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2023初中英语复习资料：名词考点讲解与练习分析
一、名词介绍
1.名词分类
专有名词：表示人、地方、事物、机构和组织名称。
Lucy, China, the Great Wall
普通名词：
A.可数：个体 dictionary,pencil,chair,window,table,book,bike,ball
集体名词 family,police,class,group,team
B.不可数：物质，物质名词表示构成各种物体的物质或材料，rice，glass，porridge，paper，air，wood，wheat，steel
抽象，表示状态、品质、行为和感情等抽象概念 Knowledge,danger,health,life,homework
2. 单数和复数
可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。复数形式通常是在单数形式词尾加“-s”构成，其主要变法如下：
(1)一般情况在词尾加-s，例如：book→books，girl→girls，boy→boys，pen→pens，doctor→doctors。
(2)以s，x，ch，sh，结尾的词加-es，例如：bus→buses，class→classes，box→boxes，watch→watches，brush→brushes。
(3)以ce，se，ze，(d)ge结尾的名词加s，例如：orange—oranges。
(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es，例如：city→cities，factory→factories，country→countries，family→families。但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s，如：boy→boys，day→days。
(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es。例如：hero→heroes，potato→potatoes，tomato→tomatoes，但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s。例如：zoo→zoos，radio→radios，还有某些外来词也只加-s，例如：photo→photos，piano→pianos。
(6)以f或fe结尾的词，多数变f为v再加-es，例如：knife→knives，leaf→leaves，half→halves。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示。
复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法
(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式，例如：man→men，woman→women，tooth→teeth，foot→feet，child→children，mouse→mice。
【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。例如：an Englishman，two Englishmen。但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans;man，woman等作定语时，它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定，如：men workers，women teachers。
有个别名词单复数一样，例如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，fish等。但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时，可以加复数词尾。
(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有：people，police等。
(9)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式，中间加连字符。例如：ten-minute walk, an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk。
(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式，如：trousers，clothes，chopsticks，glasses，goods，ashes，scissors，compasses。
(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有：
科学名词：physics，mathematics/maths
游戏名称：bowls
专有名词：the United States，Niagara Falls
其他名词：news，falls
3. 不可数名词“量”的表示方法
在英语中，不可数名词如果要表示“量”的概念，可以用以下两种方法：
(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少，例如：
The rich man has a lot of money.
There is some milk in the bottle.
Is there any water in the glass
I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.
(2)用a piece of 这类定语，例如：
a piece of paper;a piece of wood;a piece of bread;a bottle of orange;a glass of water(milk);a cup of tea;a bag of rice;
如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时，在容器后加复数，例如：
two cups of tea;four pieces of paper;three glasses of water
不可数名词也可用a lot of，lots of，some，any，much等来修饰。
4. 国别：
5.名词作定语变复数：
1) 用复数作定语。例如：
sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室
talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系
2) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。例如：
goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产
customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush 衣刷
6.名词转化
某些名词后加y变形容词，表示“充满…的”，cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny
某些名词后加ful变形容词，表示“…性质的”，use-useful, care-careful
部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词，具有赞美意味。Friend-friendly, lovely
某些名词后加less表示没有，careless, useless
7.名词的所有格
名词所有格，用来表示人或物的所有，以及领属关系。
①表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s'，例如：a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes。
②如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's，如：Children's Day。
③在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's，例如：a twenty minutes' walk，ten miles' journey，a boat's length，two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth。
④无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构，例如：a map of China，the end of this term，the capital of our country, the color of the flowers。
⑤双重所有格，例如：a friend of my father's。
【注意】
如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示“分别有”，例如：John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间，共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车)。
两个名词并列，只有一个's，则表示“共有”，例如：John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹)。
【名词用法】
作主语，English is useful.
做定语，paper tigers, work places
做宾语，She learns Chinese hard every day.
做表语，Tom is my good friend.
做宾语补足语， They chose the boy monitor.
【既是可数又是不可数名词的意义不同】
Work工作-a work著作，glass玻璃-a glass玻璃杯，paper纸-a paper报纸，文件，试卷
Tea茶-a tea一种茶，wood木头-a wood小树林，room空间-a room房间
非复数：physics, maths, politics, news
表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses(眼镜)trousers，clothes等，若表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;wo pairs of trousers等。当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，可数。例如：
This factory produces steel.(不可数)
We need various steels.(可数)
当物质名词表示份数时，可数。例如：
Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。
Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。
其它有关实例如下：
The girl was washing greens.(绿色蔬菜)
Our returns are not as good as before.(收益，回报)
Please hand in your papers at once.(论文)
Mary lost her good looks when she was old.(相貌)
【名词动词化】
1. Don’t bother me.
2. Don’t sir me!
3. The dog nosed the door open.
4. He mouthed down a piece of cake
名词考点训练
1.These _________ have saved many children’s lives.
A. woman doctors
B. women doctor
C. women doctors
D. woman doctor
答案：C。该题考查的是名词作定语时的变化。woman 作定语时要和被修饰的名词保持数的一致。
2.This is _________ bedroom. The twin sisters like it very much.
A. Anne and Jane
B. Anne’s and Jane’s
C. Anne’s and Jane
D. Anne and Jane’s
答案：D。该题考查的是并列名词的所有格。两人共有一个房间时，只在后面的名词后加’s。
3.---Are there any ________ on the farm
---Yes, there are some.
A. horse
B. duck
C. chicken
D. sheep
答案：D。该题考查的是特殊名词的复数形式。从谓语动词来判断，主语应该是复数名词。只有sheep可用作复数名词。
4.---What would you like to drink, ________ or orange
---Orange, please.
A. hamburger
B. chip
C. tea
答案：C。该题考查的是名词的类别。三种东西中只有tea能喝。
5.--- Where have you been, Tim
--- I’ve been to ______.
A. the Henry house
B. the Henry family
C. The Henry’s home
D. Henry’s
答案：D
6.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.
A. food
B. lunch
C. breakfast
D. dinner
答案：B
7.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t found it. Why not try ____ .
A. three times
B. a third time
C. the third time
D. once
答案：B
8.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______
--- Certainly.
A. some bottles of waters
B. some bottles of water
C. some bottle of water
D. some bottle of waters
答案：B
9.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.
A. tooth
B. feet
C. hand
D. ear
答案：B
10.There is some _______ on the plate.
A. cakes
B. meat
C. potato
D. pears
答案：B
11.In England, the last name is the _______ .
A. family name
B. middle
C. given name
D. full name
答案：A
12.They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.
A. Germen
B. Germany
C. Germanys
D. Germans
答案：D
13.The______ has two _______.
A. boys; watches
B. boy; watch
C. boy; watches
D. boys; watch
答案：C
14.The little baby has two _______ already.
A. tooth
B. tooths
C. teeth
D. teeths
答案：C
高频考点
一、单选
1.What’s your _______ for being late again
A. idea
B. key
C. excuse
D. news
答案：C
2.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.
--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.
A. woman and children
B. women and child
C. woman and child
D. women and children
答案：D
3.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______”on the door of his shop.
--- Thanks.
A.ENTRANCE
B.BUSINESS HOURS
C.THIS SIDE UP
D.NO SMOKING
答案：B
4.Are they going to have a picnic on _______
A. Children’s Day
B. Childrens’s Day
C. Childrens Day
D. Children Day
答案：A
5.Where are the students Are they in _______
A. the Room 406
B. Room 406
C. the 406 Room
D. 406 Room
答案：B
二. 根据下列句子的情景及所给汉语注释，写出所缺单词。
1. We’ve got a lot of new ________(杂志) in our school library.
答案：magazines
2. Please turn to another _______(频道), I don’t like this show.
答案：Channel
3. Yesterday the _________(航班) to London was put off because of the bad weather.
答案：flight
4. Autumn is my favourite _______(季节)
答案：season
5. ---How many _______(小刀) do you have
---Three.
答案：knives
6. __________ (计算机)are widely used in the modern world.
答案：Computers
7. June 1st is __________(儿童) Day.
答案：Children’s
8. Mary, would you please tell me your new ________(地址) so that I can write to you.
答案：address
9. ---Does this piece of ______(音乐) sound nice
---Yes. It’s wonderful!
答案：music
10. May 12th is the International _______(护士) Day. Let’s say “ Thanks” to them for their work.
答案：Nurses’
三. 根据句意和所给首字母写出所缺的单词。
1. “What’s your n_______ ”
“Li Lei.”
答案：name
2. How many d_______ does your uncle have
答案：daughters
3. Please close the w______. It’s cold outside.
答案：window
4. If you want study English well, you must pay attention to your p________.
答案：pronunciation
5. A computer is one of the greatest i_________ in the world.
答案：inventions
6. Zhang Hui is very excited. He will go to Japan with his p_______ during the Spring Festival.
答案：parents
7. At the a______ of seven, the lonely girl had to work to make living.
答案：age
8. It’s only about an h_____ flight from Qingdao to Beijing by air.
答案：hour’s
9. Health is more important to me than m_______.
答案：money
10. Be careful! It’s d__________ to run across the street now.
答案：dangerous

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