资源简介

(共55张PPT)
突破高考英语阅读理解
之CD篇
第
一
章
说明文体裁分析
说
明
文
特
点
Long passages, new words, logical and complicated sentences as well as new topics.
professional
专业性
Reflect features, nature and rules objectively.
objective
客观性
Describe in order of time, space and logic.
organized
条理性
说
明
顺
序
说
明
方
法
举例子
(by setting examples)
作比较-对比说明相异、类比说明相似(by making comparisons)
析因果(cause and effect)
列数字(by listing statistics /figures/numbers)
作诠释(by explanation)
下定义(by definition)
作引用(by quoting)
作假设
(by making assumptions)
第
二
章
说明文例题精讲
Passage1
As prices drop and their functionality expands, you can expect to see humanoid(类人的)robots in more places, including schools, airports, and hospitals. Will they influence human behavior
In a study published recently, scientists found that mean robots can help people concentrate. The experiment, published in Science Robotics, was based on something called the Stroop Task, which is widely used in psychology and described as the "gold standard" of attentional tests. It challenges participants to name the colors of words and ignore their meanings while calculating reaction time.
The researchers put a modern twist on the task, though-this time, there was a robot in the room. The goal was to see if the presence of a robot would affect cognition, and the researchers found it did, but only when the robot was mean.
How do you make a robot mean In this case, a meter-tall toy robot called a Meccanoid G15KS was made to respond to seven questions. The good robots told jokes, spoke about friendship, and described test subjects as nice. The bad robots replied to questions with passive aggressive comebacks, such as "I enjoy doing analysis programs but you would not understand" and statements like "I do not value friendship."Then the participants rated the robots."The more participants thought the robot made them uncomfortable, the greater the improvement of their Stroop performance was," the researchers wrote."Not surprisingly, the bad robot was rated as less warm, friendly and pleasant than the good robot."
The study authors argue that robots are crossing the line in some situations from machines to social agents. That will change how humans interact with and behave around them.
“Similar to a human's presence, the presence of a robot might not be neutral(无倾向性的) in situations like school or in the office when you are working." Nicolas Spatola, one of the study authors said in an email, "So before your boss decides to introduce a robot in your office, it could be a good idea to evaluate how you feel about it and how it can positively or negatively impact your work, how comfortable you may feel with it or if you feel it to be a threat."
Just 58 students from University Clermont Auvergne in France participated in the experiment but the researchers found an increase in the speed of correct answers among those in the presence of a mean robot when compared to those who were with a nice robot or alone.
In the future, robots will almost certainly become more and more common in nursing homes, hotel check-in desks, behind the wheel, and elsewhere. “If we want to improve the use of robots in our daily life, there seems to be a need to first understand how Human Robot Interaction can impact human psychology,” Spatola said.
说明文
类人机器人会影响人类行为吗？
Passage1
As prices drop and their functionality expands, you can expect to see humanoid(类人的)robots in more places, including schools, airports, and hospitals. Will they influence human behavior
In a study published recently, scientists found that mean robots can help people concentrate. The experiment, published in Science Robotics, was based on something called the Stroop Task, which is widely used in psychology and described as the "gold standard" of attentional tests. It challenges participants to name the colors of words and ignore their meanings while calculating reaction time.
The researchers put a modern twist on the task, though-this time, there was a robot in the room. The goal was to see if the presence of a robot would affect cognition, and the researchers found it did, but only when the robot was mean.
How do you make a robot mean In this case, a meter-tall toy robot called a Meccanoid G15KS was made to respond to seven questions. The good robots told jokes, spoke about friendship, and described test subjects as nice. The bad robots replied to questions with passive aggressive comebacks, such as "I enjoy doing analysis programs but you would not understand" and statements like "I do not value friendship."Then the participants rated the robots."The more participants thought the robot made them uncomfortable, the greater the improvement of their Stroop performance was," the researchers wrote."Not surprisingly, the bad robot was rated as less warm, friendly and pleasant than the good robot."
The study authors argue that robots are crossing the line in some situations from machines to social agents. That will change how humans interact with and behave around them.
“Similar to a human's presence, the presence of a robot might not be neutral(无倾向性的) in situations like school or in the office when you are working." Nicolas Spatola, one of the study authors said in an email, "So before your boss decides to introduce a robot in your office, it could be a good idea to evaluate how you feel about it and how it can positively or negatively impact your work, how comfortable you may feel with it or if you feel it to be a threat."
Just 58 students from University Clermont Auvergne in France participated in the experiment but the researchers found an increase in the speed of correct answers among those in the presence of a mean robot when compared to those who were with a nice robot or alone.
In the future, robots will almost certainly become more and more common in nursing homes, hotel check-in desks, behind the wheel, and elsewhere. “If we want to improve the use of robots in our daily life, there seems to be a need to first understand how Human Robot Interaction can impact human psychology,” Spatola said.
Para1-2
提出背景
Para3-7
研究过程&研究结果
Para8
研究的前景
1. What was the finding of the new study
A. The use of robots is rising.
B. Humanoid robots can be mean.
C. Unkind robots can sharpen our focus.
D. Robots are becoming more functional.
（Para2）In a study published recently, scientists found that mean robots can help people concentrate. The experiment, published in Science Robotics, was based on something called the Stroop Task, which is widely used in psychology and described as the "gold standard" of attentional tests. It challenges participants to name the colors of words and ignore their meanings while calculating reaction time.
mean robots can help people concentrate 与Unkind robots can sharpen our focus 属于同义转述
1.找词（定位题干或选项的关键词）
2.定位（原词或非原词）
3.比对（原文与选项）
细节理解题
可知，这项新研究的结果是不友善的机器人能使我们集中注意力。故选C。
2. According to the passage, how did the participants judge the robots
A. By their words. B. By their actions.
C. By their appearance. D. By the Stroop Task.
（Para4）In this case, a meter-tall toy robot called a Meccanoid G15KS was made to respond to seven questions. The good robots told jokes, spoke about friendship, and described test subjects as nice. The bad robots replied to questions with passive aggressive comebacks, such as "I enjoy doing analysis programs but you would not understand" and statements like "I do not value friendship. "Then the participants rated the robots." The more participants thought the robot made them uncomfortable, the greater the improvement of their Stroop performance was," the researchers wrote."Not surprisingly, the bad robot was rated as less warm, friendly and pleasant than the good robot.
1.找词（定位题干或选项的关键词）
2.定位（原词或非原词）
3.比对（原文与选项）
细节理解题
可知，参与者是通过机器人的语言来判断机器人的。故选A。
3. Which of the following might Nicolas Spatola agree with
A. Be careful about using robots.
B. Leave the robot if it presents a threat.
C. Robots will have a good impact on offices.
D. Robots may replace humans in the workplace.
（Para6）“Similar to a human's presence, the presence of a robot might not be neutral(无倾向性的) in situations like school or in the office when you are working." Nicolas Spatola, one of the study authors said in an email, "So before your boss decides to introduce a robot in your office,It could be a good idea to evaluate how you feel about it and how it can positively or negatively impact your work, how comfortable you may feel with it or if you feel it to be a threat."
推理判断题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
可推知，Nicolas Spatola可能会同意A选项“使用机器人时要小心”的观点。
Nicolas Spatola, one of the study authors said in an email, “So before your boss decides to introduce a robot in your office,it could be a good idea to evaluate how you feel about it and how it can positively or negatively impact your work, how comfortable you may feel with it or if you feel it to be a threat.”
【主干】
Nicolas Spatola said in an email
【参考译文】
研究作者之一Nicolas Spatola在一封电子邮件中说：“所以，在你的老板决定在你的办公室里引入一个机器人之前，评估你对它的感觉，以及它如何对你的工作产生积极或消极的影响可能是一个好主意，你可能会觉得它有多舒服，或者你是否觉得它是一种威胁。”
【长难句分析】
同位语
时间状语
三个宾语从句
条件状语从句
4. What can we infer from the last paragraph
A. Scientists have already developed humanoid robots.
B. Humanoid robots have already found its way into our daily life.
C. Humanoid robots will certainly come into our daily life sooner or later.
D. There is no difficulty we’ll meet with before humanoid robots are widely used.
（Para8）In the future, robots will almost certainly become more and more common in nursing homes, hotel check-in desks, behind the wheel, and elsewhere. “If we want to improve the use of robots in our daily life, there seems to be a need to first understand how Human Robot Interaction can impact human psychology,” Spatola said.
可推知，类人机器人肯定迟早会进入我们的日常生活。故选C。
推理判断题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
1、文章主旨大意题的主要设问方式
①Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
②What is the passage/the text mainly about
③What is the main idea of the passage
2、段落大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the second paragraph mainly about
②What is the main idea of Paragraph 1
主旨大意题的主要设问方式
3、标题归纳题的主要设问方式
①What is/can be the suitable/best title for this passage/the text
②Which of the following can be the best title for the text
概括段落大意题
【重点词块】
1. mean robots
2. help sb. concentrate
3. passive aggressive comebacks
4. analysis programs
5. value friendship
6.be rated as
7. Similar to
8. the presence of
9. positively or negatively impact
10. participated in the experiment
11.compared to
刻薄的机器人
使我们集中注意力
分析程序
被动积极的反击
重视友谊
被判断
与…相似
…的存在
积极或消极影响
参与这项实验
与…比较
【语法填空】
1. In a study （publish）recently, scientists found that mean robots can help people concentrate.
2.The bad robots （reply）to questions with passive aggressive comebacks, such as “I enjoy doing analysis programs but you would not understand" and statements like "I do not value friendship. ”
3.The more participants thought the robot made them uncomfortable, the
（great）the improvement of their Stroop performance was," the researchers wrote.
4.Just 58 students from University Clermont Auvergne in France participated in the experiment but the researchers found an increase in the speed correct answers among those in the presence of a mean robot when compared to those who were with a nice robot or alone.
published
replied
greater
of
Passage 2
Libraries have existed for nearly as long as humans have had written languages. They have been esteemed (受尊敬的) places of learning and comprehensive repositories (储藏室) of human knowledge, history, and ideas. Written materials from all over the civilized world have been collected and preserved in libraries and without them much of what was known to ancient peoples would have been lost in the moden world.
Open societies especially like the free exchange of ideas and information—all ideas, not just those that are socially acceptable at a particular point in time and all opinions, no just mainstream ones.
Our public libraries need to be places that broaden our perspectives and stretch our minds and imaginations. There’s no reason to ban any books from the general public. That’s not to say all books are appropriate for all age groups. But it’s easy enough to limit access of the very young to “adult” literature without preventing mature readers from a full range of materials.
Private libraries may sometimes regard certain topics as too offensive (冒犯的) or objectionable to include in their collection. And elementary school libraries should probably not include books that would be inappropriate for young children on their bookshelves. All libraries have to be selective, due to limited budgets, and space and age are always considered in acquisition (购置) decisions. But this is very different from actually banning specific titles.
And who is to decide what is acceptable and what is not Should we get rid of all materials that are unconventional, that challenge the present situation, or that make anyone uncomfortable Should we restrict all materials in public libraries to what is inoffensive to the most sensitive members of society or to what overprotective parents believe will not disturb young children
Open societies, as they say, are messy. The Harry Potter novels may be the greatest children’s books ever written. Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States may be a publication of nation’s rich history, but sometimes brutal history to some else, especially those ever hurt by the country. Anyway, libraries exist to preserve all human thoughts and recorded experience.
议论文
主要讨论了图书馆的资料是否应该限制在对社会上最敏感的人无害的范围内，还是限制在过度保护的父母认为不会打扰幼儿的范围内。
Passage 2
Libraries have existed for nearly as long as humans have had written languages. They have been esteemed (受尊敬的) places of learning and comprehensive repositories (储藏室) of human knowledge, history, and ideas. Written materials from all over the civilized world have been collected and preserved in libraries and without them much of what was known to ancient peoples would have been lost in the moden world.
Open societies especially like the free exchange of ideas and information—all ideas, not just those that are socially acceptable at a particular point in time and all opinions, no just mainstream ones.
Our public libraries need to be places that broaden our perspectives and stretch our minds and imaginations. There’s no reason to ban any books from the general public. That’s not to say all books are appropriate for all age groups. But it’s easy enough to limit access of the very young to “adult” literature without preventing mature readers from a full range of materials.
Private libraries may sometimes regard certain topics as too offensive (冒犯的) or objectionable to include in their collection. And elementary school libraries should probably not include books that would be inappropriate for young children on their bookshelves. All libraries have to be selective, due to limited budgets, and space and age are always considered in acquisition (购置) decisions. But this is very different from actually banning specific titles.
And who is to decide what is acceptable and what is not Should we get rid of all materials that are unconventional, that challenge the present situation, or that make anyone uncomfortable Should we restrict all materials in public libraries to what is inoffensive to the most sensitive members of society or to what overprotective parents believe will not disturb young children
Open societies, as they say, are messy. The Harry Potter novels may be the greatest children’s books ever written. Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States may be a publication of nation’s rich history, but sometimes brutal history to some else, especially those ever hurt by the country. Anyway, libraries exist to preserve all human thoughts and recorded experience.
Para1图书馆的价值
Para2-5
思想和信息的自由交流
公共图书馆的利弊
私人图书馆的缺陷
讨论谁来决定什么是可接受的，什么是不可接受的？
Para8
图书馆的存在意义
5. Which of the following does the author most probably agree with
A. All books are suitable for all age groups.
B. It’s a right decision to ban some bad books.
C. Many young readers have become mature ones.
D. Ideas which are not the mainstream should be accepted.
（Para2）Open societies especially like the free exchange of ideas and information—all ideas, not just those that are socially acceptable at a particular point in time and all opinions, no just mainstream ones.
可知，作者认为所有的思想和观点都应该存在与开放的社会中，最可能同意的观点是非主流的思想应该被接受。故选D。
推理判断题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
6. What can we learn from the text
A. The libraries should be child-friendly.
B. Some libraries have their unique needs.
C. Public libraries are better than private ones.
D. Libraries should get rid of conventional materials.
（Para3）Our public libraries need to be places that broaden our perspectives and stretch our minds and imaginations. There’s no reason to ban any books from the general public.
（Para4）Private libraries may sometimes regard certain topics as too offensive or objectionable to include in their collection. And elementary school libraries should probably not include books that would be inappropriate for young children on their bookshelves.
1.找词（定位题干或选项的关键词）
2.定位（原词或非原词）
3.比对（原文与选项）
细节理解题
可知，一些特定的图书馆可能有其独特的需求。故选B。
7. What does the underlined word “brutal” in the last paragraph probably mean
A. Cruel. B. Strange.
C. Unfamiliar. D. Important.
（Para 5）Open societies, as they say, are messy. The Harry Potter novels may be the greatest children’s books ever written. Howard Zinn’s A People’s History of the United States may be a publication of nation’s rich history, but sometimes brutal history to some else, especially those ever hurt by the country. Anyway, libraries exist to preserve all human thoughts and recorded experience.
词义猜测题
1.找词（选项的关键词）
2.定位（信息段和句）
3.比对（原文与选项）
技巧点拨
1.利用定义
2.利用指代关系
3.根据转折或对比关系
4.利用因果关系
5.利用定语或同位语
6.利用文章的举例
8. What does the text mainly talk about
A. The history of libraries around the world.
B The classification of books in libraries.
C. Whether some books should be banned in libraries.
D. The differences between public and private libraries.
（Para 4）Should we restrict all materials in public libraries to what is inoffensive to the most sensitive members of society or to what overprotective parents believe will not disturb young children
推理判断题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
文章内容可知，本文主要讨论了图书馆的资料是否应该限制在对社会上最敏感的人无害的范围内，还是限制在过度保护的父母认为不会打扰幼儿的范围内，即图书馆是否应该禁止某些书籍。故选C。
restrict与banned属于同义替换
Should we restrict all materials in public libraries to what is inoffensive to the most sensitive members of society or to what overprotective parents believe will not disturb young children
【主句】
Should we restrict all materials in public libraries to
【参考译文】
我们是否应该将公共图书馆的所有材料限制在对社会最敏感的成员无害的范围内，或者限制在过度保护的父母认为不会打扰幼儿的范围内？
【长难句分析】
宾语从句
宾语从句
【重点词块】
1. mainstream ideas
2. at a particular point
3. broaden one’s perspectives
4. stretch one’s minds and imaginations.
5. too offensive or objectionable
6.elementary school libraries
7.a publication of nation’s rich history
主流思想
在某一点上
拓宽我们视野
拓展我们思维和想象力
过于冒犯或令人反感
小学图书馆
丰富历史的出版物
【词根词缀】
overprotective
over-表示“超过，过于”，
protect v. 保护
-ive 形容词后缀“…的”
inappropriate
in-表示“不，无”，appropriate适当的
overstudy
overwork
overact
overdose
overproduction
overcrowded
incorrect
inability
inaccurate
incapable
offensive
accumulative acquisitive
affirmative appreciative apprehensive
approachable
adorable
affordable
charitable
commendable
objectionable
object v.反对
-tion 名词后缀
-able 形容词后缀“…的”
【语法填空】
1. Libraries （exist） for nearly as long as humans have had written languages.
2. （write） materials from all over the civilized world have been collected and preserved in libraries and without them much of what was known to ancient peoples would have been lost in the moden world.
3.Open societies especially like the free exchange of ideas and information—all ideas, not just those that are socially （accept）at a particular point in time and all opinions, no just mainstream ones.
4.Our public libraries need to be places that （broad）our perspectives and stretch our minds and imaginations.
5.Private libraries may sometimes regard certain topics as too d （offend）or objectionable to include in their collection.
have existed
Written
acceptable
broaden
offensive
Passage 3
Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions that are important for planning ahead, expecting the future results of one’s decisions, and comparing risk and reward. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s. Should this new knowledge make us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults
Maybe. But it’s not as simple as it seems for two reasons.
First, different brain regions mature along with different timetables. There is no single age at which the adolescent brain becomes an adult brain. Systems responsible for logical reasoning mature when people are 16, but those involved in self-regulation are still developing in young adulthood. This is why 16-year-olds are just as capable as adults when it comes to permitting informed medical papers, but are still immature in ways that reduce their criminal responsibility, as the Supreme Court has noted in several recent cases. Using different ages for different legal boundaries seems strange, but it would make neuro- scientific sense if we did it reasonably.
Second, science has never had much influence on these decisions. If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that Neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
Children are so changeable in their growth and how cultures understand child development is so different. It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US, I recognize that the government might never accept it.r hurt by the country. Anyway, libraries exist to preserve all human thoughts and recorded experience.
议论文
本文主要议论了神经科学家对人大脑的成熟有了新的认知，即大脑成熟的时间比以前认为的要晚一些，由此是否应该让我们重新思考孩子和成年人之间的法律界限，即神经科学的结论能否影响法律决定的制定，但实际而言事情看上去并不是那么简单，由此文章解释了两个原因，即对该问题进行了否定回答。
Passage 3
Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions that are important for planning ahead, expecting the future results of one’s decisions, and comparing risk and reward. Indeed, some brain regions do not reach full maturity until the early 20s. Should this new knowledge make us rethink where we draw legal boundaries between kids and adults
Maybe. But it’s not as simple as it seems for two reasons.
First, different brain regions mature along with different timetables. There is no single age at which the adolescent brain becomes an adult brain. Systems responsible for logical reasoning mature when people are 16, but those involved in self-regulation are still developing in young adulthood. This is why 16-year-olds are just as capable as adults when it comes to permitting informed medical papers, but are still immature in ways that reduce their criminal responsibility, as the Supreme Court has noted in several recent cases. Using different ages for different legal boundaries seems strange, but it would make neuro- scientific sense if we did it reasonably.
Second, science has never had much influence on these decisions. If it did, we wouldn’t have lived in a society that allows teenagers to drive before they can buy beer. Age boundaries are drawn mainly for political reasons, not scientific ones. It’s a pity that Neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
Children are so changeable in their growth and how cultures understand child development is so different. It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
Para1
专家得出的结论从而诱发了公众思考
Para2-4
两个原因
关于重新思考我们在孩子和成人之间划定法律界限的地方吗？
Para 4
得出结论
13.What can we learn about brain maturation according to the passage
A.All the brain areas become mature at the same time.
B.Scientists’ brain matures much earlier than politicians’.
C.The region in charge of logical reasoning isn’t mature until 18.
D.The time of brain maturation is not as early as thought before.
（Para1）Neuroscientists (神经科学家) now know that brain maturation (成熟) occurs far later than previously thought. Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions that are important for planning ahead, expecting the future results of one’s decisions, and comparing risk and reward. 、
可知，大脑成熟的时间并不像以前想象的那么早。故选D。
细节理解题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
not as early as thought before与 far later than previously thought 同义替换
14．What is the author’s attitude towards Neuroscience
AFavorable. B．Skeptical.
C．Indifferent. D．Intolerant.
（Para4）... It’s a pity that Neuroscience won’t have much of an impact on politics although it is always correct.
（Para5）...“Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
可知，作者认为神经科学给出的结论是正确的，只是它没有受到政治的关注，未对政治产生重大影响。由此推断作者对神经科学持有的是支持的态度。故选A。
推理判断（态度）题
1.定（作者还是人物的观点）
2.找（表达感彩或表达观点态度的词语或句子）
3.比较（选项）
“Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
【主干】
I recognize
【参考译文】
即使我坚信法律决定应该认真参考神经科学，在美国降低饮酒年龄和提高驾驶年龄是个好主意,我知道政府可能永远不会接受。
【长难句分析】
even if 引导的让步状语从句
that引导的宾语从句
省略that的宾语从句
it作形式主语
技巧点拨：感彩的词语
1）表示褒义的词语
positive赞成的 supporting支持的 praising赞扬的
optimistic乐观的 reasonable合理的 hopeful 抱有希望的
2）表示中性的词语
uninterested不感兴趣的 neutral中立的
impersonal不带个人感情的 subjective主观的 objective客观的
3）表示贬义的词语
skeptical怀疑的 critical批评的 negative 否定的，反对的
suspicious怀疑的 tolerant容忍的，忍让的 worried 担忧的
15．What can we infer from the last paragraph
A．It’s illegal for a Dutch boy to drive at the age of 16.
B．The culture of the Dutch is much better than the USA．
C．It’s of great value to determine the right age of maturation.
D．The influence of science on law and policy making is very big.
（Para 5）Children are so changeable in their growth and how cultures understand child development is so different. It is pointless to try to determine the “right” age of maturation. The Dutch, for example, allow children to drink alcohol at the age of 16 but not to drive until they are 19. Even if I firmly believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US, I recognize that the government might never accept it.
推理判断题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
可知，荷兰是允许16岁的孩子喝酒的，但是19岁才能开车即19岁以下开车是违法的。故选A。
16．What could be the best title for the passage
A．Should Children Learn from Capable Adults
B．Can Neuroscience Create Mature Scientists
C．Should Neuroscience Affect Law Decisions
D．Can Children Drive and Drink Beer Like Adults
主旨大意题
1.定关键词
2.找（理解字面意思）
3.推（逻辑推理，做出判断）
4.比较（选项）
可知，本文主要议论了神经科学家对人大脑的成熟有了新的认知，即大脑成熟的时间比以前认为的要晚一些，由此是否应该让我们重新思考孩子和成年人之间的法律界限，即神经科学的结论能否影响法律决定的制定，但实际而言事情看上去并不是那么简单，由此文章解释了两个原因，即对该问题进行了否定回答。故C选项。
1、文章主旨大意题的主要设问方式
①Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage
②What is the passage/the text mainly about
③What is the main idea of the passage
主旨大意题的主要设问方式
2、段落大意题的主要设问方式
①What is the second paragraph mainly about
②What is the main idea of Paragraph 1
3、标题归纳题的主要设问方式
①What is/can be the suitable/best title for this passage/the text
②Which of the following can be the best title for the text
归纳最佳标题
1、看首段和尾段，以首段为主
2、借助各个段落主题句归纳
3、借助主题词或关键词归纳
【重点词块】
have much of an impact on politics
refer to Neuroscience seriously
lower the drinking age
raise the driving age
draw legal boundaries
affect Law Decisions
occurs far later than previously thought
对政治产生太大的影响
认真参考神经科学
降低饮酒年龄
提高驾驶年龄
引起法律界限
影响法律决策
比以前认为的要晚得多
【语法填空】
1. Neuroscientists now know that brain maturation occurs far later d
previously thought.
2.Great changes in brain are still taking place during young adulthood, especially in the regions that are important for planning ahead, （expect）
the future results of one’s decisions, and comparing risk and reward.
3.Even if I （firm） believe legal decisions should refer to Neuroscience seriously and it’s a good idea to lower the drinking age and raise the driving age in the US.
expecting
firmly
than
Passage 4
Everyone knows they feel amazingly good and refreshed after a good night’s sleep but now scientists have discovered it can help you to live longer too. According to a study in the US, healthy sleeping habits mean men can live almost five years longer, and women for two years. It also found that sleep improves our health and reduces the risk of heart disease.
However, the study by the American College of Cardiology(心脏病学)shows it’s not just about how long you sleep; the quality of your sleep is important, too. Dr Frank Qian, who led the study, said sleep must be restful. The researchers said that sleep of high quality for adults depended on five fundamental elements: getting seven to eight hours of sleep each night; having trouble falling asleep no more than twice a week; having trouble staying asleep no more than twice a week; not using medicine to get to sleep; and waking up feeling rested at least five days a week.
Each factor was given one point, with a maximum of five points for the highest quality of sleep. The researchers looked at the results of a survey of 172,321 people in the US that measured their health habits, including sleep, over five years. They found that people who had all five points were likely to live longer and lead healthier lives than those who had sleep difficulties.
According to the Sleep Charity, a good night’s sleep can improve people’s memory and immune(免疫)system. Dr Qian admits that no one’s sleep is perfect—everyone has a late or restless night sometimes. However, he said, “Even from a young age, if people can develop these good habits of getting enough sleep, making sure they are sleeping without too many distractions, which originate from daily troubles or noisy surroundings. And gradually it can greatly benefit their overall long-term health.”
The study was based on people reporting their own sleep habits rather than recording them scientifically, so this may have affected the results and more research is needed.
2023年湖北省部分名校高二5月联考
Para. 1 :好睡眠有助于身体健康
Para. 2-3:好睡眠取决于5个因素
Para. 4 :好睡眠有助于身体健康
Para. 5 :需要做更多科学的研究
研究结果
研究结果
研究过程+结果
研究结果
研究评价：有局限
13. What can be inferred from Paragraph 1
A. People with bad sleep may always feel unsettled.心绪不宁的,不安的
B. Good sleep can benefit mental and physical health.
C. People with good sleeping habits can recite knowledge better.
D. Healthy sleeping habits can prevent people from many diseases.
Everyone knows they feel amazingly good and refreshed after a good night’s sleep but now scientists have discovered it can help you to live longer too. According to a study in the US, healthy sleeping habits mean men can live almost five years longer, and women for two years. It also found that sleep improves our health and reduces the risk of heart disease.
14. Which of the following may Dr Frank Qian agree with
A. Sleep’s quality is more vital than its length.
B. Sleep’s quality lies in five important factors.在于
C. People who meet five factors are bound to live much longer.
D. People with sleep difficulties are likely to have a bad memory.
However, the study by the American College of Cardiology(心脏病学)shows it’s not just about how long you sleep; the quality of your sleep is important, too. Dr Frank Qian, who led the study, said sleep must be restful. The researchers said that sleep of high quality for adults depended on five fundamental elements: getting seven to eight hours of sleep each night; having trouble falling asleep no more than twice a week; having trouble staying asleep no more than twice a week; not using medicine to get to sleep; and waking up feeling rested at least five days a week.
悠闲的
同义替换： five important factors ≈ five fundamental elements
15. Which of the following can replace the underlined word “distractions” in
Paragraph 4
Pills. B. Assignments. C. Bothers. D. Routines.
药丸 分配,任务 困扰 惯例，常规
According to the Sleep Charity, a good night’s sleep can improve people’s memory and immune(免疫)system. Dr Qian admits that no one’s sleep is perfect—everyone has a late or restless night sometimes. However, he said, “Even from a young age, if people can develop these good habits of getting enough sleep, making sure they are sleeping without too many distractions, which originate from daily troubles or noisy surroundings. And gradually it can greatly benefit their overall long-term health.”
同义替换： daily troubles or noisy surroundings ≈ bothers
16. What will be needed for the study to offer more convincing findings
A. The analyses of more samples. B. The survey of more sleep issues.
C. The study of more influential elements.D. The more scientific methods of research.
The study was based on people reporting their own sleep habits rather than recording them scientifically, so this may have affected the results and more research is needed.
同源词： scientific 与 scientifically
注意：转折处通常出题，要重点关注转折连词，如but, however, instead, rather than等
重要词汇
1. feel refreshed
2. restful sleep
3. fundamental elements
4. each factor
5. a maximum of
6. originate from
7. overall long-term health
8. rather than
感到精神焕发
宁静的睡眠
基本要素
各因素
最大值
来自…，源于…
整体长期健康
而不是
长难句分析
1. They found that people who had all five points were likely to live longer and lead healthier lives than those who had sleep difficulties.
定语从句，修饰先行词people
定语从句，修饰先行词those
句子主干： They found that
句子翻译：他们发现，获得所有五分的人可能比有睡眠困难的人活得更长，生活得更健康。
语法填空
1 . They found that people who had all five points were likely ____________(live) longer and lead healthier lives than those who had sleep difficulties.
2 . The study was based on people ___________(report) their own sleep habits rather than recording them scientifically, so this may have affected the results and more research is needed.
to live
reporting
In late 2020, a tweet spread quickly: “Another day of sharing at the big screen while scrolling through my little screen so as to reward myself for staring at the medium screen all week.” It seems right on. We are glued to our screens. And it’s not only about watching movies and scrolling through TikTok. As remote work has set in, we’re relying entirely on digital tools to keep in touch with each other and get our work done.
This has led to a worrisome spike in “digital intensity”. A new survey from Microsoft tracked the habits of more than 30,000 users in 31 countries over 2021, and the results are alarming.
The good news is that something as simple as a 10-minute break, if used correctly, can help lessen the effects of digital intensity. “If you give yourself a break, and do something like meditation (冥想), reading, drawing — anything that turns your brain to something more relaxing,” says Dr. Michael Bohan, the director of Microsoft’s Human Factors Engineering Lab, “it will begin to produce alpha waves.” After the break, “you’ll be more engaged and focused,” he adds. “Taking breaks lets you reset, and maintain better brain health across the day.”
Finding new ways to connect with our colleagues, and reducing the number of daily meetings, emails and virtual check-ins will do more than “lessen the digital load”. It will also pave the way for a reinvented workplace, which most expect to be a hybrid of old and new. “We need to look at every process,” says Bohan, “and ask: Why are we doing this？ Is there a way to do this more effectively Let’s not repeat what we’ve always done. Let’s figure out how to do it better.”
人们高度依赖数字化工具
人们高度依赖数字工具的后果令人恐慌
休息可以缓解高度依赖数字工具的影响
寻求和同事联系的新方式，降低对数字工具的依赖。
发现问题
分析问题
解决问题
解决问题
Passage 5
17. What does the first paragraph mainly talk about
The popularity of digital products.
B. Our deep dependence on digital tools.
C. The reasons for the rise of remote work.
D. The influence of social software on our life.
In late 2020, a tweet spread quickly: “Another day of sharing at the big screen while scrolling through my little screen so as to reward myself for staring at the medium screen all week.” It seems right on. We are glued to our screens. And it’s not only about watching movies and scrolling through TikTok. As remote work has set in, we’re relying entirely on digital tools to keep in touch with each other and get our work done.
同义替换： are glued to our screens&≈ relying entirely on digital tools ≈deep dependence on digital tools.
18. What does the underlined word “spike” in paragraph 2 probably mean
A. A sharp increase. B. An abrupt change.
C. A sudden problem. D. An unexpected result.
…As remote work has set in, we’re relying entirely on digital tools to keep in touch with each other and get our work done.
This has led to a worrisome spike in “digital intensity”. A new survey from Microsoft tracked the habits of more than 30,000 users in 31 countries over 2021, and the results are alarming.
词义猜测题 技巧点拨
1.利用定义
2.利用指代关系
3.根据转折或对比关系
4.利用因果关系
5.利用定语或同位语
6.利用文章的举例
19. What can we infer about the function of alpha waves mentioned in Paragraph 3
A. It can make us sleep better. B. It can cause tension and anxiety.
C. It can help improve concentration. D. It can improve logical thinking ability.
The good news is that something as simple as a 10-minute break, if used correctly, can help lessen the effects of digital intensity. “If you give yourself a break, and do something like meditation (冥想), reading, drawing — anything that turns your brain to something more relaxing,” says Dr. Michael Bohan, the director of Microsoft’s Human Factors Engineering Lab, “it will begin to produce alpha waves.” After the break, “you’ll be more engaged and focused,” he adds. “Taking breaks lets you reset, and maintain better brain health across the day.”
同义替换： more engaged and focused ≈ help improve concentration.
20. Which can help reduce digital load
A. Holding less everyday video meetings.
B. Following daily virtual check-in system.
C. Contacting colleagues through social media apps.
D. Using emails to communicate as much as possible.
Finding new ways to connect with our colleagues, and reducing the number of daily meetings, emails and virtual check-ins will do more than “lessen the digital load”. It will also pave the way for a reinvented workplace, which most expect to be a hybrid of old and new. “We need to look at every process,” says Bohan, “and ask: Why are we doing this？ Is there a way to do this more effectively Let’s not repeat what we’ve always done. Let’s figure out how to do it better.”
同义替换： reduce ≈ lessen virtual ≈ video
重要词汇
1.scroll through my little screen
2.are glued to
3.tracked the habits
4.be more engaged
5.maintain better brain health
6.virtual check-ins
7.lessen the digital load
8.pave the way for
9.figure out
浏览我的小屏幕
粘在
跟踪习惯
更多的参与
保持更好的大脑健康
虚拟的登录
减少数字负载
为…铺路
弄懂
长难句分析
1. “If you give yourself a break, and do something like meditation (冥想), reading, drawing — anything that turns your brain to something more relaxing,” says Dr. Michael Bohan, the director of Microsoft’s Human Factors Engineering Lab, “it will begin to produce alpha waves.”
条件状语从句
定语从句，修饰先行词anything
句子主干： says Dr. Michael Bohan
句子翻译：微软人类因素工程实验室主任迈克尔·博汉博士说：“如果你做一些类似冥想、阅读、绘画的事情---任何能让你的大脑更放松的事情，它就会开始产生阿尔法波。”
同位语，说明Dr. Michael Bohan的身份
语法填空
As remote work has set in, we’re relying entirely on digital tools _________ (keep) in touch with each other and get our work done.
2.The good news is that something as simple as a 10-minute break, if _________(use) correctly, can help lessen the effects of digital intensity.
3. It will also pave the way for a reinvented workplace, ______ most expect to be a hybrid of old and new.
to keep
used
which

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