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2023年上海市闵行区高考英语二模试卷
1. Directions：After reading the passage below，fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct.For the blanks with a given word，fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word；for the other blanks，use one word that best fits each blank.
Humans have been living and working on the space station for over 20 years.Their meals are packaged，though sometimes astronauts receive fresh treats （1） ______ resupply missions.The longer that packaged food is stored，the more （2） ______ may lose nutrients.
Astronauts have successfully grown 10 different crops on the space station since 2015 and had the chance （3） ______ （ taste） each one.The International Space Station hosted a party for astronauts on Friday as they celebrated the harvest of the first chili peppers （4） ______ （ raise） in space.
Plant Habitat-04 was one of the most complex plant experiments on the orbiting laboratory （5） ______ peppers took much longer to grow than the previous experiment plants there.After growing for four months，the peppers （6） ______ （ harvest） on Friday.When the vegetables were ready to eat，the astronauts also completed a sensory assessment.They rated the flavor，color，appearance，and taste of the produce to see （7） ______ the labor over their greens proved fruitful as a supplement to prepackaged space food.
Fresh greens，like peppers，provide a great source of key nutrients，which are essential to human bodies.Fresh greens also have psychological benefits.They can help to keep morale （士气） and provide a sense of normalcy （正常） on missions （8） ______ all the conditions are distinctively different from the earth.Fresh greens make a long-duration mission （9） ______ （ bearable） by providing a taste of home.
Looking to the future，the plant experiments have the potential to significantly impact the sustainability of space exploration.They （10） ______ ，one day，provide a food source for long-term habitation of Mars and other planets.
2. Directions：Complete the following passage by using the words in the box.Each word can only be used once.Note that there is one word more than you need.
A.content B.overextend C.develop D.innovate E.pursued F.top G.surface H.addiction 1.emerge J.cloud K.licensed
On TikTok，"Self-care"has 28.2 billion views，while the hashtag（主题标签） can be found on over 66 million Instagram posts.Also，books about self-care often（1） ______ many people's shopping lists.
On the（2） ______ ，it makes complete sense.Who wouldn't like the idea of making oneself feel better and taking care of their mind，body and soul？Yet，we have to be careful not to view self-care as a cure-all solution to our problems.Self-care（3） ______ without awareness of your specific needs and consistent（一致的） evaluation can cause emotional，financial，mental and physical consequences.
According to Zishan Khan，a psychologist with Mindpath Health，self-care can lead to a person becoming frustrated when met with a sea of suggestions，which（4） ______ everywhere from podcasts to self-help books."So，don't allow what others suggest to（5） ______ your internal voice，"says Khan."Self-care can only benefit a person if it's consistent with their goals and values."
Khan further emphasizes the danger of uncontrolled physically-centered self-care advice，such as from influencers."Their（6） ______ often overly focuses on beauty and improving one's looks.This can unintentionally lead to body image concern and thus actually worsen one's mental health，"she says.
Another danger can come when self-care actions reach the level of（7） ______ ，says Melissa Boudin，a psychologist of Choosing Therapy."When you spend a large amount of time thinking about or practicing a certain self-care behavior，this may be that self-care has gone from beneficial to harmful，"she says，using the example of self-care through healthy eating and then going so far as to（8） ______ an eating disorder.
Lena Suarez-Angelino，a（n）（9） ______ clinical social worker，has recommended creating a list of activities that make you feel better but don't（10） ______ you.Worthwhile and beneficial self-care may include anything from time with loved ones to walking.While self-care is important，it should not be overdone.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
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(10)
Directions：For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A，B，C and D.Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
What will you do when you are hungry？Of course，anyone would go and grab something to eat.And then，what determines the（1） ______ of food you take in？You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger.The conventional concept that（2） ______ is the key factor is open to challenge.In recent years，a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake（摄入） are influenced by a large number of factors besides our（3） ______ need for energy.Some of the factors include our eating（4） ______ and our perception of the food in front of us.
Studies have shown that（5） ______ eating，for instance，eating while watching TV，or a similar distraction，can increase both hunger and food consumption.Even simple（6） ______ clues，like plate size and lighting，have been shown to affect consumption.
A new study suggested that our short-term（7） ______ also may play a role in appetite.Several hours after a meal，people's hunger levels were predicted not by how much they'd eaten but rather by how much food they'd seen in front of them—（8） ______ ，how much they remembered eating.
This difference suggests that the recall of our previous meal may have a bigger influence on our（9） ______ than the actual size of the meal，says Jeffrey M.Brunstrom，a professor of experimental psychology at the University of Bristol.
These findings agree with the earlier research that suggests our perception of food can sometimes （10） ______ our body's response to the food itself.In a2011 study，for instance，people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two（11） ______ occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones（荷尔蒙），depending on whether the shake's（12） ______ said it contained 620 or 140 calories.Moreover，the participants reported feeling（13） ______ when they thought they'd consumed a higher-calories shake.
What does this mean to our eating habits？Although it hardly seems practical to cheat ourselves into eating less，the new findings do highlight the benefit of focusing on our food，avoiding TV and multitasking while eating.The so-called mindful-eating strategies can fight against（14） ______ while we are eating.By（15） ______ mindful eating techniques，you have the opportunity to change your current eating habits by becoming more self-aware and in tune to your body's hunger cues.
3. A. quality B. amount C. nutrient D. variety
4. A. deliciousness B. hunger C. nutrition D. flavor
5. A. occasional B. potential C. external D. biological
6. A. environment B. content C. time D. ability
7. A. habitual B. purposeful C. unfocused D. absorbed
8. A. optional B. visual C. hidden D. flexible
9. A. vacancy B. hunger C. supply D. memory
10. A. in other words B. as a whole C. by all means D. all in all
11. A. motive B. growth C. appetite D. health
12. A. advocate B. trick C. justify D. enhance
13. A. identical B. alternative C. dependent D. separate
14. A. label B. function C. usage D. material
15. A. wiser B. healthier C. happier D. fuller
16. A. distress B. waste C. distraction D. fullness
17. A. employing B. perceiving C. clarifying D. assuming
D
Directions：Read the following three passages.Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A，B，C and D.Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have read.
When I step out onto the deck，I definitely feel the Arctic chill.That's not surprising.I'm a good hundred miles inside the Arctic Circle；in fact，you can't get much farther north and still be in Sweden.This is Abisko Mountain Station，perhaps the crown jewel of the Swedish mountain lodges（小屋）.I'm back for a second time to this remote，scenic spot.
Last Autumn，a heavy snowstorm trapped me in my tent for days and eventually forced me to go to the station，a comfortable place.I discovered a different side to Abisko.People come here for many reasons-some to hike，some to climb，some to cross-country ski.But there's yet another entirely different attraction here.Looking out from the deck of the train station，above a huge lake，in the upper sky of the North Pole，the Aurora，as we often refer to the northern light，mixed with green and red，was giving off ghostly light，rolling across the dark night sky.
The Aurora may be old hat to those who live this far north，but for the rest of us it is an unforgettable experience.The lights here were so appealing to us we quickly forgot the discomfort of the cold.
One of the attractions in Abisko is the Tornetrask.It's a huge lake，which extends more than 70 kilometres long just north of the station，creates an unusual weather phenomenon that keeps the skies above the station clear even when fog or clouds blanket most of northern Sweden.The sky in this area is mostly clear all year around.
Abisko has a lot to offer to make it an ideal place to view the Aurora.It is far from any city lights.The station operates a ski lift to the top of Nuolja Peak，more than 3，000 feet high.For the first time this year，a cafe at the top of the mountain has been turned into a viewing platform for the Northern Lights，called the Aurora Sky Station.Also，the station posts forecasts each night of expected Aurora activity，collected from scientific observations arriving via computer，so visitors may choose the best viewing time.
18. What was the reason for the author's first visit to the lodge？ ______
A. He went there in search of the Aurora.
B. He needed equipment to keep him warm.
C. He was forced there by the weather.
D. He had to make his food supply there.
19. The phrase " old hat " in 3rd paragraph probably mean " ______ ".
A. severe and struggling B. familiar and unexciting
C. strange and shocking D. mysterious and adventurous
20. According to the last paragraph，which of the following is NOT a factor that makes Abisko an ideal place to view the Aurora？ ______
A. There is a mountain viewing platform.
B. Weather forecasts are available.
C. There are no city lights nearby.
D. There is a café shop there.
21. The author's overall opinion of Abisko is that ______ .
A. despite the severe weather，it's an impressive place
B. people have overestimated its popularity
C. it's not as popular as it deserves to be
D. the cold weather worsens the Aurora viewing experience there
E
（You may read the questions first.）
Four types of learners
Type A LearnerPeople in this group adapt observations into complex but logical theories.They think problems through in a logical way.They tend to be perfectionists who won't rest easy until everything is reasonable.They like to analyze and are keen on basic principles and theories.They pay great attention to logic，so questions they frequently ask are： ""，and "How does this go with that？".They tend to be objective，approaching problems in a consistently logical manner.This is their "mental set" and they reject anything that conflicts with it.They prefer to maximize certainty and feel uncomfortable with subjective judgements.
Type B Learner
These people are keen on trying out ideas，theories and techniques to see if they work in practice.They positively search out new ideas and take the first opportunity to experiment with applications.They want to try out the new ideas in the courses in practice.They also tend to be impatient with random discussions，and their attention soon begins to wander if they feel they are going round in circles.They are practical，down to earth and like making practical decisions and solving problems.They see problems and opportunities as a challenge，and their philosophy is： "There is always a better way" and "If it works，it's good".
Type C Learner
People in this group involve themselves fully in new experiences.They are open-minded，and this tends to make them enthusiastic about anything new.Their philosophy is： "I'll try anything once"，so they tend to act first and consider the consequences afterwards.Their days are filled with activities.As soon as the excitement from one activity has died down they are busy looking for the next，as they are only interested in gaining new experiences but are bored with carrying out their plans and they lack perseverance.They constantly involve themselves with others but，in doing so，they seek to center all activities around themselves.
Type D Learner
They collect data，both first-hand and from others，and prefer to think about it thoroughly before coming to a conclusion.The thorough collection and analysis of data about experiences and events is what counts so they tend to postpone making definitive judgments for as long as possible.Their philosophy is to be cautious.They like to consider all possible angles before making a move，and will be reluctant to become involved in activities that others put forward without having carefully considered the likely outcome.
22. Which of the following can be put into the blank in the first paragraph？ ______
A. Do we need more experiments？ B. Do you understand me？
C. Do you believe the theory？ D. Does it make sense？
23. Suppose John is a person with fresh ideas and willing to check everything out to see what happens.Which type of learner is John？ ______
A. Type A Learner. B. Type B Learner. C. Type C Learner. D. Type D Learner.
24. Which of the following is NOT true about Type D learner？ ______
A. They are keen on making immediate conclusion.
B. Their conclusion comes after data analysis.
C. They outline a possible outcome before taking an activity.
D. They prefer not to give out their viewpoints randomly.
F
In recent years，a lot of "business thinking" books have been published，all of which search for new answers on how to run organizations effectively.Obliquity tells us that the most profitable companies are not the most aggressive in chasing profits.Wikinomics demonstrates new models of production based on community and collaboration.Peter Miller's new book，Smart Swarm，however，challenge leaders to think differently.He studied creatures，like bees and ants and he found their habits，actions and instincts can be applied to business.Miller believes his book is the first time anyone has explained the science behind management theory. "The examples of how ant colonies （蚁群） or beehives （蜂窝） work are appealing models for organizations and systems that can be applied in a business context，" he says.
So how exactly can bees help run organizations？ "By the way they work independently before they work together，" Miller says. "Picture a huge beehive hanging on a tree，with about 5，000 bees competing for space.They know their population is getting too big，leaving them unsafe.They must all agree to find a new home.In today's business environment，managers need to be able to make the right decisions under intense pressure.Yet，it is clear that some of the best-paid leaders in some of the biggest organizations can get it dramatically wrong.How is it that they can fail to make efficient business decisions when a large group of bees can make a critical decision about their hive in just a few seconds？"
According to Miller， "swarm theory" can help managers in three simple steps：discover，test and evaluate.The bees first realize they have a problem.They then fly into the neighborhood to find potential new sites.They come back and perform a "dance" to get other bees to follow them.Eventually，the bees with the best dance attract the most votes – and a decision is made.Miller says. "The bee example tells you that you need to seek out diversity in your team.You need to have a way of gathering up quite different ideas so you can make sure you pick the right one."
Ants，in addition，can help businesses organize workflow and people.In an ant colony，there is no leader.Ants are self-organized，and respond to their environment and each other.One ant on its own could not raid （袭击） a kitchen cupboard，but one ant telling the next one that it's worth following him to find food ends up creating a food chain. "In an ant colony，you get the right number going in and out searching for food，you get the right number taking care of the babies，" Miller says. "As a manager，this can tell you that your hierarchy （等级制度） is getting in the way of getting the work done."
25. Miller believes his book differs from other "business thinking" books because ______ .
A. it focuses on maximizing profits
B. it supports the theory with evidence
C. it corrects faults in similar books
D. it justifies the previous theory
26. In the second paragraph，the author indicates that the behavior of bees can show managers how to ______ .
A. make up for wrongly made decisions
B. justify exactly what the real problem is
C. draw the correct conclusions quickly
D. keep the team safe under great pressure
27. According to the "swarm theory"，managers need to ______ .
A. regard decision-making as a cooperative process
B. persuade others to follow your ways of thinking
C. accept different ideas and keep them balanced
D. pick out a right person to make the final decision
28. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph？ ______
A. Leadership skills can be developed through practical work.
B. Employees work more efficiently when organized by leaders.
C. Strengthened hierarchy is the guarantee of work efficiency.
D. Employees should be allowed to make their own decisions.
Directions：Read the following passage.Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box.Each sentence can be used only once.Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A.Science has never had much influence on these decisions.
B.There is no single age at which the teenage brain becomes an adult brain.
C.However，neuroscience findings prove to be helpful in making a new boundary.
D.Child growth patterns differ and how cultures understand child growth is so different.
E.Some people think this knowledge can help us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults.
F.This discovery may well indicate that neuroscience can help us better understand the interrelationship among different ages.
Neuroscientists（神经科学家） now know that brain maturation（成熟） occurs far later than previously thought.Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood，especially in the regions of decision making，reasoning，comparing risk and reward，etc.Indeed，some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s.（1） ______
Maybe.But it's not as simple as it seems for two reasons.
1.Different brain regions mature along with different timetables.（2） ______ The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16，but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood.This means they may not have the same level of emotional control，which can make them less responsible for their actions.
2.（3） ______ If it did，we wouldn't have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer.Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons，not scientific ones.It's a pity that neuroscience won't have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
（ 4） ______ It is pointless to try to determine the"right"age of maturation.The Dutch，for example，allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19.Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it's a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age，I recognize that the government might never accept it.
29. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
30. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
31. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
32. A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G
33. Summary Writing
Directions：Read the following passage.Summarize the main idea and the main point （s） of the passage in no more than 60 words.Use your own words as far as possible.
With the rise of urbanism（城市化），and the attraction of video games and social media，contact with nature is much rarer than in the past.For many，there is simply no opportunity to get muddy.Today，many parents may secretly wish their children had the chance to pick up a bit of dirt.
Many of the psychological benefits of outdoor play are already well established.Our brains evolved in natural landscapes.This means that natural scenes provide the perfect level of stimulation，which is thought to help recharge the brain when it is tired and easily unfocused.Supporting this theory，one study from 2009 found that children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）（注意力缺陷多动症） were better able to concentrate following a 20-minute walk in the park，compared to a 20-minute walk on the streets of a well-kept urban area.Being close to grass and trees seemed to have had a beneficial effect on their minds.The authors recommended using such"doses of nature"as a safe and accessible way of supporting children with ADHD，alongside other tools.
Outdoor play can also offer valuable learning experiences.For example，the act of shaping and stretching materials like mud or sand can help children develop the way their senses and movement interact，known as sensorimotor（感觉运动） development，according to the scientists at the University of Palermo，Italy.This allows the child to gradually understand his or her body signals.
Given the known psychological benefits，many day-care centers and schools are already encouraging greater contact with nature：outdoor lessons，regular nature walks and the construction of mud kitchens that encourage children to play in the dirt.
________
34. 考虑到学生的实际需求，学校餐厅周末向学生开放。（open）（汉译英） ______
35. 教练和运动员为决赛做了详细的训练计划，对冠军志在必得。（determine）（汉译英） ______
36. 这家饭店对所有客人热情相迎，消费再低也不会被另眼相待。（no matter）（汉译英） ______
37. 这个街区缺乏健身设施的问题引起了当地政府高度关注，已筹措资金将一幢废弃的厂房改建成一座老少咸宜的运动中心。（attention）（汉译英）
______
38. Directions：Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的学生李华，你们学校将组织一次高三学生参观大学的活动，学生可以从"专业及课程介绍（Major and Course Descriptions）"；"参观图书馆、实验室（Library &Laboratory Visiting）"："随班学习体验（On Spot Studying）"和"与教授面对面（Dialogue with Professors）"四个活动中选取两个作为主要活动，特此向高三学生征求意见。请你写一封邮件给活动组织者，内容须包括：
（1）你最感兴趣的两个活动；
（2）你对这两个活动感兴趣的理由。
答案和解析
1.【答案】from/through
【解析】（1）考查介词。句意：他们的食物是包装好的，尽管有时宇航员会从（通过）补给任务中获得新鲜的食物。表示"从……中"或"通过"应用介词from或through。故填from/ through。
（2）考查代词。句意：包装食品储存的时间越长，其营养损失就越大。此处指代上文packaged food，应用代词it。故填it。
（3）考查动词不定式。句意：自2015年以来，宇航员已经在空间站成功种植了十种不同的作物，并有机会品尝每一种。名词chance后跟不定式作后置定语。故填to taste。
（4）考查过去分词。句意：周五，国际空间站为宇航员举办了一个派对，庆祝收获了第一批在太空种植的辣椒。分析句子结构可知raise与逻辑主语the first chili peppers构成被动关系，故用过去分词作后置定语，表被动和完成。故填raised。
（5）考查连词。句意："植物栖息地-04"是轨道实验室中最复杂的植物实验之一，因为辣椒的生长时间比之前的实验植物长得多。引导原因状语从句，表示"因为"应用because/as/since/for。故填because/as/since/for。
（6）考查动词时态语态。句意：经过四个月的生长，这些辣椒于周五收获。主语peppers与谓语harvest构成被动关系，且根据后文on Friday可知为一般过去时的被动语态，谓语用复数。故填were harvested。
（7）考查宾语从句。句意：当这些蔬菜可以吃的时候，宇航员还完成了一个感官评估。他们对这些蔬菜的味道、颜色、外观和味道进行打分，看看这些蔬菜作为预先包装的太空食品的补充是否有益。引导宾语从句，从句表示"是否"应用whether或if。故填whether/if。
（8）考查定语从句。句意：它们可以帮助保持士气，并在所有条件与地球截然不同的任务中提供一种正常的感觉。定语从句修饰先行词missions，从句缺少地点状语，故用where引导。故填where。
（9）考查形容词比较级。句意：新鲜的蔬菜提供了一种家的味道，使长期的任务更容易忍受。表示"更容易忍受"应用比较级，故填more bearable。
（10）考查情态动词。句意：有一天，它们可以/可能为火星和其他行星的长期居住提供食物来源。后跟动词原形，结合句意表示"可能"、"可以"应用情态动词can/may/could/might。故填can/may/could/might。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了自2015年以来，宇航员已经在空间站成功种植了十种不同的作物，并有机会品尝每一种。周五，国际空间站为宇航员举办了一个派对，庆祝收获了第一批在太空种植的辣椒。
做本题的关键是在理解短文的基础上，灵活运用所学的基础知识。本类型的题目常考到的知识点有：固定的短语，词类的转换，名词的复数形式，副词以及祈使句的用法等。因此，这就需要在平时的学习中，牢固掌握各语言点及一些语法知识。
2.【答案】【小题1】F
【小题2】G
【小题3】E
【小题4】I
【小题5】J
【小题6】A
【小题7】H
【小题8】C
【小题9】K
【小题10】B
【解析】（1）考查动词时态。句意：此外，关于自我护理的书籍经常名列许多人的购物清单之首。结合句意表示"名列……之首"可知应填动词top，根据often可知为一般现在时，主语为复数名词，谓语用动词原形。故填top。故选F。
（2）考查名词的固定搭配。句意：从表面上看，这完全有道理。结合句意表示"从表面上看"可知应填名词surface，作介词的宾语构成固定搭配"on the surface从表面上看"。故填surface。故选G。
（3）考查过去分词。句意：在没有意识到自己的具体需求和一致评估的情况下进行自我护理，可能会造成情绪、经济、心理和身体上的后果。结合句意表示"追求"可知应填动词pursue，与Self-care构成被动关系，故用过去分词，作后置定语。故填pursued。故选E。
（4）考查动词时态和主谓一致。句意：据心理健康心理学家Zishan Khan说，自我护理可能会导致一个人在遇到从播客到自助书籍等无处不在的建议时感到沮丧。结合句意表示"出现"可知应填动词emerge，作从句谓语，陈述客观事实用一般现在时，先行词为suggestions，谓语用动词原形。故填emerge。故选I。
（5）考查动词不定式。句意：Khan说："所以，不要让其他人的建议蒙蔽了你的内心。"结合句意表示"蒙蔽"可知应填动词cloud，且为短语allow sth.to do sth."使某人能够做某事"，已给出to，所以用动词原形。故填cloud。故选J。
（6）考查不可数名词。句意：它们的内容往往过于关注美丽和改善一个人的容貌。结合句意表示"内容"可知应填名词content，作主语，为不可数名词，故填content。故选A。
（7）考查不可数名词。句意：选择治疗的心理学家Melissa Boudin说，当自我护理行为达到上瘾的程度时，另一个危险就会出现。结合句意表示"上瘾"可知应填名词addiction，作宾语，为不可数名词。故填addiction。故选H。
（8）考查动词不定式。句意："当你花大量时间思考或实践某种自我保健行为时，这可能是自我保健已经从有益变为有害，"她说，以通过健康饮食进行自我保健为例，然后发展到饮食失调。结合句意表示"发展"可知应填动词develop，此处作用不定式作结果状语，so...as to"如此……以致于"，已给出to，所以空处填动词原形。故填develop。故选C。
（9）考查形容词。句意：Lena Suarez-Angelino是一名执业临床社会工作者，她建议创建一个活动清单，让你感觉更好，但又不会让你过度劳累。结合句意表示"得到许可的"可知应填形容词licensed，作定语。故填licensed。故选K。
（10）考查动词作谓语。句意：Lena Suarez-Angelino是一名执业临床社会工作者，她建议创建一个活动清单，让你感觉更好，但又不会让你过度劳累。结合句意表示"过度劳累"可知应填动词overextend，don't后接动词原形。故填overextend。故选B。
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了心理学家指出，自我护理可能会导致一个人在遇到从播客到自助书籍等无处不在的建议时感到沮丧。
如何做选词填空
1.根据语法，判断词性
一般的空缺都可以通过其所在的句式结构和句法成分来判断其词性，从而正确的选词，进一步缩小词的选择范围。
2.利用语境，确定词形
当确定了一个单词的词性后，可通过上下文来帮助判断其形式，如主谓一致，动词的时态，语态，固定短语，名词的数和所有格，形容词，副词的比较级等。
3~17.【答案】B、B、D、A、C、B、D、A、C、B、D、A、D、C、A
【解析】（1）考查名词及语境理解。A.quality质量；B.amount数量；C.nutrient营养物质；D.variety类别。句意：然后，是什么决定了你摄入的食物量？根据第3空所在的"In recent years，a growing body of research has shown that our appetite and food intake （摄入） are influenced by a large number of factors besides our（3）need for energy."可知，此处讨论的是事物的摄入量，故选B项。
（2）考查名词及语境理解。A.deliciousness美味；B.hunger饥饿；C.nutrition营养；D.flavor味道。句意：饥饿是关键因素的传统观念是可以挑战的。根据前文的"You may not be right if your answer is the degree of hunger."可知，传统的观念认为饥饿是影响食物摄入量的关键因素，故选B项。
（3）考查形容词及语境理解。A.occasional偶然的；B.potential潜在的；C.external外部的；D.biological生理的。句意：近年来，越来越多的研究表明，我们的食欲和食物摄入量除了我们对能量的生理需求外，还受到许多因素的影响。此处的需求指的是饥饿，这是人的一种生理需求，故选D项。
（4）考查名词及语境理解。A.environment环境；B.content内容；C.time时间；D.ability能力。句意：其中一些因素包括我们的饮食环境和我们对面前食物的感知。根据第5空的"Studies have shown that（5）eating，for instance，eating while watching TV，or a similar distraction，can increase both hunger and food consumption."可知，此处指的是饮食环境会影响食物摄入量，故选A项。
（5）考查形容词及语境理解。A.habitual习惯的；B.purposeful故意的；C.unfocused心不在焉的；D.absorbed全神贯注的。句意：研究表明，不集中注意力的饮食，例如，边看电视边吃，或类似的分心行为，会增加饥饿感和食物消耗。根据下文"eating while watching TV"可知，此处指的是不集中注意力地吃饭，故选C项。
（6）考查形容词及语境理解。A.optional选择的；B.visual视觉的；C.hidden隐藏的；D.flexible灵活的。句意：即使是简单的视觉线索，如盘子大小和照明，也被证明会影响消费。根据下文"like plate size and lighting"可知，这些指的是视觉影响，故选B项。
（7）考查名词及语境理解。A.vacancy空缺；B.hunger饥饿；C.supply供给；D.memory记忆。句意：一项新的研究表明，我们的短期记忆也可能在食欲中发挥作用。根据第8空的"how much they remembered eating"可知，此处指的是短期记忆的影响，故选D项。
（8）考查介词短语及语境理解。A.in other words换句话说；B.as a whole作为整体；C.by all means千方百计；D.all in all总而言之。句意：饭后几个小时，人们的饥饿程度不是通过他们吃了多少来预测的，而是通过他们已经看到面前有多少食物来预测的——换句话说，就是他们记得吃了多少。根据句意可知，后半句是对前句的解释说明，"换句话说"，故选A项。
（9）考查名词及语境理解。A.motive动机；B.growth成长；C.appetite胃口；D.health健康。句意：布里斯托尔大学实验心理学教授杰弗里 M 布伦斯特罗姆说，这种差异表明，记起上一顿饭对我们的食欲的影响可能比实际饭量更大。本文主要谈论对饭量，即胃口的影响因素，故选C项。
（10）考查动词及语境理解。A.advocate倡议；B.trick欺骗；C.justify为……辩解，说明；D.enhance巩固。句意：这些发现与早期的研究一致，早期的研究表明，我们对食物的感知有时会欺骗我们身体对食物本身的反应。根据后文的"people who drank the same 380-calorie milkshake on two occasions produced different levels of hunger-related hormones"可知，此处指的是我们对事物的感知带来的欺骗性，故选B项。
（11）考查形容词及语境理解。A.identical同样的；B.alternative可供选择的；C.dependent依赖的；D.separate分隔的。句意：例如，在2011年的一项研究中，在两个不同的场合喝同一杯380卡路里的奶昔的人产生了不同水平的饥饿相关激素，这取决于奶昔的标签上说它含有620卡路里还是140卡路里。故选D项。
（12）考查名词及语境理解。A.label标签；B.function功能；C.usage用途；D.material材料。句意：例如，在2011年的一项研究中，在两个不同的场合喝同一杯380卡路里的奶昔的人产生了不同水平的饥饿相关激素，这取决于奶昔的标签上说它含有620卡路里还是140卡路里。根据常识可知，食物的卡路里数量一般标记在标签上，故选A项。
（13）考查形容词及语境理解。A.wiser更明智的；B.healthier更健康的；C.happier更开心的；D.fuller更饱的。句意：此外，参与者报告说，当他们认为自己摄入了更高热量的奶昔时，会感到更饱。当参与者认为自己吃了更高热量的食物时，会觉得更饱，这正是欺骗性的一种体现，故选D项。
（14）考查名词及语境理解。A.distress忧虑，悲伤；B.waste废物；C.distraction分散注意力；D.fullness饱。句意：所谓的正念饮食策略可以在我们吃饭时对抗分心。不集中注意力的饮食会增加饮食消耗，所以我们需要对抗这种饮食中的分心来控制食物摄入量，故选C项。
（15）考查动词及语境理解。A.employing雇佣，运用；B.perceiving感知；C.clarifying澄清；D.assuming假定。句意：通过使用注意饮食的技巧，你有机会通过变得更加自我意识和适应身体的饥饿提示来改变你目前的饮食习惯。根据上文"mindful eating techniques"可知，此处指的是采用正念饮食策略，故选A项。
这是一篇说明文。介绍了影响食物摄入量的因素以及饮食策略。
做完形填空首先要通读全文，了解大意。一篇完形填空的文章有许多空格，所以，必须先通读一至两遍，才能大概了解文章的内容。千万不要看一句，做一句。其次要逐句分析，前后一致。选择答案时，要考虑整个句子的内容，包括搭配、时态、语法等。答案全部填完后，再通读一遍文章，检查是否通顺流畅，用词得当，意思正确。
18~21.【答案】C、B、B、A
【解析】（1）细节理解题。根据第二段Last Autumn，a heavy snowstorm trapped me in my tent for days and eventually forced me to go to the station，a comfortable place.（去年秋天，一场暴风雪把我困在帐篷里好几天，最终迫使我去了车站，一个舒适的地方。）可知，作者是因为天气原因被迫留在了这个小屋。故选C。
（2）猜测词义题。根据第三段 The Aurora may be old hat to those who live this far north，but for the rest of us it is an unforgettable experience.（对于住在遥远北方的人来说，极光可能已经过时了，但对我们其他人来说，这是一次难忘的经历。）可知，此处指的是极光对极北人员来说不是什么新鲜的事，即old hat在这里意为"过时的东西"，A.severe and struggling严重和苦苦挣扎的；B.familiar and unexciting熟悉而乏味的；C.strange and shocking奇怪的，令人震惊的；D.mysterious and adventurous神秘而冒险的。B项与画线词意思相近。故选B。
（3）细节理解题。根据最后一段It is far from any city lights.The station operates a ski lift to the top of Nuolja Peak，more than 3，000 feet high.For the first time this year，a cafe at the top of the mountain has been turned into a viewing platform for the Northern Lights，called the Aurora Sky Station.（它远离任何城市的灯光。该站有一个滑雪缆车，可以到达3000多英尺高的诺佳山顶。今年，山顶上的一家咖啡馆首次被改造成北极光观景台，名为"极光天空站"。）可知，ACD三项都有提及，B项Weather forecasts are available.（天气是可预测的）不是使阿比斯库成为观赏极光的理想地点的因素。故选B。
（4）推理判断题。根据第三段but for the rest of us it is an unforgettable experience.The lights here were so appealing to us we quickly forgot the discomfort of the cold.（但对我们其他人来说，这是一次难忘的经历。这里的灯光如此吸引我们，我们很快就忘记了寒冷的不适。）可知，作者认为阿比斯库虽然天气寒冷，但是是一个令人印象深刻的地方。故选A。
本文是一篇记叙文，文章讲述了作者在阿比斯库的经历并分析了阿比斯库成为观赏极光的理想之地的原因。
阅读理解题测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。
22~24.【答案】D、B、A
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据Four types of learners部分中They like to analyze and are keen on basic principles and theories.（他们喜欢分析，并且热衷于基本原理和理论）以及设空前后文They pay great attention to logic，so questions they frequently ask are： " "，and "How does this go with that？".（他们非常注重逻辑，所以他们经常问的问题是____以及"这个和那个怎么搭配？"）可知，A型学习者注重逻辑推理，喜欢分析，因此Does it make sense？（这有意义吗？）属于A型学习者会问的问题。故选D。
（2）细节理解题。根据Type B Learner部分中These people are keen on trying out ideas，theories and techniques to see if they work in practice.They positively search out new ideas and take the first opportunity to experiment with applications.They want to try out the new ideas in the courses in practice.（这些人热衷于试验想法、理论和技术，看看它们在实践中是否有效。他们积极地寻找新的想法，并抓住第一个机会进行应用实验。他们想在实践中试验课程中的新思想）可知，假设约翰是一个有新想法并且愿意检查每件事，看看会发生什么的人，那么约翰属于B型学习者。故选B。
（3）细节理解题。根据Type D Learner部分中They collect data，both first-hand and from others，and prefer to think about it thoroughly before coming to a conclusion.The thorough collection and analysis of data about experiences and events is what counts so they tend to postpone making definitive judgments for as long as possible.Their philosophy is to be cautious.（他们收集第一手的和来自他人的数据，更喜欢在得出结论之前仔细思考。对经历和事件的数据进行彻底的收集和分析是最重要的，所以他们倾向于尽可能地推迟做出明确的判断。他们的哲学是谨慎）可知，D型学习者非常谨慎。由此可知，A项"他们热衷于立即作出结论"的表述不正确。故选A。
本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了四种类型的学习者。
阅读理解题测试考生在阅读基础上的逻辑推理能力，要求考生根据文章所述事件的逻辑关系，对未说明的趋势或结局作出合理的推断；或根据作者所阐述的观点理论，对文章未涉及的现象、事例给以解释。考生首先要仔细阅读短文，完整了解信息，准确把握作者观点。
25~28.【答案】B、C、A、D
【解析】（1）推理判断题。根据第一段Miller believes his book is the first time anyone has explained the science behind management theory（米勒认为，他的书是第一次有人解释了管理理论背后的科学）可知米勒认为他的书不同于其他"商业思维"书籍，因为它用证据支持理论。故选B项。
（2）推理判断题。根据第二段中的How is it that they can fail to make efficient business decisions when a large group of bees can make a critical decision about their hive in just a few seconds？（一大群蜜蜂能在短短几秒钟内就对他们的蜂巢做出重要决定，为什么他们却不能做出有效的商业决策？）可知，作者利用反问的形式，说明蜜蜂能在短时间内做出关键决定，管理者也能做出有效的商业决定。故选C项。
（3）推理判断题。根据第三段中的Miller says. "The bee example tells you that you need to seek out diversity in your team.You need to have a way of gathering up quite different ideas so you can make sure you pick the right one."（米勒说。"蜜蜂的例子告诉你，你需要在团队中寻求多样性。你需要有一种方法来收集完全不同的想法，这样你才能确保你选择了正确的想法。"。）可知，在团队中要寻求多样性，才能确保做出的选择时正确的，这就需要收集团队中的不同想法，所以，群体理论是要求管理者把决策作为合作的过程。故选A项。
（4）推理判断题。根据最后一段中的Ants，in addition，can help businesses organize workflow and people.In an ant colony，there is no leader.Ants are self-organized，and respond to their environment and each other.（此外，蚂蚁还可以帮助企业组织工作流程和人员。在蚁群里，没有领袖。蚂蚁是自我组织的，它们会对环境和彼此做出反应）可知，在蚁群中蚂蚁是自己组织的，自己对环境和彼此做出反应，由此可推断，管理者应该允许员工自己做出决定。A．Leadership skills can be developed through practical work.领导技能可以通过实际工作来培养；B．Employees work more efficiently when organized by leaders.在领导的组织下，员工的工作效率更高；C．Strengthened hierarchy is the guarantee of work efficiency.强化层级是工作效率的保证；D．Employees should be allowed to make their own decisions.应该允许员工自己做决定。故选D项。
本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍的是Peter Miller所写的Smart Swarm一书中描述的管理理论背后的科学。
一、速读全文，了解大意知主题。
　　阅读能力一般指阅读速度和理解能力两个方面。阅读速度是阅读最基本的能力，考生必须在十分有限的时间内运用略读、扫读、跳读等技巧快速阅读，搜寻关键词、主题句，捕捉时空、顺序、情节、人物、观点，并且理清文章脉络，把握语篇实质。
二、看题干，带着问题读文章。
　　首先要掌握问题的类型，客观信息题可以从文章中直接找到答案；而主观判断题考查的是对文章的感情基调等，这类题必须经过对作者的态度、意图以及对整篇文章进行深一层的推理等。其次，了解试题题干以及各个选项所包含的信息，然后有针对性地对文章进行扫读，对有关信息进行快速定位。此法加强了阅读的针对性，提高了做题的准确率。
三、逻辑推理，做好深层理解题。
　　在实际阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓义。要求读者对文字的表面信息进行分析、挖掘和逻辑推理，不能就事论事，以偏概全。推理题在提问中常用的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate等。
四、猜词悟义，扫除阅读拦路虎。
　　猜词是应用英语的重要能力。它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文，而且要有较大的泛读量，掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。我们要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。
29~32.【答案】E、B、A、D
【解析】（1）标题归纳题。根据上文Neuroscientists （神经科学家） now know that brain maturation （成熟） occurs far later than previously thought.Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood，especially in the regions of decision making，reasoning，comparing risk and reward，etc.Indeed，some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s.（神经科学家现在知道，大脑成熟的时间比以前认为的要晚得多。在青年时期，大脑仍在发生巨大的变化，特别是在决策、推理、比较风险和回报等区域。事实上，有些大脑区域直到20岁出头才完全成熟。）可知，上文主要说明了一些关于大脑的知识，本句为本段最后一句，应说明这些知识的作用。因此E项Some people think this knowledge can help us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults.（有些人认为，这些知识可以帮助我们重新思考儿童和成人之间的法律界限。）符合语境，故选E。
（2）语境衔接题。根据上文Different brain regions mature along with different timetables.（不同大脑区域的成熟伴随着不同的时间表。）以及下文The part of the brain that handles logical thinking is usually fully developed by 16，but those involved in self-discipline are still developing in young adulthood.This means they may not have the same level of emotional control，which can make them less responsible for their actions.（大脑中负责逻辑思维的部分通常在16岁时就发育完全了，但负责自律的部分在青年时期仍在发育。这意味着他们可能没有同样程度的情绪控制，这可能会使他们对自己的行为不那么负责任。）可知，上文提到"不同大脑区域的成熟伴随着不同的时间表"，后文提到了大脑负责自律的部分在青年时期仍在发育，说明青少年的大脑何时成熟并没有一个特定的年轻，因此B项There is no single age at which the teenage brain becomes an adult brain.（没有一个特定的年龄使青少年的大脑变成成人的大脑。）符合语境，故选B。
（3）联系下文题。根据下文If it did，we wouldn't have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer.Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons，not scientific ones.It's a pity that neuroscience won't have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.（如果是这样，我们就不会生活在一个允许青少年在买啤酒之前开车的社会。年龄界限的划分主要是出于政治原因，而不是科学原因。遗憾的是，神经科学对政治没有太大影响，尽管它总是正确的。）可知，后文提到"年龄界限的划分主要是出于政治原因，而不是科学原因"，说明科学没有对一些决策产生很大影响，因此A项Science has never had much influence on these decisions.（科学从来没有对这些决策产生过多大影响。）符合语境，故选A。
（4）联系下文题。根据下文It is pointless to try to determine the"right"age of maturation.The Dutch，for example，allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19.Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to neuroscience seriously and it's a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age，I recognize that the government might never accept it.（试图确定成熟的"正确"年龄是毫无意义的。例如，荷兰允许16岁的孩子喝酒，但直到19岁才能开车。即使我坚定地认为法律决定应该认真地参考神经科学，降低饮酒年龄和提高驾驶年龄是个好主意，我也承认政府可能永远不会接受它。）可知，后文提到了"荷兰允许16岁的孩子喝酒，但直到19岁才能开车"，说明不同的文化对儿童成长的理解也不同。因此D项Child growth patterns differ and how cultures understand child growth is so different.（儿童成长模式不同，文化对儿童成长的理解也不同。）符合语境，故选D。
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些关于大脑成熟的知识以及做出相关决策的原因。
考查选句填空。做题时要通读全文，把握大意，然后结合前后语句及选项做出正确的选择。
33.【答案】Urbanization and technology have made it difficult for children to be close to nature.【高分句型一】（城市化和科技发展使得孩子们很难接近大自然） Actually，outdoor play has many psychological benefits，such as recharging the brain and improving concentration，which is particularly beneficial for children with ADHD.【高分句型二】（室外活动的好处一） Meanwhile，outdoor play can help children develop their sensorimotor skill through learning experience.（室外活动的好处二） Realizing these benefits，many organizations are offering outdoor activities.（应多组织户外活动）
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说城市化和科技发展使得孩子们很难接近大自然。
高分句型一：Urbanization and technology have made it difficult for children to be close to nature.
翻译：城市化和科技使儿童很难亲近大自然。
分析：句子中it为形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式to be close to nature。
高分句型二：Actually，outdoor play has many psychological benefits，such as recharging the brain and improving concentration，which is particularly beneficial for children with ADHD.
翻译：事实上，户外游戏有很多心理益处，比如给大脑充电和提高注意力，这对多动症儿童尤其有益。
分析：本句使用了which引导的非限制性定语从句。
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，读者要是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。
34.【答案】Considering the actual needs of the students，the school canteen is open to students on weekends.
【解析】根据句意可知，"考虑到学生的实际需求"译为considering the actual needs of the students，为介词短语做状语，"向学生开放"译为be open to students，陈述目前事实，应用一般现在时，"周末"译为on weekends，作时间状语。
故填：Considering the actual needs of the students，the school canteen is open to students on weekends.
考虑到学生的实际需求，学校餐厅周末向学生开放。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
35.【答案】The coach and players made a detailed training plan for the final and they are determined to win the championship.
【解析】根据句意可知，"教练和运动员"译为the coach and players，"为决赛做了详细的训练计划"译为make a detailed training plan for the final，句子陈述过去发生的动作，应用一般过去时，"对冠军志在必得"即"他们对冠军志在必得"，陈述目前的状态，应用一般现在时，译为they are determined to win the championship，使用连词and连接两个句子。
故填：The coach and players made a detailed training plan for the final and they are determined to win the championship.
教练和运动员为决赛做了详细的训练计划，对冠军志在必得。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
36.【答案】This restaurant warmly welcomes all the guests，and no matter how little people spend there，they won't be treated differently.
【解析】句子陈述客观事实，基础时态为一般现在时；根据汉语意思，"这家饭店"用this restaurant，"欢迎"用动词welcome，作谓语；"所有客人用"all the guests，"消费再低也不会被另眼相待"用no matter how引导让步状语从句，"消费"用动词spend，"被对待"用被动语态be treated，再结合其他汉语意思。
故填：This restaurant warmly welcomes all the guests，and no matter how little people spend there，they won't be treated differently.
这家饭店对所有客人热情相迎，消费再低也不会被另眼相待。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
37.【答案】The lack of fitness facilities in this community has aroused high attention of the local government，and funds have been raised to transform an abandoned factory building into a sports center suitable for all ages.
【解析】表示"这个街区"应用介词短语in this community；表示"缺乏"应用名词短语the lack of；表示"健身设施"应用名词短语fitness facilities；表示"引起"应用动词arouse；表示"当地政府"应用名词短语the local government；表示"高度关注"应用名词短语high attention；表示"筹措资金"应用动词短语raise funds；表示"一幢废弃的厂房"应用名词短语an abandoned factory building；表示"将…改建成"应用动词短语transform…into…；表示"老少咸宜的"应用形容词短语suitable for all ages；表示"一座运动中心"应用名词短语a sports center；分析句子结构和意思可知，这句话描述的是过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果，谓语用现在完成时，两个句子之间是并列关系，用并列连词and连接。
故填：The lack of fitness facilities in this community has aroused high attention of the local government，and funds have been raised to transform an abandoned factory building into a sports center suitable for all ages.
这个街区缺乏健身设施的问题引起了当地政府高度关注，已筹措资金将一幢废弃的厂房改建成一座老少咸宜的运动中心。
本题考查汉译英。汉译英是基础题，需要学生根据句意、时态和固定搭配等，来选择合适的单词或者短语。
38.【答案】Dear editors，
Hearing that the school will organize an activity for senior three students to visit the university，I am very excited and happy.What I want to participate in are the two activities，Major and Course Descriptions and On Spot Studying.【高分句型一】（你最感兴趣的两个活动）
First of all，I am fond of the activity Major and Course Descriptions，which can help me have a deeper understanding of the university's professional courses and clarify the direction for my future study.Besides，I am deeply interested in the activity On Spot Studying.In the activity，I can truly experience the learning atmosphere of the university.Meanwhile，it offers me an good chance to know more about how the students in the university take courses every day，which will make me decide whether I should change the way that I learn in the middle school.【高分句型二】（你对这两个活动感兴趣的理由）
All in all，the activity of visiting the university is of great help to our future planning.I am looking forward to the arrival of that day.（总结）
Yours， Li Hua
【解析】高分句型一：What I want to participate in are the two activities，Major and Course Descriptions and On Spot Studying.
翻译：我想参加的是两项活动，专业及课程介绍以及随班学习体验。
分析：本句使用了what引导的主语从句。
高分句型二：Meanwhile，it offers me an good chance to know more about how the students in the university take courses every day，which will make me decide whether I should change the way that I learn in the middle school.
翻译：同时，它为我提供了一个很好的机会，让我更多地了解大学里的学生每天是如何上课的，这将使我决定是否应该改变我在中学的学习方式。
分析：本句使用了how引导的宾语从句以及which引导的非限制性定语从句。
书信类作文在写作时要注意内容是否包含了所有要点。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系，尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次，平时需注意积累短语和重要句型。
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