop.(2) Influenced by what Helene had said, the daughters all returned to work in their family business after growing up.(3) They worked together and had big dreams, and made the business successful finally.(4)
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
“In wilderness(荒野) is the preservation of the world.” This is a famous saying from a writer regarded as one of the fathers of environmentalism. The frequency with which it is borrowed mirrors a heated debate on environmental protection: whether to place wilderness at the heart of what is to be preserved.
As John Sauven of Greenpeace UK points out, there is a strong appeal in images of the wild, the untouched; more than anything else, they speak of the nature that many people value most dearly. The urge to leave the subject of such images untouched is strong, and the danger exploitation brings to such landscapes is real. Some of these wildernesses also perform functions that humans need—the rainforests, for example, store carbon in vast quantities. To Mr. Sauven, these “ecosystem services” far outweigh the gains from exploitation.
Lee Lane, a visiting fellow at the Hudson Institute, takes the opposing view. He acknowledges that wildernesses do provide useful services, such as water conservation. But that is not, he argues, a reason to avoid all human presence, or indeed commercial and industrial exploitation. There are ever more people on the Earth, and they reasonably and rightfully want to have better lives, rather than merely struggle for survival. While the ways of using resources have improved, there is still a growing need for raw materials, and some wildernesses contain them in abundance. If they can be tapped without reducing the services those wildernesses provide, the argument goes, there is no further reason not to do so. Being untouched is not, in itself, a characteristic worth valuing above all others.
I look forward to seeing these views taken further, and to their being challenged by the other participants. One challenge that suggests itself to me is that both cases need to take on the question of spiritual value a little more directly. And there is a practical question as to whether wildernesses can be exploited without harm.
This is a topic that calls for not only free expression of feelings, but also the guidance of reason. What position wilderness should enjoy in the preservation of the world obviously deserves much more serious thinking.
People hold different views on the position of the wilderness in environmental protection.(l) John Sauven says that preserving wildernesses outweighs exploitation as the nature provides useful services.(2) While Lee Lane holds the opposite view that the wilderness should be exploited to satisfy the growing need for raw materials.(3) For the author, both opinions are still faced with challenges, so more serious thinking is needed.(4)
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
A survey of more than 2 000 people living in the UK has found that those with a higher IQ are more likely to live a longer life. Researchers analyzed data from the Scottish Mental Surveys—in which almost every 11-year-old in Scotland was given the same IQ test on the same day in 1932—and tracked the participants’ lives up to when they passed away. Even when factors such as economic status and employment level were accounted for, the smarter kids ended up living longer than those with lower IQs. These results correlate to several previous studies that have found a link between IQ and mortality(死亡率）when other factors were filtered out.
We don't yet understand why this is the case, but there are some interesting hypotheses (假设）：one is that intelligent people are more likely to strap themselves in while driving, choose to eat a healthy diet, avoid smoking, and exercise more often. Whalley and Deary found that those with a higher IQ were more likely to quit smoking after its negative health effects were published in the 1950s. In other words, smart people might just be better at avoiding things that are going to kill them.
Another hypothesis is that a high IQ is a signifier of a sturdy(强壮的）constitution and a body that’s going to last一it’s essentially a signifier rather than a cause, some scientists believe. One study published in 2005 found that better reaction times specifically helped people live longer —so a high IQ is possibly an indication of an efficient nervous system, rather than being itself a cause of longer life, the researchers proposed.
It's a complicated area of science, particularly as an IQ score doesn't necessarily directly represent intelligence, and can be affected by social class, education standards, and other cultural factors. Nevertheless, the link is there—and researchers are still trying to find out why.
According to a new research, human beings’ mortality rate is related to IQ. The higher one's IQ is, the more likely he is to live longer.(要点1) Some people suppose the reason why it arises is that intelligent people can control themselves better in face of health crises, (要点2) while others think that a higher IQ is a symbol of having a strong and healthy body.(要点3) Anyhow, the connection is guaranteed and scientists is trying to discover the causes.(要点4)

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