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专题一 名词
一．定义：是表示人，事物，地方，现象或抽象概念的名称的词。
二．名词的分类
专有名词 普通名词
国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词
个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词
说明：
(1)可数名词：可以用数来计算或可以分成个体的人或东西。如desk, bed, apple.
(2)不可数名词：指不可分成个体的情感、概念、物质、品质或表示物质材料的词，也不可用数量来表示。
三．名词的数
(一)可数名词
1. 可数名词的复数的规则变化：
规则 例词
1 一般情况在词尾加-s, map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days
2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes 特例：stomach-stomachs
3 以-f或-fe结尾的词,变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, wolf-wolves, wife-wives shelf-shelves
4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities
5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, monkey-monkeys
6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词 有生命的加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes
无生命的加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, kilo-kilos
7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos
可数名词复数的不规则变化：
规则 例词
1. 改变名词中的 元音字母或其他形式 变a为e man-men, woman-women, 特例：German-Germans, human-humans
变oo为ee foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth 特例：boot-boots
2. 单复数同形 sheep-sheep, deer-deer, Japanese-Japanese, Chinese-Chinese
3. 只有复数形式 trousers, glasses, pants,scissors
4. 其他形式 mouse-mice, child-children
5. 复合名词 单数名词作定语的复合名词 apple tree-apple trees, girl friend-girl friends
man和woman作定语的复合名词 man teacher-men teachers, woman doctor-women doctors
(二)不可数名词：不能直接用数字计数的名词，无复数形式，其前不能加a/an
1.常见的不可数名词。
液体类 water, milk, juice, orange, coffee, tea, ink, rain, wine, soup...
食物类 meat, fish, chicken, beef, pork, mutton, rice, salt, sugar, bread, ...
材料类 metal, paper, glass, grass, bamboo, cotton, silk, wool, wood, gold, silver, plastic...
学科 语言类 Chinese, Japanese, English, French, German, Russian... geography, physics, chemistry, math, music...
自然类 snow, ice, wind, sunshine, weather, air, light, rain...
抽象概念类 news, work, money, advice, courage, knowledge, power, surprise...
2.不可数名词的量化表达
不可数名词通常没有复数形式，其前不能直接用不定冠词a(n)或数词修饰。
其量的表达如下：
情况 方法 例词
具体的量 基数词/不定冠词+基数词+of+不可数名词 a piece of news 一则新闻 a cup of tea 一杯茶
two glasses of milk 两杯牛奶
大概的量 表示量的限定词+不可数名词 some advice 一些建议 a little water 一点儿水 a lot of money 许多钱 much homework许多家庭作业
4.有些名词既能用作可数名词，又可用作不可数名词，但意思不同
词条 作可数名词 作不可数名词
chicken 鸡 鸡肉
room 房间 空间
fish 鱼 鱼肉
glass 玻璃杯 玻璃
time 倍数，次数 时间
work 作品 工作
experience 经历 经验
light 电灯 光
exercise 习题 锻炼，运动
orange 橙子，橘子 橙汁
paper 论文，试卷 纸
5.辨别名词的可数与不可数的技巧
不少同学分辨不清可数名词与不可数名词。在这里告诉你一个诀窍，叫做“一分为二鉴别法”，能帮助你基本上分清这两类名词。
判断某名词是可数名词还是不可数名词时，可以先将这个名词所表示的东西一分两半，若每一半不能再叫原来的名称时，这个名词就是可数名词；反之，若每一半还可以叫原来的名称，这个名称就是不可数名词。
例如，desk 表示“课桌”，若将课桌一分两半，所得的两部分都不再具有课桌的特征，不能再用desk 来表示。因此，desk 是可数名词。meat表示“肉”，将一块肉一分两块，所得的两块仍可称作肉。所以，meat是不可数名词。
四．名词所有格
名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。
1. 有生命的名词所有格的构成：
类别 构成方法 举例
有生命的单数名词 加’s their mother’s help
无生命的复数名词 以s结尾的加’ the teachers’ office
不以s结尾的加’s the children’s walk
多人共同拥有 在最后一个名词后加’s Mike and John’s room
多人各自拥有 分别加’s Mike’s and John’s rooms
表示时间，距离，国家等名词 单数加’s today’s newspaper
复数加’ three days’ holiday
注意：1.表示“商铺”“某人家”“诊所”“办公室”的名词所有格时，一般省去被修饰的表示地点的名词。
如：at the doctor’s 在诊所； at my aunt’s 在我阿姨家； at the chemist’s 在药店
2.复合不定代词someone, everybody等和else连用时，-s’应加在else后。如：somebody else’s book别人的书
2.无生命的名词所有格(of形式的所有格)
如：a map of the world 一张世界地图 the windows of the room 这个房间的窗户
六．双重所有格
定义: 's所有格和of所有格两种所有格形式结合在一起，构成"of＋所有格"形式，即双重的所有格。
它通常表示部分观念，即整体中的一部分，在意义上与"one of..."相似，它主要修饰of短语之前的那个名词。
1.主要形式如下：
(1)名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。
如:a good friend of mine 我的一个好朋友 an interesting story of his 他的有趣的经历
(2)名词＋of＋'s所有格。
如:He is a friend of my sister's．（＝one of my sister's friends）他是我姐姐的一个朋友。
注意：'s所有格、of所有格和双重所有格三者之间的细微区别
请仔细比较下面三句话：
1．She is Mary's friend．
2．She is a friend of Mary's brother．
3．She is a friend of Mary's brother's．
1句用的是's所有格，侧重说明她和Mary是朋友关系，突出friend一词。
2句用的是of所有格，侧重说明她和Mary的哥哥是朋友关系，强调突出了Mary's brother。
3句用的是双重所有格，侧重说明Mary哥哥的朋友不止是一个，她只是其中的一个。
七．名词作定语
1.名词作定语时，一般用单数形式
coffee cup 咖啡杯 beef noodles 牛肉面 boy students男学生
个别情况下也用复数形式
当man和woman作定语时，变复数形式时将中心词及man或woman都变成复数形式。
goods train 货车 sports shoes 运动鞋 men doctors 男医生
3.数词+连字符+名词单数(或者+形容词)作定语时，可将作定语的名词变为相应的所有格形式
a three-day holiday= three days’ holiday
a 15-year-old girl=a girl of 15 years old
名词的转化
类别 变法 例词
形容词→名词 -ness kind→kindness happy→happiness sad→sadness
-ity able→ability possible→possibility
-t→-ce important→importance different→difference
-y difficult→difficulty honest→honesty
-ty safe→safety
-th true→truth warm→warmth
名词→名词 -ist piano→pianist science→scientist
-n/-an America→American Russia→Russian Europe→European
-ian music→musician magic→magician
-er win-winner teach-teacher drive-driver
动词→名词
-or educate-educator act-actor visit-visitor
-ation/-ion decide-decision act-action invite-invitation
-ment agree-agreement develop-development
-ing feel-feeling mean-meaning
-ress act-actress wait-waitress
其他 high-height hot-heat long-length succeed-success serve-service die-death France-French Japan-Japanese advise-advice choose-choice decide-decision discover-discovery
名词专练
一．用所给名词的适当形式填空。
1.(2022广西北部湾经济区)There are some__________(cup)of tea on the table.
2.(2022泰州)I spent one_________(night)time making a video Mei Lanfang and His Hometown to take part in "Tell China's Stories"competition.
3.(2022) Even the bottom was full of rubbish,and there were no more fish for__________
(fisherman)to catch.
4.(2022武威)I bought two____________(notebook)yesterday.
5.(2022泰州)The film The Battle at Lake Changjin(《长津湖》)showed us many_______(hero)in the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea(抗美援朝战争).
6.(2022)We Chinese should be proud of our history,our written language, our________(invention)
and our achievements.
7.(2022盘锦)Alisa will pick strawberries and____________(tomato)with her father tomorrow.
8.(2022兰州)People all over the world come to Weifang every year to see all kinds of_____(kite).
9.(2022兰州)---Mum,could I go out for dinner with my friends tonight
---Sure. But don't stay out too late. I'm worried about your_________(safe).
10.(2021省卷)There are three________(apple)on the table.
11.(2021兰州)Although Yuan Longping was a great scientist,he considered himself a________
(farm).
12.(2020省卷)It's about one________(hour) bus ride from my home to the airport.
13.(2020兰州)The Smiths often pick to_____________(strawberry)on the farm.
14.(2019省卷)There are many________(sheep)eating on the hill.
15.(2019兰州)Would you mind giving me some__________(advice)on how to plant trees
16.(2018兰州)There are many____________(different)between the twins. One is shy, but
the other is outgoing.
17.(2018省卷)Too much sugar is bad for your__________(tooth).
二．单选。
1.(2022省卷)The________rang and Pat answered it. It was his son calling from New York.
A.telephone B.doorbell C.clock D.bike
2.(2021省卷)If the weather is nice, we could have a(n)_________in the park.
A.picnic B.chance C.place D.idea
3.(2020天水)Lily is a friend of______.
A.Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother's of C.Mary mother's D.mother's of Mary
4.(2020天水)---Everyone should stick to his dream.
---Yes. A life without a dream is like a bird without________, which can't fly.
A.wings B.water C.clouds D.food
5.(2019天水)---Look!They are________.
---Yes.We are proud of them.
A.man scientist B.women scientists C.woman scientists D.man scientists
6.(2019)After playing football for more than half an hour,the students took_________rest.
A.a few minute's B.a little minute's C.a few minutes' D.a little minutes’
7.(2018兰州)If the temperature is below 0℃,water will turn into________in the open air.
A.ice B.steam C.fog D.rain
8.(2022益阳)Look！There are some________eating grass on the hill.
A.sheep B.cow C.horse
9.(2022邵阳)---Would you like some______
---Yes,madam.
A.egg B.juice C.milk teas
10.(2022贺州)---How much_______do you need
---We need two cups.
A.milk B.egg C.pear D.potato
11.(2020恩施州)Wuhan,one of the most important_______in China,is famous for the Yellow Crane Tower.
A.cities B.citys C.city
12.(2020黔南州)About200__________went to see the Asian Fashion Show last night.
A.German B.Australian C.Chinese D.American
13.(2021铜仁)---You have a nice house! Whose room is this？
---It's_________.
A.Jack and Peter's B.Jack's and Peter's C.Jack's and Peter D.Jack and Peter
14.(2021安顺)The movie named A Little Red Flower shows________love for their children.
A.parents B.parent's C.parents'
15.(2020)Nobody thought it easy to finish so much work in_______.
A.two days' time B.two-days time C.two day's time D.two days time

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