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Unit 4　Space Exploration
Listening and Speaking & Reading and Thinking
Brainstorm
Who do you know are famous astronauts in China Would you like to be an astronaut and how to be an astronaut
Shenzhou 5
杨利伟
Famous astronauts
In China
Famous astronauts
In China
Shenzhou 6
费俊龙
聂海胜
Famous astronauts
In China
Shenzhou 7
翟志刚
刘伯明
景海鹏
Famous astronauts
In China
Shenzhou 9
刘洋
刘旺
景海鹏
Famous astronauts
In China
Shenzhou 10
王亚平
张晓光
聂海胜
Step 1:Listen to the song of space and watch the video.
How to be an astronaut
首先，你得有着一个学士学位，并且还是要能对航天工程中有所帮助的专业方向，比如说是机械工程、生物科学、物理科学、计算机或是数学等专业。
然后再要有长达三年的专业工作经验或至少1000小时的在喷气式飞机上作为机长飞行的时间，这些还是最基础的宇航员选拨标准。如果你幸运的都通过这些选拨成为一名候选人，你还要接受长达近一个周医疗工作者的跟踪。被选为宇航员的你并不一定是个全能的人，但是你却可能是位熟练操作宇宙飞船的机长，可能是医学出众的医者，可能是弹出优雅音乐的钢琴家，也可能是能做出美食佳肴的厨师。
Step 2:Thinking
First of all, you have to have a bachelor's degree in a major that will be useful in aerospace engineering, such as mechanical engineering, biological science, physical science, computer science, or mathematics.
That would be followed by up to three years of professional experience or at least 1, 000 hours as a pilot in a jet, the most basic astronaut selection criteria. If you're lucky enough to be a candidate, you'll be followed by a health care worker for nearly a week. You don't have to be an all-powerful person to be chosen as an astronaut, but you might be an accomplished spaceflight captain, a brilliant doctor of medicine, a pianist who plays elegant music, or a chef who can cook great meals.
Discuss with your partner about whether you would like to be an astronaut in the future and give your reasons.
You know, I think being an astronaut would be cool.
Do you want to work in space in the future
Step 3: Speaking
Why do we see “SPACE: THE FINAL FRONTIER”
The journey into space took me into space
THE space race between America and the Soviet Union was as much about ideological one-upmanship as extraterrestrial exploration. A new space race to the moon has an even less lofty goal: sightseeing. Two space-tourism companies are planning rival lunar missions that could see private individuals paying to fly to Earth's nearest celestial neighbour.
Step 4:Thinking
On June 19th Excalibur Almaz, a space company based on the Isle of Man, a British dependency in the Irish Sea, became the second company-after Space Adventures, an American space-tourism firm-to offer tickets for a commercial moonshot. Both firms are charging $150m a seat, a price that includes months of ground-based training. Neither is offering a descent to the moon's surface-just a lunar fly-by.
Whereas the Americans won the first space race, the Russians are favourites for the rematch. Both Excalibur Almaz and Space Adventures are using Russian-made rockets and spacecraft. Space Adventures plans to re-engineer the veteran Soyuz craft that it has used to shuttle seven space tourists up to the International Space Station (ISS). Excalibur Almaz intends to refit two Almaz space stations that were originally made for the Soviet armed forces.
The space-tourism business is famously long on hype but rather short, so far, on results. And both firms face big engineering challenges, to put it mildly. The easier task probably falls to Space Adventures, whose well-tested Soyuzcapsules-which have been flying, in one form or another, since the 1960s-require a beefier communications system, larger portholes (everyone wants a window seat, after all) and a better heat shield for re-entry. A separate booster rocket will be necessary to break the craft out of Earth orbit.
Excalibur Almaz's bulky space stations will need a lot more work to convert into lunar spacecraft. The first step will be to attach engines. The company plans to use ion thrusters, a high-tech propulsion system in which propellant is ejected using an electric field. Such motors are extremely efficient, and can be powered from a station's solar panels. But they generate little thrust, meaning that Excalibur Almaz's mission will take at least six months, compared with just six days for Space Adventures' chemical-powered craft.
In fact, the low-energy trajectory planned by Excalibur Almaz will take its crew members farther from the Earth than any other humans have been.
A journey that long would be risky. One danger is from unpredictable and potentially deadly solar flares, giant releases of stellar energy that would bombard the craft with radiation and fry its occupants. To protect its passengers, the company plans to build an internal "storm shelter" that uses the spacecraft's water supplies to absorb radiation.
Neither firm will start refitting its spacecraft, a process expected to take around three years, until it has sold all the seats on its maiden flights (two for Space Adventures, three for Excalibur Almaz). The companies are marketing their lunar missions to the same high-tech entrepreneurs and ultra-rich thrill-seekers who have snapped up tourist visits to the ISS and suborbital joyrides-long planned, but yet to fly-with firms such as Virgin Galactic.
Space Adventures already claims to have sold one ticket. That has led Excalibur Almaz to sweeten its deal by offering equity in the company to its first paying passengers. But filling seats may prove tricky. Not only is the asking price more than seven times the $20m cost of a jaunt to the ISS, it also requires months of demanding physical and psychological training. And even if the engineering can be perfected, it remains to be seen how many daredevil billionaires will be willing to spend months cooped up in a metal tube eating freeze-dried food.
太空之旅 送我入太空
大国的空间竞争是关于外星探索上谁高人一等的问题。一个新的到月球的竞争有一个更加崇高的目标：旅游观光。两个空间旅游公司计划在月球项目上竞争以使私人个体可以掏钱飞上地球最近的天体邻居。
一个英国支持的位于英国曼岛的神剑在六月19号成为第为继美国空间旅游公司空间探险公司之后第二家空间旅行公司为登月的商业用途提供票。两个公司都要1500万一个座位，包括数月的地上训练。两个公司都不提供降落地面的服务————仅仅是绕月飞行。
鉴于美国赢得了第一次空间竞赛，俄罗斯人热衷于重新开赛。神剑和太空探险两家公司都使用俄罗斯生产的火箭和飞船。空间探险公司计划重新设计自身的联盟号宇宙飞船，该飞船曾经把7位旅客送进国际航空站。神剑公司倾向于使用重新整修的2号钻石空间站，该站由以前的苏联军队建造。
到目前为止，空间旅游已经大力宣传了很长时间，但是实际上刚刚开始。两个公司都面临着巨大的工程挑战，使他们抓狂。比较简单的任务可能降落在空间探险公司身上，其调试良好的联盟号飞船自从20世纪60年代以来已经以一种形式或另一种形式飞过——仅仅需要加装强大的制动装置，大的舷窗（毕竟每个人都想坐在离窗户近的地方）另外为重新进入加装好的隔热层。助推火箭分离器需要有强大的推力使航天器脱离地球轨道。
神剑的庞大空间站需要更多的工作使其成为旅月航天器。第一步将需要安装引擎。公司计划使用例子推动器，这是一种高科技的推动系统其推动剂是一种电场。这种发动机效率非常高，并且可以从空间站太阳能电极板得到能量。但是他们进展缓慢，意思是神剑的使命可能至少推迟6个月，相比于空间探索公司仅仅需要6天就能加注的化学推动剂飞船。事实上，神剑计划的低能量轨道将能把它的工作人员送到离地球比以前所有人都远的地方。
长距离的旅行将很危险。危险之一来自不可预定和可能的致命的太阳耀斑，恒星能量的巨大释放将用射线炸毁飞船并且烧焦乘客。为了保护乘客，该公司计划建立内部"风暴掩体"用飞船的供水系统来吸收射线。
What's on the far side of the moon
Lighting the moon's dark side
As our closest neighbor in space, the moon has been the subject of popular myths, songs and poems since ancient times. And it has no less fascinated scientists.
But even after centuries of research many questions remain to be answered about Earth's only satellite.
Step 5:Thinking
Perhaps the Chang'e-4 lunar probe will be able to reveal more of its secrets. On Dec 8, the probe lifted off from Xichang Satellite Launch Center in Sichuan province. It is the first probe to travel to the far side of moon.
The Earth's gravity slows the moon's rotation, matching it to the speed of its orbit. Thus, the far side of the moon is always dark and has never been seen.
It's this sense of the unknown that makes the far side of the moon such an interesting place for scientific and space exploration. Long exposed to solar winds, the far side may have unique soil and minerals in its upper mantle.
For this reason, Chang'e-4 will study the effect of solar winds on the lunar surface and any minerals found beneath the spacecraft. Chang'e-4 is also carrying flower seeds and potato and silkworm eggs to see whether they can grow on the moon. If so, then the moon will become a more likely destination for space travel in the future.
However, due to communication problems, exploration of the dark side of the moon will not be easy.
Since the far side is blocked off from us, radio noise coming from Earth is also blocked. This is why China launched the relay satellite Queqiao in May – so that communication between Earth and the probe could proceed.
Powering the probe will also be a challenge for the mission.
Chang'e-4 gets energy from the sun through its solar panels. However, a lunar day has a length of 28 Earth days. This means that the probe will need to orbit the moon for over 20 days to be able to land during the day and use its solar panels.
According to Xinhua, if everything goes well, the satellite will land on the far side of the moon on Jan 2.
The New York Times described the journey as "groundbreaking", and wrote that it will "give clues to the history and development of the moon".24
嫦娥四号开启首次探索月球背面之旅
作为我们在宇宙中的近邻，月亮自古以来便在神话、歌曲和诗歌中广为流传。而它也深深地吸引着科学家们。
但在人类进行了数世纪的探索之后，地球的这颗唯一卫星依然有许多未解之谜。
或许嫦娥四号月球探测器能够揭开更多的谜团。12月8日，该探测器在四川西昌卫星发射中心发射升空，首次开启对月球背面的探索之旅。
地球引力减缓了月球的自转速度，使其与公转速度一致。因此，月球背面常年昏暗，无法直接观测。
这种未知感令月球背面在科研和太空探索中颇受关注。常年暴露在太阳风之下的月球背面，或许其上地幔中会有特殊的土壤和矿物质。
出于这个原因，嫦娥四号将研究太阳风对月球表面的影响，以及在航天器下所发现的任何矿物质。嫦娥四号上也载有花籽、土豆和蚕卵，以观察生命是否有可能在月球上生存。如果答案是肯定的，那么月球将更有可能成为未来太空旅行的目的地。
然而，由于通讯问题，探索月球昏暗的背面并非易事。
由于月球背面背对着我们，来自地球的无线电噪声也因此被屏蔽。这便是中国于今年5月发射中继卫星鹊桥号的原因 —— 如此一来，地球与探测器之间的通讯能够继续进行下去。
电源供应也是该任务的一大挑战。
嫦娥四号通过太阳能板获得太阳能。但月球上的1天相当于地球上28天。这意味着，探测器需要绕月球飞行20多天，才能找到一个合适的位置在月球白天登陆，从而能够使用太阳能板。
据新华社报道，如果一切进展顺利，该人造卫星将在1月2日登陆月球背面。
《纽约时报》称这一旅程“具有开拓性意义”，认为这将会“为月球的历史与发展提供线索”。
What’s the gravity in space
Step 6:Thinking
Step 7:Discussion
What’s the main reason of space exploration
Homework
Read the words in this unit.
Preview Reading on pages 40-42.
Thanks

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