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新牛津译林版高中英语必修三Unit 2 Natural Disasters
Grammar and Usage
Exploring the rules
Leading-in
What kind of natural disasters are connected with a strong storm
Typhoon, hurricane, tornado …
What should people do during a strong storm
Stay inside and close and lock all the windows and doors. Listen to the radio to keep informed of what is going on ...
Read the dialogue on Page 20 .
Anna is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane.
After reading, please answer the following questions.
Anna is interviewing her teacher, Mr Li, about his experiences during a hurricane.
1. How did Mr Li know that the hurricane was coming
From the local news on TV.
2. What made Mr Li scared during the hurricane
The power failure.
3. A hurricane is destructive. In what details can we know it is destructive in this text Please find them out.
The road was blocked.
There may be the power failure.
Many huge trees lay across the street and water was seen everywhere.
There was a lot of damage and suffering.
4. What should we do when a hurricane hits
First, we should stay inside, because going outside
during a hurricane is much too dangerous.
Second, we should prepare enough food and water to
last a whole week.
To-infinitives as attributives To-infinitives as adverbials of result
I was staying in Atlanta, and that was one of the cities to be hit. That morning, I turned on the TV for some local news, only to hear that a hurricane was on its way.
Task 2
Read the passage about an interview and complete the tasks (P20)
Find the sentences with to-infinitives
I looked out of the window, only to see huge trees lying across the street and water everywhere.
There was nothing for me to do.
I had enough food and water to last a whole week.
Working out the rules
When the to-infintive is used as an attributive, it is often put (before/after) the noun or pronoun it modifies.
When the to-infintive is used as an adverbial of result, it can refer to an __________ (expected/unexpected) result. In this case, we often use only before the to-infinitive.
after
unexpected
Working out the rules
Working out the rules
What’s the function of the to-infinitives in the following sentences
During a strong storm, we should stay at home and listen to the radio to keep informed of what is going on. Besides a radio, we can have a computer or a smart phone to update the information.
Adverbial of purpose
Working out the rules
What’s the function of the to-infinitives in the following sentences
After the strong storm, we were very amazed to see that our house was in good condition and our grandparents were very delighted to know that we were safe and sound.
Adverbial of result
标题文本
此处添加详细文本描述，文字内容建议与标题相关尽量简洁生动……
标题文本
此处添加详细文本描述，文字内容建议与标题相关尽量简洁生动……
标题文本
此处添加详细文本描述，文字内容建议与标题相关尽量简洁生动……
She signalled her students to exit the classroom in an orderly line covering their heads with their hands. And the headmaster asked them to stay outside until the storm was over.
Object complement
What’s the function of the to-infinitives in the following sentences
Working out the rules
What’s the function of the to-infinitives in the following sentences
Working out the rules
1. Alice Brown, head teacher, was teaching when the floor began to shake.
2. It was very dangerous to stay inside during the hurricane.
3. My job today was to keep the student calm outside.
Object
Subject
Predicative
To have a healthy diet keeps us fit.
To finish your homework on time every day is your duty.
1.不定式作主语
形式主语
It keeps us fit to have a healthy diet.
It is your duty to finish your homework on time every day.
熟记以下句型：
It is + adj. + to do sth.
It is + a/an + n (pleasure ,pity, crime, honor…) + to do sth
It is +adj.+ for sb. +to do sth.
It is +adj(表人品的)+ of sb.+ to do sth.
It took(sb) some time / courage/ wisdom… +to do sth.
It is no use/good /useful/ useless / a waste of time + doing sth.
Practice makes perfect
每天阅读是很有用的。
对她来说获得这个奖是一个巨大的荣誉。
从超市买菜比从菜农那里买要贵。
It's more expensive to buy vegetables from
supermarkets than from farmers.
It is useful to read every day.
It's a great honor for her to win this award
1. __________ is my dream _____________(travel) to the moon by spaceship.
2.It is an honor _________(get) the gold medal in the Olympics
3.It is necessary for us _______(be) constantly reminded of our shortcomings.
4. It is no good_____________(pretend) to know what you don’t know.
5.It took them five years ___________(build) the bridge.
It
to travel
to get
to be
to build
pretending
Practice makes perfect
2.不定式作宾语
They are considering what to do next.
Some who were famous in their own times would find it difficult to achieve success today.
熟记以下单词：
decide，determine，wish，plan，want，manage，try，afford，promise，arrange，desire，pretend，refuse，expect，hope，learn，offer，fail，agree，forget，prefer，...
用动词不定式作宾语的动词
记忆口诀
三个希望两答应（hope，wish，want，agree，promise）
两个要求莫拒绝（demand, ask, refuse）
设法学会做决定（manage，learn, decide）
不要假装在选择（pretend，choose）
打算提出两计划（intend, offer,plan, mean)
申请失败负担起 (apply,fail, afford)
准备渴望又碰巧 (prepare,desire, happen)
1.We agreed __________(meet) here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.
2.Mr. Smith determined ________(go) to the cinema.
3.When his father came in , he pretended ________________(study).
4. I find it interesting ___________(learn) Maths.
5.He considered it his duty _________(care) about the homeless kids.
6.We think it necessary ____________(increase) the salary.
to meet
to go
to be studying
to learn
to care
to increase
注意：不定式作某些特殊动词的宾语时，常用it作形式宾语, 而把真宾语不定式和动名词放在句末。
think/consider/ find / feel / make /beilieve + it + adj / n + to do sth
Practice makes perfect
3.不定式作表语
What she wants to do most now is (to) travel abroad.
The most important thing is to take measures to prevent the pollution.
My wish is to be a doctor.
For him, the first step is to find an office job.
The main purpose of the meeting was to elect a new manager.
我的愿望是成为一名医生。
对于他来说，第一步就是找一个办公室的工作。
这次会议的主要目的是选一名新经理。
4.不定式作定语
The meeting to be held tomorrow is important.
I am so busy I have no time to write a letter.
I need a pen to write with.
不定式作定语通常放在其修饰的名词或代词之后。
不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间是主谓关系、动宾关系、同位关系或修饰关系。
动词不定式作定语
1.动词不定式作定语，一般置于被修饰的名词或代词后面
Is this the best way to help him
这是帮他的最佳方法吗？
Your wish to be a teacher is quite understandable.
你想成为一个教师的愿望是可以理解的。
① 名词或代词为动词不定式的逻辑主语(主谓关系)。如：
Wendy was the first student to arrive at school.
②名词或代词为不定式的逻辑宾语(动宾关系)。如：
I have a meeting to attend.
Tip:如果不定式是不及物动词，需要加介词才能与名词之间构成动宾关系。如：
This is a good topic to talk about.
2.不定式作定语与被修饰的名词或代词之间常有一定的逻辑关系。
③ 名词与不定式是同位语关系(动词不定式与所修饰的名词指代的内容一致)。如：
I have a wish to go to college.
We should have the courage to face any difficulty.
They have found out a way to help the villages get rid of poverty.
常接不定式作定语的抽象名词有：ability, ambition, chance, wish, attempt, decision, moment, need, plan, promise, reason, time, way, courage, opportunity 等。
3. 动词不定式作定语，有被动形式。如：
The house to be built there will be a library.
She made a list of the people to be invited.
4. 当中心词被序数词、形容词最高级及the next, the only, the last等限定时，常用不定式作后置定语。
She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.
She is the only person to be admitted to the committee.
在那儿要建的房子将是一个图书馆。
她列了一张要邀请的人的名单。
她是第一个在奥运会上获得金牌的女子。
她是唯一获准进入委员会的人。
1. Do you know who is the first Chinese ________ (walk) on the moon
2. Do you have anything ________(say) If not, we will put an end to the meeting.
3. He has no friend _______________(depend).
4. Are you going to the meeting ____________(hold) next week
5. The new building ________________ ( complete) next year will be a city museum.
6. There may be an opportunity for you _______ (see) the famous star.
to walk
to say
to depend on
to be held
to be completed
to see
Practice
5. 不定式作宾语补足语
My teacher asked me to go there on time.
She was considered to have stolen the money.
常接不定式作宾补的词有：
ask, encourage, force, permit, urge, direct, enable, invite, order, want, wish等
(1)My mom encouraged me ____________________ (improve)my writing skills.
(2)He often makes his little sister ________(cry).
to improve
cry
作宾语补足语不用to的常见动词：一感(feel), 二听(listen to, hear), 三让(make, let, have), 四看(see, look at, watch, notice)。
I often hear the girl sing in English
我经常听到这个女孩唱英语歌
I see him enter the classroom.
我看见他走进教室
（看见进入的全过程）
考点归纳： 1.感官动词 + 宾语 + 宾补
see,watch ,observe, look at,notice
hear listen to feel
see +
sb do sth
sb doing sth
sth done
I saw her ________ (read) an English poem yesterday.
She was seen __________ (read) an English poem yesterday.
He ________(see) to cross the road.
I ________(see) him cross the road.
I heard her ________ (sing) a song when I passed by her room.
I heard a song _________ (sing) by a little girl yesterday.
read
to read
看见某人做了某事
看见某人正在做某事
看见某事被做
was seen
saw
singing
sung
2.使役动词 + 宾语 + 宾补: have let make
⑴ have sb do sth:
have sb /sth doing sth:
have sth done:
使某人做某事
使某人/某物一直做某事
使某事被做
⑵ make sb do sth:
make oneself done:
使某人做某事
使某人自己被…
I had my car ______ (wash) last week.
I’m very busy. I have a lot of files ________ (type).
Jim often makes his sister ________ (cry), but this morning he was made __________ (cry) by his sister.
The place is noisy so he shouted to make himself ________ (hear).
You’d better not have the light ________ (burn) all day long.
I have had my bike___________(repair), and I'm going to have somebody ______(repair)my radio tomorrow.
cry
to cry
heard
washed
to type
burning
repaired
repair
Practice makes perfect
总结: 动词 + 宾语(sb.) + to do sth
advise allow ask
beg cause encourage
expect forbid get
intend invite like
love order persuade
prefer permit require
teach tell want
warn wish
6. 不定式作目的状语
Tim sat near the fire to get warm.
The athletes practised hard to win the match.
相当于用in order (not) to，so as (not) to引导的目的状语.
I got up early so as to get to school on time.
He was so careless as to leave his car unlocked.
7.不定式作结果状语
常用enough to，sufficient to，only to，never to，so + 形容词/副词 + as to, such + 名词… as to do引导。
Would you be so kind as to close the door, please
I tried the door, only to find it locked inside.
He is brave enough to go out alone at night
I’m not such a fool as to believe that.
动词不定式作结果状语
动词不定式作结果状语，常见于以下结构：
1. 在 too…to… (太……而不能)结构中，表示反面结果，如：
It’s never too late to learn.
The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.
2. 在 …enough to… (足够……以至于……)结构中。如：
I was fortunate enough to get the ticket.
The hall is large enough to hold 3,000 people.
活到老，学到老。
这箱子太重了，小孩搬不动
我很幸运地得到了那张票。
这个大厅足够大，可以容纳3000人。
3. 在 never to… (不再......)结构中，可以接后续的结果。如：
He left home, never to return.
She left, never to be seen again.
4. 在 only to… (却，不料)结构中,不定式常表示没有预料到的结果。如：
I hurried to the station, only to find the train gone.
He returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.
他离开了家，再也没有回来。
她走了，再也没人见过她。
我匆忙赶到车站，结果却发现火车已经开走了。
战争结束后他回来，却被告知妻子已经离开了他。
5. 在 so… as to…（如此...以至于） 结构中。如：
She was so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
She won’t be such a careless person as to forget to lock the door.
6. 在 such + 名词 +as to… (如此...以至于)结构中。如：
她气得连话都说不出来了。
我们没有愚蠢到相信他的地步。
她不会粗心到忘记锁门的地步。
Practice
1. The goods are too heavy ________(carry).
2. I hurried to his house, only ________(find) that he was not at home.
3. I ran to the school, only _____________ (inform) that I wasn’t admitted by Peking University.
4. This man was strong enough _______(lift)the heavy stone.
5. Dinosaurs have died out on the earth, never __________(see) again.
6. He is such a fool ____________ able to answer the question.
to carry
to find
to be informed
to lift
to be seen
as not to be
8. 不定式作原因状语
After the strong storm, we were very amazed to see that our house was in good condition and our grandparents were very delighted to know that we were safe and sound.
I am happy to see you.
She was sad to hear the bad news.
目的状语还可以用__________或_______来表示，但________不能置于句首。
目的状语
The coronavirus requires the government and the public to react even more quickly to any signs or symptoms of infection, in order to halt the spread of the virus and prevent the medical system from being overwhelmed and the death toll(毁坏或伤亡人数) from rising.
in order to
so as to
so as to
原因状语
I'm so excited to be here.
All of us are surprised to see his rapid progress.
不定式作原因状语常用于表_____________之后。
心情的形容词
9.不定式的完成式.
表示不定式中谓语动词发生的动作先于主句的谓语动词发出的动作。
The novel was said to have been published.
I regret to have been with you for so many years.
seem、appear、be said、be supposed、be believed、be thought、be known、be reported等动词常用于上面句型。
10. 不定式的省略现象，即用动词原形的情况
不定式在感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice, look at , listen to, overhear, observe 和使役动词 have, make, let 后作宾语补足语时。
I watched him disappear in the distance.
介词but ,except, besides 后接不定式作宾语时，介词前有行为动词do,不定式要省去to。
We did nothing but/except wait.
不定式符号to作表语时的省略。当主语部分有行为动词do, 作表语的不定式to可省略。
What I want to do now is find some books to read.

11. 不定式后动词的省略
1. 动词love, mean, want, hate, like, wish, expect, hope，try, intend, plan, refuse, prefer, seem 及be glad (pleased, delighted, happy) to 等后面接不定式时，为避免重复，常省略与上文相同的动词，只保留to不定式符号。
2. 句式 would have done…, should have done…, ought to have done…, needn’t have done …, used to be …等省略形式要保留不定式后的be或have。
---Are you a sailor
--- No, but I used to be (a sailor ).
---Have you finished your homework yet
--- No, but I should have (finished).

不定式口诀
本领最多不定式，主表宾补定和状。
样样成分都能干，只有谓语它不敢。
用时千万要当心，有时它把句型改，
作主宾时用“it”, 自己在后把身藏。
七个感官三使役， 宾补要把to甩开；
疑问词后接上它，宾语从句可充当；
逻辑主语不定式，不定式前for sb. ;
to前not表否定， 各种用法区别开。
1.George returned after the war, only_________(tell) that his wife had left him.
2. — Is Bob still performing
— I'm afraid not. He is said___________ (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.
3. I don't want ________(sound)like I' m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager' s plan is unfair.
4. ________(ensure) the safety of gas, the government has checked the city's gas supply system thoroughly.
5. We were astonished _______ (find) the temple still in its original condition.
6. Tom asked the candy makers if they could make the chocolate easier _________(break) into small pieces.
to have left
to be told
to sound
To ensure
to find
to break
Practice makes perfect
Applying the rules
Checking
a. object
b. object
complement
c. attributive
d. adverbial of
purpose
e. adverbial of
result
______ 1 I’m sorry that I cannot come to your birthday party tomorrow as I have an important meeting to attend.
______ 2 She hurried to the cinema, only to find all the tickets
had been sold out.
______ 3 I ask you to complete the task on your own.
______ 4 To reach the summit, we need a local guide.
______ 5 We must learn to walk before we can run.
______ 6 I’m afraid they will have a difficult decision to make.
______ 7 To avoid losing a good friend, you need to apologize
as soon as possible.
______ 8 He left his hometown, never to be heard from again.
______ 9 We agreed to change our plan at the meeting.
______ 10 She invited me to watch a film.
Checking
a. object
b. object
complement
c. attributive
d. adverbial of
purpose
e. adverbial of
result
______1 I’m sorry that I cannot come to your birthday party
tomorrow as i have an important meeting to attend.
______2 She hurried to the cinema, only to find all the tickets
had been sold out.
______ 3 I ask you to complete the task on your own.
______ 4 To reach the summit, we need a local guide.
______ 5 We must learn to walk before we can run.
c
e
b
d
a
Checking
a. object
b. object
complement
c. attributive
d. adverbial of
purpose
e. adverbial of
result
______ 6 I’m afraid they will have a difficult decision
to make.
______ 7 To avoid losing a good friend, you need to apologize
as soon as possible.
______ 8 He left his hometown, never to be heard from again.
______ 9 We agreed to change our plan at the meeting.
______ 10 She invited me to watch a film.
c
d; a
e
a
b
Task 3
Read the passage about an interview and complete the tasks (P20)
Please complete the exercises on Page 21
B1
e
c
d
b
a
B2
to find books about hurricanes in the school library
to find he wasn’t in
to attend
to make PPT slides for my project
B3
was actually the first to leave
to keep us warm
wanted to return home as soon as possible
only to find it completely destroyed
advised us to take an active part in the rebuilding
单句语法填空
1．Researchers from Brigham Young University discovered that fathers are in a unique position ____________ (help) their adolescent children learn persistence.
2．Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics, such as large brains and the ability ____________ (walk) upright on two legs.
3．It seems a little crazy once senior year hits to find the time_______ (visit) college campuses, and it can also be pricey if the schools you are applying to happen to be more than a car ride away.
to help
to walk
to visit
4．Do you want a room that's full of life Professional Or are you just looking for a place ____________ (relax) after a long day
5．Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is road testing a new way __________ (keep) winter roads ice-free—by spreading on them cheese brine, the salty liquid used to make soft cheeses, like mozzarella.
6．A committee of teachers will evaluate materials and give opinions. Students then have an opportunity ____________ (improve) their products.
7．I took notes during the meeting, but I haven't had a chance ____________ (write) them into a report so far.
8．After that, feeling the need ____________ (explore) further, I decided to drop in on one of ASL club's meetings.
9．I found the pre-holidays a good time ____________ (encourage) young children to donate less-used things, and it worked.
to relax
to keep
to improve
to write
to explore
to encourage
10．The plum trees are the first ____________ (flower) even as the snow is melting.
11．Cyclists jump on and off pavements (which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right ____________ (go) through traffic lights when they are on red.
12．Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene declared she had no plans____________ (retire) from her 36-year-old business.
13．What is the best way you can imagine ____________ (reduce) the overuse of water in our school
14．In many homes in the UK, the first person____________ (wake) up has to make tea for the family.
to flower
to go
to retire
to reduce
to wake
15．We had better put off interviewing the athlete, for he is busy preparing for an international contest ____________(hold) in Shanghai next month.
16．In 2012, Sun Yang became the first Chinese man__________ (win) an Olympic gold medal in swimming.
17．In the “moon garden” onboard the Chang'e 4, the shoots of cotton marked the first live matter ever ____________ (grow) on the moon.
18．No offence, but I want to say that the driver is not the one ____________ (blame) for the accident.
19．It was officially reported that the first mammal __________ (clone) successfully from an adult cell was Dolly the Sheep.
20．The lecture____________ (follow) will include the radical changes brought about by the French Revolution.
to be held
to win
to be grown
to blame
to be cloned
to follow
21．Meyer and his team were the first people ____________ (show) how the disease spreads from animals to human.
22．He rushed to the airport, only ____________ (tell) that the film star had left.
23．Mary hurried back only ____________ (find) the front door closed.
24．He reached inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact the drive, only ____________ (discover) it contained ￡400 in notes, with another ￡50 in spare change beside it.
25．How often do you have something you want to achieve (e.g. lose weight, start a business, travel more)—only ________ (end) up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress
to show
to be told
to find
to discover
to end

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