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Summary专项讲解
考点分析：
概要写作，其实我们考生并不陌生，在日常的英语教学中，教师经常让学生就所学英语课文逐段概括段落大意或者复述课文，这在一定程度上都为概要写作打基础。除此之外，作为考生，还要注意以下几点：
（1）积累常见的同义短语和句型转换，掌握并运用单词、短语和句型。“巧妇难为无米之炊”，即使有再好的写作技巧，如果没有相应的基础词汇和句法知识，也很难写出概要写作的上乘之作。因此，考生要在基础词汇和句法知识上下功夫，以不变应万变。
（2） 进行适度地专题练习。有计划地进行适度练习有利于考生快速掌握概要写作的要点，找到概要写作的感觉，冲破对概要写作的不适感。平时可多关注往年的高考阅读文章，进行结构分析和主旨概括训练。可按文体和题材，分类训练篇章结构的布局，增强对文章上下文连贯性的把握。概要写作首先要掌握各种文体的写作特点和框架。如：
记叙文：what / who / when / where / why / how
议论文：opinion / idea + argument (supporting ideas / reasons)
说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
新闻： a focus on the first paragraph and the first and last sentences of the other paragraphs
综合以上分析可知，新高考更加重视考查考生高中阶段英语基本技能的掌握情况，也注意考查考生进入高等学校继续学习的潜能，目标是利用高考命题的导向功能推动新课程的课堂教学改革。
1.选材特点
（1）所需阅读的短文词数在350以内；
（2）所选材料体裁没有限制，以说明文、议论文和记叙文为主。
2.评分参考
阅卷时主要考虑以下内容：
（1）对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；
（2）应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；
（3）上下文的连贯性；
（4）对各要点表达的独立性情况。
注意：理解准确，涵盖全部要求，完全使用自己的语言，准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇，得分相应比较高。相反，如果概要写作部分出现两句以上整句抄自原文现象，得分档次将会大大降低；所写内容与所提供内容无关不得分。

3、考查能力
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
专题详解
1）知识点1
1.写作步骤
1）细读原文。首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握文章主旨和结构，明确各段的大意。
2）弄清要求。新高考的概要写作是写全文概要，不是写某一部分的概要，或者就某些问题写出要点。
3）列出原文要点。分析原文的内容和结构，将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序。在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分。
4）在写作时要特别注意下面几点：
（1）概要应包括原文中的主要事实，略去不必要的细节。
（2）安排好篇幅的比例，概要应同原文保持协调，即用较多的文字写重要内容，用较少的文字写次要内容。
（3）注意要点之间的衔接，要用适当的关联词语贯通全文，切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每两句之间都加关联词语，以免显得生硬。
（4）不排斥用原文的某些词句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的话语表达，至少对原文句子做一些同义词替换，如果结构上也能有一些转换会更好。
（5）计算词数，看是否符合规定的词数要求。


例题分析：
Getting rid of dirt, in the opinion of most people, is a good thing. However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt.
In the early 16th century, people thought that dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease, as medical opinion had it that washing off dirt with hot water could open up the skin and let ills in. A particular danger was though to lie in public baths. By 1538, the French king had closed the bath houses in his kingdom. So did the king of England in 1546. Thus began a long time when the rich and the poor in Europe lived with dirt in a friendly way. Henry IV, King of France, was famously dirty. Upon learning that a nobleman had taken a bath, the king ordered that, to avoid the attack of disease, the nobleman should not go out.
Though the belief in the merit (好处) of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since the 18 century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health. Clean water supply and hand washing are practical means of preventing disease. Yet, it seems that standards of cleanliness have moved beyond science since World War II. Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea: clothes need to be whiter than white, cloths ever softer, surfaces to shine. Has the hate for dirt, however, gone too far
Attitudes to dirt still differ hugely nowadays. Many first-time parents nervously try to warn their children off touching dirt, which might be responsible for the spread of disease. On the contrary, Mary Ruebush, an American immunologist (免疫学家), encourages children to play in the dirt to build up a strong immune system. And the latter (后者) position is gaining some ground.
One possible version：
People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. (要点 1 ) For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill. (要点 2 ) However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy. (要点 3) However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system. (要点 4)
【范文点拨】
(一)要点分析
1.文章第一段就是本篇文章的主题句，亮明了总的观点：However, there is nothing fixed about attitudes to dirt. 换句话说：Different people have different attitudes towards dirt. 再结合下文谈到的主题可知Different people have different attitudes towards dirt on the skin. 范文中的要点1“People have mixed opinions towards dirt on our skin. ”概括非常精炼。
2．第二段主要谈到了在16世纪，人们认为dirt on the skin was a means to block out disease，尤以英、法两国的贵族为代表。结合第三段第一句Though the belief in the merit of dirt was long-lived, dirt has no longer been regarded as a nice neighbor ever since 18 century.可知，直到18世纪之前，人们都认为dirt是很“友好的”，有助于预防疾病。范文中的要点2 “For a long time in history, people of some European countries, such as France, believed that dirt protected people from getting ill.”很好地总结了这些要点。
3. 第三段用Though引出人们对dirt观点的转变“…since the 18th century. Scientifically speaking, cleaning away dirt is good to health.”再结合本段最后一部分Advertisements repeatedly sell the idea…可得出要点3“However, people began to change their attitudes to dirt about 200 years ago. People have been told that washing dirt off our body can keep us healthy.”
4. 文章最后一段第一句指出，现在人们对于dirt的态度还是有所不同，On the contrary引出专家的观点，一位免疫学家认为dirt有助于增强免疫系统。这一观点获得了一些支持。范文中的要点4“However, some scientists believe that exposure to some dirt may help our immune system.”表达很恰切。
(二) 要点连接
文章概要，在写完了要点之后，下一步的工作就是要把这些要点用适当的连接词进行连接，使上下句之间具有连贯性。本篇文章整篇结构是总分的结构，要点2和要点3在观点上截然相反，因此，之间需要表示转折的连接词，范文用了However恰到好处。要点3和要点4在观点上又存在不同，因此，还是用表转折的连接词However。不过小编认为，此处用Nevertheless可以避免三句话内出现两次However。
(三) 关键词汇
第一段：fixed (确定的；不变的) 第二段：means (手段，方法), block out (挡住), open up (打开), upon (……之后；立即) 第三段：long-lived (长期存在的), sell the idea (说服某人接收某个观点) 第四段：warn sb off (警告某人不要靠近), position (观点), gain some ground (取得优势)
以上这些关键词对于整篇文章的理解与转化成自己的语言都很关键，如果不能准确领会其用意，语篇理解的效果会大打折扣。所以，概要写作的基础是理解语篇，而读懂语篇的基础是词汇，尤其是对关键词汇的掌握与运用。在此基础上，综合运用语法与句法结构，按照行文逻辑组织语言，形成概要。
知识点2：
1. Techniques of a summary – Paraphrasing
注意：使用Paraphrasing需要换词、简化；使用general words而不是detailed words
e.g.
His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. He was very brave.
e.g.
They acted in a manner that rendered them liable to prosecution. They acted illegally.
e.g.
She brought home several Chinese and English novels, and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vacation. She brought home a lot of books to read during the vacation.
2. Types of Summaries
1）记叙文 —— 串联要素 （who, when, where, what, how, why）
要求：a. 谁做了什么？
b. 结果如何？
2） 说明文 —— 根据不同类型
a. 描写事物性质功用。“对象+性质功用+利好”
(In the passage) the writer introduces… (对象) to us, especially its… (性质或功用), from which we know… (对象带有的利好).
b. 针对某个问题提出的解决方案或措施，“问题+解决方法”
The passage tells us… (问题), including… (方法1), … (方法2)…, and… (方法3).
c. 介绍某现象及其原因和结果，“现象+原因+结果”。
(The author/ writer said/ talks about)… (现象) of…., because / but … (原因/本质1), and (原因/本质2).
3）议论文 —— 论点、论据和结论；找出主题句，支撑句和结论句。
课堂练习：
1. 找准主题句
Passage 1
A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul, the capital of Turkey, on the early morning of September 14, 2006, at 4 o’clock. As most people were still in deep sleep when the earthquake was happening, all the people were in a panic, which led to a disastrous result— about 200 people were killed in the earthquake, and many more were seriously injured, with hundreds of thousands homeless. The local government is organizing the rescue and the international aid has also come from many countries, including China.
Which of the following is the topic sentence
A terrible earthquake broke out in Istanbul.
About 200 people were killed in the earthquake.
The international aid has also come from many countries, including China.
All the people were in a panic during the earthquake.
Passage 2
Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another. The journeys were often long, tiring and dangerous. Today the picture has changed.. There are first-class ships and airplanes to take people where their dreams lie, whether within one’s country or abroad. Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical. So we can say transportation has been improved a great deal.
Which of the following is the topic sentence
Years ago it was very difficult to travel from one place to another.
Today the picture has changed.
Transportation has been improved a great deal.
Traveling has become safer, more enjoyable and above all, more economical.
2. 改写训练
Rewrite the following sentences ------- (each with one sentence).
1. Kate looked at Paul and said angrily, “You put too much salt on your food.”
Kate said to Paul angrily he put too much salt on his food.
_________________________________________________________________
2. She bought a lot of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes and some eggs. She intended to invite all his friends for her birthday party at the weekend.
She bought various vegetables to hold herself a birthday party with all her friends.
_________________________________________________________________
3. Nowadays more and more teenagers try to be more independent from their parents and sometimes become very rebellious. They always want to wear long and strange hairstyle, which their parents complain about a lot. They also spend too much time on the Internet and playing computer games.
Nowadays teens try to show their independence by doing strange things or wasting time online, thus some becoming rebellious.
_________________________________________________________________
4. 1. It is better to prevent something unpleasant from happening than try to put it right afterwards.
Prevention is better than cure.
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Hurry up. If you don’t, you will miss the train.
Hurry up or you’ll miss the train.
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. 缩写练习
1. Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.
It must have been about two in the morning when I returned home. I tried to wake up my wife by ringing the doorbell, but she was fast asleep. So I got a ladder from the shed in the garden, put it against the wall, and began climbing towards the bedroom window. I was almost there when a sarcastic voice below said, “I don’t think the windows need cleaning at this time of the night.” I looked down and nearly fell off the ladder when I saw a policeman. I immediately regretted answering in the way I did, but I said, “I enjoy cleaning windows at night.”
“So do I,” answered the policeman in the same tone. “Excuse my interrupting you. I hate to interrupt a man when he’s busy working, but would you mind coming with me to the station ”
“Well, I’d prefer to stay here,” I said. “You see, I’ve forgotten my key.”
“You what ” he called.
“My key,” I shouted.
Fortunately, the shouting woke up my wife who opened the window just as the policeman had started to climb towards me.
Summary:
On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to ______________________________ by ringing the doorbell. He tried to _________________________________, but was found by ___________________. Soon his shouting woke his wife up.
On arriving home early in the morning, the writer failed to wake up his wife by ringing the doorbell. He tried to climb in through the window, but was found by a policeman. Soon his shouting woke his wife up.
2. Write a summary with about 30 words.
Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when ads give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a wise choice when he buys something. It is useful because it can help the customer know more about the kinds of goods available in the shops.
However, some ads are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want unnecessary things by doing ads cleverly. They set out to make us believe what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it. For example, the voice on TV says, “By using our SKII, it makes your skin crystal” The screen shows a series of pictures in which a famous actress not only has her skin whitened but also has her pronounced wrinkles silkily smoothed. Some ladies with dark skin will be persuaded to choose that cosmetic（化妆品）.
This passage is about advertising service. Ads are normally useful to provide information for wise purchases, but some also lure customers to buy unnecessary products by giving exaggerated or false information.
4. 不同文体练习：
A. 记叙文
On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound of a car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping.
As I took a right turn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a small pool of blood. He wasn't dead.
The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didn't dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened.
I was still looking at the wounded man and blaming myself for not stopping to help. Other shoppers peered at him from a distance, sorrowful and sympathetic, but did nothing.
I went on to another grocery store, staying for about five minutes while shopping for tomatoes, onions and other vegetables. During that time, the man managed to sit up and wave to passing cars.
No one stopped. No one did anything. No one lifted a finger. The wounded died alone the street. The only reaction came from a woman in the grocery store. In a low voice, she said, "My God, bless his soul."
An offer of aid could have saved the man's life.
From the passage we know that the author witnessed a car accident and found no one helped the injured man. As a result, the man died on the street, which made him feel guilty.
B、说明文：
Eye care is an important factor in all of our lives. Without eyes, we seem to be able to do nothing. But, what can we do to take care of eyes Firstly, we should eat healthy foods. Secondly, don’t sit before a computer screen or TV for too long time and take regular rest at intervals（间隔） so that relax the eye muscles. Thirdly, having enough sleep is the best rest for eyes.
Besides those notices, you should be aware of some threats to eyes in daily lives. Excessive exposure to bright sunlight is harmful to eyes, therefore, when going out, especially in summer time, put on a pair of qualified sunglasses; Stay away form smoking. Some ingredients in cigarettes are carcinogenesis(致癌的).
Last but not the least, take regular medical examines to the check out potential eye disease and prevent its deterioration(退化). Eyes are the most important sense organs and one should use proper eye care products to avoid further irritations(刺激性) and ensure longevity at ease.
Our eyes are important for us, so the author tells us how to protect our eyes, including eating healthy food, giving them enough time to rest, knowing some threats, and taking frequent eye examinations.
C、议论文：
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be energetic the whole day. So, getting up early is of great importance to us all.
In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions. Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than at any other time of the day. If we do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and become much healthier. Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late, we’ll probably have to do everything in a great hurry.
Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it.
The passage mainly tells us getting up early in the morning is a good habit that’ll benefit us a lot. It enables us to have a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
课堂小结
1. 分析文章结构，准确捕捉要点
　　有了“指南针”之后，捕捉短文要点就容易多了。那么，如何才能快速、准确地捕捉到文章的要点呢？
　　首先，从文体入手。一般来说，读写任务里的阅读材料按文体可以分成两种：议论文和记叙文。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据、论证，文章的整体结构多数为总分结构、分总结构、平行结构等。因此，我们通常可以在第一段或最后一段找论点。
其次，从过渡语入手。
　　2. 理清逻辑关系，选择合适连词
　　在捕捉到文章的要点之后，接下来就是要理清他们之间的逻辑关系，再找到适当的连接词，自然衔接，使之成为一个连贯的语段。如实例一可以用图表示如下：
　　
　　3. 灵活变化表达，适度进行paraphrase
　　理清要点之间的逻辑关系之后，不能简单地照搬原句，还必须进行适度的paraphrase，即用自己的话进行改写，才符合“不要抄袭阅读材料中的句子”的要求。那么，如何才能达到“雁过不留痕”的效果呢？
(1)同义替换。
(2)语态互换。
　　(3)非谓语动词短语与从句的互换。
(4)合并句子。
　　4. 削“枝”去“叶”，实行精“兵”裁“员”
　　由于字数有限制，所以在写summary时还应采取一些必要的手段来进行精“兵”裁“员”,减少字数。惯常采用的方法有：
　　(1)主谓缩写。如they will→they’ll; we are→we’re; should not→shouldn’t; can not→can’t等。
　　(2)句式省略。如when he crossed the road=when crossing the road. if they’re corrected too much=if corrected too much.
(3)使用代词或含有替代含义的词。
课后作业：
阅读下面短文, 根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
With global warming and melting ice, it isn’t easy being a polar bear anymore. Some studies have predicted that polar bears could die out by the end of the century. The good news is not all researchers think the bears are absolutely disappearing. Scientists at the American Museum of Natural History(AMNH) have published a new paper indicating that things might not be as bad for polar bears as some scientists expect.
To understand the reason for the researchers’ cautious optimism, we must first understand the factors that are threatening the polar bear’s existence. Polar bears consume a diet of mainly young seals. In order to hunt these seals, polar bears need to rest at the top of sea ice---the same ice that is increasingly melting for most of the year thanks to climate change. In another 50 years, experts expect that the Arctic will be too warm for sea ice to form for half of the year, leaving polar bears without a reliable food source and in serious danger of starvation.
As it turns out, alternative food sources for the polar bears aren’t completely out of the question. For as long as biologists have tailed after the animals, they’ve seen polar bears eating animals found on land like caribou(驯鹿) and snow geese---as well as the snow geese’s eggs.
Can polar bears actually survive off these alternative food sources for long periods of time To figure this out, researchers calculated the nutrients that a caribou and snow geese diet would provide. They found that even adult male polar bears would be able to obtain more calories than []they would burn in hunting these meals. Moreover, the food would provide the food ]necessary to avoid starvation during the summer months.
Unfortunately, not all polar bears have tended to seek food on land. That said, the researchers expect that necessity would push more polar bears to hunt on land to avoid starvation. They also expect that the bears could learn from their fellow bears how to hunt on land until the practice becomes second nature.
【答案】
With global warming and melting ice, some scientists think that polar bears could die out by the end of the century. However, other scientists don’t think so. They have found polar bears have found alternative food sources and they can survive by hunting animals on land instead of young seals. The researchers expect all polar bears learn how to hunt on land to avoid starvation.
【解析】
试题分析：题目要求根据所给内容，写一篇60词左右的内容概要。题目主要考查学生把握文章主旨大意和段落大意的能力以及总结概括能力。熟练掌握从句、非谓语动词等语法知识，对遣词造句也有很大帮助。
亮点说明：参考答案的前两句是对文章主旨大意的概括，后两句是对第二三四段的总结。北极熊找到了新的食物，但并非所有的北极熊都会去陆地上捕猎。为了避免饿死，这是北极熊应该学会的。

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