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（甲卷）高考冲刺——阅读理解 话题4 动物保护
一、2023年真题
（2023·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and the iranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
2．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers' behavior.
B．The expansion of bears' range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
3．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers' advocates.
4．What can be ierere from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．A
4．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到现在的2000多头，同时也带来了一些问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. "灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们。可知，美国人对灰熊既害怕，又敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A。
2．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. "1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》；以及第四段中的"Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted."如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。
3．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. "如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上。可知，是环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。
4．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Obviously, if precautions aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. 'Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,' says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula."显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。"我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，" James Jonkel 说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家。可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
二、冲刺练
阅读理解
Scientists are excited by the rediscovery of the giant lacewing. It is an insect which looks like across between a fly and a moth. It has spotted wings with a span of roughly 50 millimeters, holding the wings over its body like a tent.
Giant lacewings have been around since the Jurassic era, a period of time about 150 to 200 million years ago. In the 1950s, scientists thought giant lacewings had disappeared from eastern North America. However, scientists recently confirmed that one had been spotted.
Michael Skvarla works for Penn State University, who is the director of its insect identification lab. Skvarla found the giant lacewing in 2012. He remembers it clearly. "I was walking into Walmart to get milk and I saw this huge insect on the side of the building," Skvarla said. "I thought it looked interesting, so I put it in my hand and did the rest of my shopping with it between my fingers. I got home, mounted it and promptly forgot about it for almost a decade."
Then, in late 2020, Skvarla was teaching biodiversity in a Zoom class during the pandemic lockdown. During the class, Skvarla showed his students microscopic images of the insect he had seen at Walmart. Together, they stared at the images. They studied the insect closely. Then, they realized that the insect had been wrongly labeled. Many scientists are stirred by this discovery. Now they have started wondering if there may be entire populations hiding out, which requires for further investigation.
And the causes of the supposed disappearance of the insect have long been a mystery. With a deeper research, there are some possible explanations. One is light pollution, which is the brightening of the night sky from man-made light sources such as street lights. Light pollution can disrupt the natural cycles of living things. Another cause could be the introduction of non-native insects such as ground beetles. They can cause harm to the environment. Ground beetles prey on giant lacewings. People's stopping forest fires may also play a part in the disappearance of the lacewing. This is because giant lacewings need ecosystems that rely on natural fires.
5．What can we know about the appearance of the giant lacewing
A．It looks like a mix of a fly and a moth.
B．Its body length is about 50 millimeters.
C．Its wings are tiny and rough.
D．Its body shape is like a tent.
6．Which of the following correctly describes the process of the rediscovery
A．The researcher accurately recognized it at first sight.
B．It was spotted at Walmart during the pandemic.
C．It had been incorrectly labeled initially.
D．Researchers closely studied the insect for nearly a decade.
7．Why did the giant lacewing disappear according to Paragraph 5
A．The lengthening of natural sunlight time.
B．The increase in the number of native attackers.
C．The frequent occurrence of forest fires.
D．The biological rhythms were messed up by man-made light.
8．Where is the passage most probably taken from
A．A biology magazine. B．A science fiction.
C．A research plan. D．A medical report.
【答案】5．A
6．C
7．D
8．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了本被认为已经消失了的草蛉被再次发现的事件。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
5．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"It is an insect which looks like a cross between a fly and a moth."这是一种昆虫，看起来像是苍蝇和飞蛾的杂交体。可知，它是一种昆虫，看起来像苍蝇和飞蛾的混合体。故选A。
6．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Then, they realized that the insect had been wrongly labeled." 然后，他们意识到这种昆虫被错误地贴上了标签。 可知，他们意识到这个昆虫最初被错误地贴了标签。故选C。
7．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的"One is light pollution, which is the brightening of the night sky from man-made light sources such as street lights. Light pollution can disrupt the natural cycles of living things. "一种是光污染，即街灯等人造光源使夜空变亮。光污染会破坏生物的自然循环。可知，人造光会破坏生物的自然循环。故选D。
8．考查推理判断。通读全文可知，本文介绍了本被认为已经消失了的草蛉被再次发现的事件，以及它被认为消失的原因。这是和生物相关的话题，可推知，本文很有可能在生物学杂志上找到。故选A。
（2023高三下·揭阳月考）阅读理解
Aussie Ark is an animal preservation project based near the Barrington Tops of New South Wales, Australia. Originally known as Devil Ark, its original goal was to only breed（培育）and preserve Tasmanian devils（袋獾）.
About the size of a big domestic cat, the Tasmanian devil is the world's largest living marsupial carnivore（有袋食肉动物）. Its bigger cousin， the Tasmanian tiger，died out in 1936. Devil numbers were stable until 1996, when a strange disease suddenly began destroying devil populations across Tasmania. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), within a few months, is an infectious cancer spread by bites during fights over food and mates. There's still no cure despite a quarter-century of dedicated research, and devils have suffered an 80-90 per cent decline. A second type of DFTD, just as deadly, was identified in 2014.
After the devil was declared endangered in 2008, increased effort went into establishing isolated DFTD-free insurance populations. Tasmania's offshore Maria Island supports a small introduced group of healthy devils, and the Forestier-Tasman Peninsula has the only disease-free population in its native range, but Aussie Ark has more devils than both the above two and is the biggest and wildest mainland breeding facility. As an innovative and wildly successful conservation project, Aussie Ark has spent the last decade creating a healthy mainland population of the endangered Tasmanian devils, mainly by letting them act naturally in a large-scale bush shelter. A big part of its success is the suitability of its landscape. The Ark's cool-climate, high-altitude (1, 300m)snow-gum forest has proved very devil-friendly. Launched in 201l with 44 DFTD-free devils, Aussie Ark has bred more than 350 devil babies now, a record outside Tasmania, and holds over half the devils in mainland Australia.
9．What is the purpose of paragraph 2
A．To introduce the disease DFT
B．
C．To predict the extinction of devils.
D．To stress the importance of wildlife protection.
10．How will a devil get DFTD
A．If it lives in groups.
B．If it fights with its mates.
C．If it is bitten by an infected one.
D．If it shares food with other devils.
11．What's the main reason for Aussie Ark's success
A．It covers the largest area.
B．It lasts a long period of time.
C．It has disease-free devil babies.
D．It provides massive natural habitats.
12．Which may be a suitable title for the text
A．Devils Reappear in Mainland B．A Successful Project for Devils
C．Devils Are in Danger D．The Secret of Aussie Ark
【答案】9．D
10．C
11．D
12．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了袋獾受到DFTD这种传染性疾病的威胁，数量骤减。成为濒危物种之后很多公益机构都做出努力去挽救，其中Aussie Ark这个项目做得最有成效。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
9．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Devil numbers were stable until 1996, when a strange disease suddenly began destroying devil populations across Tasmania. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), within a few months, is an infectious cancer spread by bites during fights over food and mates. There's still no cure despite a quarter-century of dedicated research, and devils have suffered an 80-90 per cent decline. ”直到1996年，一种奇怪的疾病突然开始摧毁塔斯马尼亚州的袋獾种群，袋獾的数量才稳定下来。DFTD是一种传染性癌症，在几个月内通过争夺食物和交配时的咬伤传播。尽管进行了四分之一个世纪的专门研究，但仍然没有治愈的方法，袋獾的数量已经下降了80% - 90%。可知，本段主要介绍了DFTD这种疾病使得袋獾数量骤减。故选D。
10．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), within a few months, is an infectious cancer spread by bites during fights over food and mates.”DFTD是一种传染性癌症，在几个月内通过争夺食物和交配时的咬伤传播。可知，病毒通过咬伤传播。因此如果一只袋獾被咬伤，会感染上DFTD。故选C。
11．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“As an innovative and wildly successful conservation project, Aussie Ark has spent the last decade creating a healthy mainland population of the endangered Tasmanian devils, mainly by letting them act naturally in a large-scale bush shelter.”作为一个创新的、非常成功的保护项目，在过去十年里，Aussie Ark一直在创造一个健康的濒危塔斯马尼亚魔鬼大陆种群，主要是让它们在大型丛林庇护所中自然活动。可知，Aussie Ark的成功主要源于让袋獾在大范围的矮灌木丛林自然地活动。故选D。
12．考查主旨大意。通读全文，可知这篇文章主要介绍了Aussie Ark为挽救濒危的袋獾做出了很多努力，并取得了不错的成效。“一个成功挽救袋獾的项目”符合本文主旨，适合做文章标题，故选B。
（2023·广东模拟）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Two separate research groups in the U. K. and Denmark have come up with the same idea for a study that could help save endangered species, and have gotten the same results. It involves sucking environmental DNA from the air that animals leave behind.
"We use a really small pump that pulls the air through, and we hope the DNA gets caught on the filter（过滤器）," said Elizabeth Clare， the lead researcher. "It's a bit like making coffee. You make coffee by sucking water through a filter and leaving the coffee grounds behind. That's basically what we're doing; we're just sucking the air through and hoping that the DNA gets lost behind. "
Clare says the concept has been used for years in different ways. Scientists sample pathogens（病原体）from the air, which has been used to help track COVID-19. Environmental DNA can also be collect d from water to help ease invasive species.
A big goal for both research teams with the new study is to be able to locate endangered species and help save them. It is important to note that this type of DNA sampling can only be picked up if a species is in the area, so if there were two of the same animal, scientists would not be able to tell which one the DNA came from.
Both research groups also reported certain DNA samples not showing up when they knew an animal had been in the area. They also can't tell yet how long an animal's DNA will stick around after it's been in one area. Clare says she'd like to plan more researches to get these answers.
But one thing is for sure after conducting the study. Clare says she has a whole new perspective on taking a deep breath. "Asyou know, I'm walking through a jungle or the park or taking my dog for a walk or my kids out to play, and I take a deep breath; I think I just inhaled information about all the things that have been here before, and as a scientist, that's exciting to think that the information that I'm trying to gather is literally hanging in front of me, "she said.
13．Why does the author mention coffee-making
A．To show the function of a filter.
B．To illustrate how the idea works.
C．To compare two different methods.
D．To prove how simply DNA-sucking works.
14．What does the underlined phrase"the concept"in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Detecting danger in the air. B．Protecting endangered animals.
C．Sucking DNA out of the air. D．Collecting environmental samples.
15．What do we know about the new method of DNA sampling
A．It distinguishes different DNAs.
B．It collects certain DNA within range.
C．It locates endangered species exactly.
D．It predicts the duration of animals' stay.
16．What can we infer from Clare's words in the last paragraph
A．She breathes the air of hope for future studies.
B．She agrees with the benefits of deep breathing.
C．She adopts brand-new methods of purifying the air.
D．She finds inner peace by doing simple things in life.
【答案】13．B
14．C
15．B
16．A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，英国和丹麦的两个独立研究小组提出了从动物留下的空气中吸取环境DNA这一研究想法来帮助拯救濒危物种，并取得了相同的结果。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
13．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“You make coffee by sucking water through a filter and leaving the coffee grounds behind. That's basically what we’re doing; we’re just sucking the air through and hoping that the DNA gets left behind.”煮咖啡的方法是用过滤器吸水，然后留下咖啡渣。这基本上就是我们正在做的；我们只是把空气吸进去，希望DNA能留下。可推知，制作咖啡和过滤DNA有相同之处，所以文章提到制作咖啡是为了详细阐述用过滤器捕捉DNA这一研究想法是如何进行的。故选B。
14．考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“That's basically what we’re doing; we’re just sucking the air through and hoping that the DNA gets left behind.”这基本上就是我们正在做的；我们只是把空气吸进去，希望DNA能留下。可知，the concept指代从空气来吸取DNA这一研究想法。故选C。
15．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“It is important to note that this type of DNA sampling can only be picked up if a species is in the area, so if there were two of the same animal, scientists would not be able to tell which one the DNA came from.”需要注意的是，只有当一个物种在该地区时，才能进行这种类型的DNA采样，因此，如果有两种相同的动物，科学家将无法判断DNA来自哪一种。可知，这种DNA采样的新方法可以收集可及范围内的特定DNA。故选B。
16．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“I think I just inhaled information about all the things that have been here before, and as a scientist, that's exciting to think that the information that I’m trying to gather is literally hanging in front of me.”我想我只是吸入了以前在这里发生过的所有事情的信息，作为一名科学家，想到我试图收集的信息就在我面前，真是令人兴奋。可推知，Clare认为这种研究方法是有希望的，即她呼吸着对未来研究充满希望的空气。故选A。
（2023高三下·湛江模拟）阅读理解
Sulphur-crested cockatoos (葵花凤头鹦鹉) are common in western Australia, where they normally live in wooded areas. But as forests have been cut down, cockatoos have gotten used to living near people. Scientists report that people in Sydney, Australia are in a battle with these birds.
Last year, scientists at the Max Planck Institute reported that the cockatoos had learned how to open the covers of trash bins. That's not an easy job. The cockatoos must lift the heavy cover with their beaks (喙) and then walk along, pushing the cover up until it falls over.
When scientists first began studying the cockatoos in 2018, only three areas near Sydney had cover-opening cockatoos. A year and a half later, cockatoos in 44 different areas knew the trick. This time the scientists weren't just studying cockatoos. They were also studying humans.
The scientists spent weeks studying more than 3,200 trash bins in four different areas of Sydney. They wanted to see how many bins were protected and what methods were used.
In one area, over half the bins were protected. The most common way of protecting the bins was to put a brick or some other heavy objects on the cover. Some people put things like rubber snakes on the top of their bins. The scientists discovered that the humans were teaching each other tricks, too. In most neighborhoods, many people used the same cockatoo-stopping methods as their neighbors.
The researchers say it's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy items off the bins. As a result, humans have figured out ways to attach the items to the top of their bins. The scientists describe the situation as a "human-wildlife conflict". They expect these conflicts will become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild.
17．What can we infer about the cockatoos from the text
A．They like copying humans' behavior.
B．They are newly found in Australia.
C．They don't like living with people.
D．They are very clever birds.
18．What did the scientists want to know in paragraph 4
A．How the cockatoos learned the trick.
B．Why the birds in more areas did the trick.
C．How humans responded to the birds' trick.
D．Why humans taught the birds to do the trick.
19．What did the researchers find about cockatoos in their research
A．They wanted their habitat back.
B．They intended to make humans angry.
C．They could adopt new ways to open bins.
D．They disliked looking for food themselves.
20．What is the best title for the text
A．A battle over trash bins between cockatoos and humans
B．A human-wildlife conflict all over Australia
C．A problem caused by cockatoos to humans
D．A big problem of "homeless" cockatoos
【答案】17．D
18．C
19．C
20．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，葵花凤头鹦鹉在西澳大利亚很常见，它们通常生活在树木繁茂的地区。但随着森林被砍伐，凤头鹦鹉已经习惯了在人类附近生活。科学家报告说，澳大利亚悉尼的人们正在与这些鸟类展开争夺垃圾箱的战斗。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
17．考查推理判断。根据第二段“Last year, scientists at the Max Planck Institute reported that the cockatoos had learned how to open the covers of trash bins. That's not an easy job. The cockatoos must lift the heavy cover with their beaks (喙) and then walk along, pushing the cover up until it falls over.”去年，马克斯普朗克研究所的科学家报告说，凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何打开垃圾桶的盖子。这不是一件容易的事。凤头鹦鹉必须用喙抬起沉重的覆盖物，然后向前走，把覆盖物往上推，直到它倒下。可知，凤头鹦鹉很聪明。故选D。
18．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“This time the scientists weren’t just studying cockatoos. They were also studying humans.”这一次科学家们不仅仅是在研究凤头鹦鹉。他们也在研究人类；以及第四段“The scientists spent weeks studying more than 3,200 trash bins in four different areas of Sydney. They wanted to see how many bins were protected and what methods were used.”科学家们花了数周时间研究了悉尼四个不同地区的3200多个垃圾桶。他们想知道有多少箱子受到了保护，使用了什么方法。可知，第4段中科学家们想知道人类对鸟类的把戏有何反应。故选C。
19．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The researchers say it's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy items off the bins.”研究人员表示，这就像人类和凤头鹦鹉之间在学习新的做事方式方面的竞赛。现在，许多凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何把重物从箱子上推下来。可知，研究人员在研究中发现凤头鹦鹉可以采用新的方式打开垃圾箱。故选C。
20．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“But as forests have been cut down, cockatoos have gotten used to living near people. Scientists report that people in Sydney, Australia are in a battle with these birds.”但随着森林被砍伐，凤头鹦鹉已经习惯了在人类附近生活。科学家报告说，澳大利亚悉尼的人们正在与这些鸟类作战；以及最后一段“The researchers say it's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy items off the bins. As a result, humans have figured out ways to attach the items to the top of their bins. The scientists describe the situation as a “human-wildlife conflict”. They expect these conflicts will become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild.”研究人员表示，这就像人类和凤头鹦鹉之间在学习新的做事方式方面的竞赛。现在，许多凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何把重物从箱子上推下来。因此，人类已经找到了将物品固定在垃圾箱顶部的方法。科学家们将这种情况描述为“人类与野生动物的冲突”。他们预计，随着人类占领更多曾经是荒野的地区，这些冲突将变得更加普遍。可知，文章主要是讲一场凤头鹦鹉和人类争夺垃圾箱的战斗。故选A。
（2023高三下·甘肃模拟）阅读理解
Many animals and plants are endangered in the world today. These endangered species are threatened with becoming extinct, meaning they will no longer exist on Earth. Examples include the Cuban Macaw and the Sri Lankan Legume Tree. Illegal hunting, and collecting of the Macaw bird for pets, led to its extinction. While the main reason the native Sri Lankan Legume Tree went extinct was due to habitat loss from development in the 20thcentury. The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a damage to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive species.
Every living thing from one-celled animals to a blue whale needs to eat. Nature is connected and controlled by many fragile food chains. A food chain describes who eats whom in a habitat. When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present -for example, a species goes extinct-the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed.
Humans can have disastrous effects on food chains. When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were damaging the natural food chains of the areas they explored.
Nowadays there are strict rules controlling the movement of animals and plants between countries. But some parts of the world are still experiencing problems with invasive species introduced hundreds of years ago.
With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can lean to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction.
21．Which is the main reason for Cuban Macaw's extinction
A．Habitat loss. B．Illegal hunting.
C．Invasive species. D．Food chain damage.
22．What do we know about a food chain in paragraph 2
A．It only affects one-celled animals.
B．It is always broken by invasive species.
C．It decides the balance of the whole system.
D．It breaks after nearly ten species disappear.
23．How do humans seriously affect food chains
A．By exploring new places. B．By hunting endangered animals.
C．By introducing invasive species. D．By polluting natural environment.
24．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Danage of Invasive Species
B．Effect of Illegal Hunting on a Habitat
C．Disappearance of Endangered Species
D．The Link between Food Chains and Extinction
【答案】21．B
22．C
23．C
24．D
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至是入侵性生物的引入，当今世界上许多动植物濒临灭绝，文章指出：保护食物链的平衡才能保证人类不被自己灭绝。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Examples include the Cuban Macaw and the Sri Lankan Legume Tree. Illegal hunting, and collecting of the Macaw bird for pets, led to its extinction.”例如古巴金刚鹦鹉和斯里兰卡豆科树。非法狩猎和收集金刚鹦鹉作为宠物导致了它的灭绝。可知，非法狩猎导致金刚鹦鹉灭绝。故选B。
22．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Nature is connected and controlled by many fragile food chains. A food chain describes who eats whom in a habitat. When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present — for example, a species goes extinct — the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed. ”大自然是由许多脆弱的食物链连接和控制的。食物链描述了在栖息地中谁吃谁。当食物链中的一个环节不再存在时，例如，一个物种灭绝，食物链就会断裂，有时这可能导致其他动物消失，整个系统就会变得不平衡甚至崩溃。可知，食物链的每个环节都决定着整个系统的平衡，故选C。
23．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Humans can have disastrous effects on food chains. When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were damaging the natural food chains of the areas they explored. ”人类可以对食物链造成灾难性的影响。当人们第一次探索世界时，他们从自己的国家把动物和植物物种带到他们探索和定居的地方。他们没有意识到引入入侵物种的后果。通过这样做，他们正在破坏他们所探索地区的自然食物链。可知，因为人们引入入侵物种，给食物链造成灾难性的影响。故选C。
24．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a damage to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive species.”动植物消失的主要原因往往是由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至是入侵物种的引入而破坏了食物链；以及最后一段“With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can learn to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction.”随着人们对人类如何影响自然环境的认识不断提高，希望我们能够学会保护这些食物链，帮助它们茁壮成长。否则，物种的持续减少最终将意味着我们自己的灭绝。可知，文章介绍了生态系统中某一环节的动植物的消失会破坏食物链，最终影响到人类的生存，“食物链与物种灭绝之间的联系”适合做文章标题。故选D。
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（甲卷）高考冲刺——阅读理解 话题4 动物保护
一、2023年真题
（2023·全国甲卷）阅读理解
Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. Ask the tourists from around the world that flood into Yellowstone National Park what they most hope to see, and the iranswer is often the same: a grizzly bear.
"Grizzly bears are re-occupying large areas of their former range," says bear biologist Chris Servheen. As grizzly bears expand their range into places where they haven't been seen in a century or more, they're increasingly being sighted by humans.
The western half of the U.S. was full of grizzlies when Europeans came, with a rough number of 50,000 or more living alongside Native Americans. By the early 1970s, after centuries of cruel and continuous hunting by settlers, 600 to 800 grizzlies remained on a mere 2 percent of their former range in the Northern Rockies. In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act.
Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to de-list grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed.
Obviously, if precautions(预防) aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. "Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits," says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula.
1．How do Americans look at grizzlies
A．They cause mixed feelings in people.
B．They should be kept in national parks.
C．They are of high scientific value.
D．They are a symbol of American culture.
2．What has helped the increase of the grizzly population
A．The European settlers' behavior.
B．The expansion of bears' range.
C．The protection by law since 1975.
D．The support of Native Americans.
3．What has stopped the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service from de-listing grizzlies
A．The opposition of conservation groups.
B．The successful comeback of grizzlies.
C．The voice of the biologists.
D．The local farmers' advocates.
4．What can be ierere from the last paragraph
A．Food should be provided for grizzlies.
B．People can live in harmony with grizzlies.
C．A special path should be built for grizzlies.
D．Technology can be introduced to protect grizzlies.
二、冲刺练
阅读理解
Scientists are excited by the rediscovery of the giant lacewing. It is an insect which looks like across between a fly and a moth. It has spotted wings with a span of roughly 50 millimeters, holding the wings over its body like a tent.
Giant lacewings have been around since the Jurassic era, a period of time about 150 to 200 million years ago. In the 1950s, scientists thought giant lacewings had disappeared from eastern North America. However, scientists recently confirmed that one had been spotted.
Michael Skvarla works for Penn State University, who is the director of its insect identification lab. Skvarla found the giant lacewing in 2012. He remembers it clearly. "I was walking into Walmart to get milk and I saw this huge insect on the side of the building," Skvarla said. "I thought it looked interesting, so I put it in my hand and did the rest of my shopping with it between my fingers. I got home, mounted it and promptly forgot about it for almost a decade."
Then, in late 2020, Skvarla was teaching biodiversity in a Zoom class during the pandemic lockdown. During the class, Skvarla showed his students microscopic images of the insect he had seen at Walmart. Together, they stared at the images. They studied the insect closely. Then, they realized that the insect had been wrongly labeled. Many scientists are stirred by this discovery. Now they have started wondering if there may be entire populations hiding out, which requires for further investigation.
And the causes of the supposed disappearance of the insect have long been a mystery. With a deeper research, there are some possible explanations. One is light pollution, which is the brightening of the night sky from man-made light sources such as street lights. Light pollution can disrupt the natural cycles of living things. Another cause could be the introduction of non-native insects such as ground beetles. They can cause harm to the environment. Ground beetles prey on giant lacewings. People's stopping forest fires may also play a part in the disappearance of the lacewing. This is because giant lacewings need ecosystems that rely on natural fires.
5．What can we know about the appearance of the giant lacewing
A．It looks like a mix of a fly and a moth.
B．Its body length is about 50 millimeters.
C．Its wings are tiny and rough.
D．Its body shape is like a tent.
6．Which of the following correctly describes the process of the rediscovery
A．The researcher accurately recognized it at first sight.
B．It was spotted at Walmart during the pandemic.
C．It had been incorrectly labeled initially.
D．Researchers closely studied the insect for nearly a decade.
7．Why did the giant lacewing disappear according to Paragraph 5
A．The lengthening of natural sunlight time.
B．The increase in the number of native attackers.
C．The frequent occurrence of forest fires.
D．The biological rhythms were messed up by man-made light.
8．Where is the passage most probably taken from
A．A biology magazine. B．A science fiction.
C．A research plan. D．A medical report.
（2023高三下·揭阳月考）阅读理解
Aussie Ark is an animal preservation project based near the Barrington Tops of New South Wales, Australia. Originally known as Devil Ark, its original goal was to only breed（培育）and preserve Tasmanian devils（袋獾）.
About the size of a big domestic cat, the Tasmanian devil is the world's largest living marsupial carnivore（有袋食肉动物）. Its bigger cousin， the Tasmanian tiger，died out in 1936. Devil numbers were stable until 1996, when a strange disease suddenly began destroying devil populations across Tasmania. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), within a few months, is an infectious cancer spread by bites during fights over food and mates. There's still no cure despite a quarter-century of dedicated research, and devils have suffered an 80-90 per cent decline. A second type of DFTD, just as deadly, was identified in 2014.
After the devil was declared endangered in 2008, increased effort went into establishing isolated DFTD-free insurance populations. Tasmania's offshore Maria Island supports a small introduced group of healthy devils, and the Forestier-Tasman Peninsula has the only disease-free population in its native range, but Aussie Ark has more devils than both the above two and is the biggest and wildest mainland breeding facility. As an innovative and wildly successful conservation project, Aussie Ark has spent the last decade creating a healthy mainland population of the endangered Tasmanian devils, mainly by letting them act naturally in a large-scale bush shelter. A big part of its success is the suitability of its landscape. The Ark's cool-climate, high-altitude (1, 300m)snow-gum forest has proved very devil-friendly. Launched in 201l with 44 DFTD-free devils, Aussie Ark has bred more than 350 devil babies now, a record outside Tasmania, and holds over half the devils in mainland Australia.
9．What is the purpose of paragraph 2
A．To introduce the disease DFT
B．
C．To predict the extinction of devils.
D．To stress the importance of wildlife protection.
10．How will a devil get DFTD
A．If it lives in groups.
B．If it fights with its mates.
C．If it is bitten by an infected one.
D．If it shares food with other devils.
11．What's the main reason for Aussie Ark's success
A．It covers the largest area.
B．It lasts a long period of time.
C．It has disease-free devil babies.
D．It provides massive natural habitats.
12．Which may be a suitable title for the text
A．Devils Reappear in Mainland B．A Successful Project for Devils
C．Devils Are in Danger D．The Secret of Aussie Ark
（2023·广东模拟）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出最佳选项。
Two separate research groups in the U. K. and Denmark have come up with the same idea for a study that could help save endangered species, and have gotten the same results. It involves sucking environmental DNA from the air that animals leave behind.
"We use a really small pump that pulls the air through, and we hope the DNA gets caught on the filter（过滤器）," said Elizabeth Clare， the lead researcher. "It's a bit like making coffee. You make coffee by sucking water through a filter and leaving the coffee grounds behind. That's basically what we're doing; we're just sucking the air through and hoping that the DNA gets lost behind. "
Clare says the concept has been used for years in different ways. Scientists sample pathogens（病原体）from the air, which has been used to help track COVID-19. Environmental DNA can also be collect d from water to help ease invasive species.
A big goal for both research teams with the new study is to be able to locate endangered species and help save them. It is important to note that this type of DNA sampling can only be picked up if a species is in the area, so if there were two of the same animal, scientists would not be able to tell which one the DNA came from.
Both research groups also reported certain DNA samples not showing up when they knew an animal had been in the area. They also can't tell yet how long an animal's DNA will stick around after it's been in one area. Clare says she'd like to plan more researches to get these answers.
But one thing is for sure after conducting the study. Clare says she has a whole new perspective on taking a deep breath. "Asyou know, I'm walking through a jungle or the park or taking my dog for a walk or my kids out to play, and I take a deep breath; I think I just inhaled information about all the things that have been here before, and as a scientist, that's exciting to think that the information that I'm trying to gather is literally hanging in front of me, "she said.
13．Why does the author mention coffee-making
A．To show the function of a filter.
B．To illustrate how the idea works.
C．To compare two different methods.
D．To prove how simply DNA-sucking works.
14．What does the underlined phrase"the concept"in paragraph 3 refer to
A．Detecting danger in the air. B．Protecting endangered animals.
C．Sucking DNA out of the air. D．Collecting environmental samples.
15．What do we know about the new method of DNA sampling
A．It distinguishes different DNAs.
B．It collects certain DNA within range.
C．It locates endangered species exactly.
D．It predicts the duration of animals' stay.
16．What can we infer from Clare's words in the last paragraph
A．She breathes the air of hope for future studies.
B．She agrees with the benefits of deep breathing.
C．She adopts brand-new methods of purifying the air.
D．She finds inner peace by doing simple things in life.
（2023高三下·湛江模拟）阅读理解
Sulphur-crested cockatoos (葵花凤头鹦鹉) are common in western Australia, where they normally live in wooded areas. But as forests have been cut down, cockatoos have gotten used to living near people. Scientists report that people in Sydney, Australia are in a battle with these birds.
Last year, scientists at the Max Planck Institute reported that the cockatoos had learned how to open the covers of trash bins. That's not an easy job. The cockatoos must lift the heavy cover with their beaks (喙) and then walk along, pushing the cover up until it falls over.
When scientists first began studying the cockatoos in 2018, only three areas near Sydney had cover-opening cockatoos. A year and a half later, cockatoos in 44 different areas knew the trick. This time the scientists weren't just studying cockatoos. They were also studying humans.
The scientists spent weeks studying more than 3,200 trash bins in four different areas of Sydney. They wanted to see how many bins were protected and what methods were used.
In one area, over half the bins were protected. The most common way of protecting the bins was to put a brick or some other heavy objects on the cover. Some people put things like rubber snakes on the top of their bins. The scientists discovered that the humans were teaching each other tricks, too. In most neighborhoods, many people used the same cockatoo-stopping methods as their neighbors.
The researchers say it's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy items off the bins. As a result, humans have figured out ways to attach the items to the top of their bins. The scientists describe the situation as a "human-wildlife conflict". They expect these conflicts will become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild.
17．What can we infer about the cockatoos from the text
A．They like copying humans' behavior.
B．They are newly found in Australia.
C．They don't like living with people.
D．They are very clever birds.
18．What did the scientists want to know in paragraph 4
A．How the cockatoos learned the trick.
B．Why the birds in more areas did the trick.
C．How humans responded to the birds' trick.
D．Why humans taught the birds to do the trick.
19．What did the researchers find about cockatoos in their research
A．They wanted their habitat back.
B．They intended to make humans angry.
C．They could adopt new ways to open bins.
D．They disliked looking for food themselves.
20．What is the best title for the text
A．A battle over trash bins between cockatoos and humans
B．A human-wildlife conflict all over Australia
C．A problem caused by cockatoos to humans
D．A big problem of "homeless" cockatoos
（2023高三下·甘肃模拟）阅读理解
Many animals and plants are endangered in the world today. These endangered species are threatened with becoming extinct, meaning they will no longer exist on Earth. Examples include the Cuban Macaw and the Sri Lankan Legume Tree. Illegal hunting, and collecting of the Macaw bird for pets, led to its extinction. While the main reason the native Sri Lankan Legume Tree went extinct was due to habitat loss from development in the 20thcentury. The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a damage to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive species.
Every living thing from one-celled animals to a blue whale needs to eat. Nature is connected and controlled by many fragile food chains. A food chain describes who eats whom in a habitat. When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present -for example, a species goes extinct-the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed.
Humans can have disastrous effects on food chains. When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were damaging the natural food chains of the areas they explored.
Nowadays there are strict rules controlling the movement of animals and plants between countries. But some parts of the world are still experiencing problems with invasive species introduced hundreds of years ago.
With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can lean to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction.
21．Which is the main reason for Cuban Macaw's extinction
A．Habitat loss. B．Illegal hunting.
C．Invasive species. D．Food chain damage.
22．What do we know about a food chain in paragraph 2
A．It only affects one-celled animals.
B．It is always broken by invasive species.
C．It decides the balance of the whole system.
D．It breaks after nearly ten species disappear.
23．How do humans seriously affect food chains
A．By exploring new places. B．By hunting endangered animals.
C．By introducing invasive species. D．By polluting natural environment.
24．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．Danage of Invasive Species
B．Effect of Illegal Hunting on a Habitat
C．Disappearance of Endangered Species
D．The Link between Food Chains and Extinction
答案解析部分
【答案】1．A
2．C
3．A
4．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了美国灰熊从濒危物种恢复到现在的2000多头，同时也带来了一些问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
1．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Grizzly bears, which may grow to about 2.5m long and weigh over 400kg, occupy a conflicted corner of the American psyche-we revere(敬畏) them even as they give us frightening dreams. "灰熊可以长到2.5米长，体重超过400公斤，在美国人的心理中占据着一个矛盾的角落——即使它们给我们带来可怕的梦，我们也敬畏它们。可知，美国人对灰熊既害怕，又敬畏，他们的情感是混合的。故选A。
2．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的"In 1975, grizzlies were listed under the Endangered Species Act. "1975年，灰熊被列入《濒危物种法》；以及第四段中的"Today, there are about 2, 000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted."如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。可推知，由于1975年起受法律保护，灰熊的数量有了增长。故选C。
3．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Today, there are about 2,000 or more grizzly bears in the U.S. Their recovery has been so successful that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has twice attempted to delist grizzlies, which would loosen legal protections and allow them to be hunted. Both efforts were overturned due to lawsuits from conservation groups. For now, grizzlies remain listed. "如今，美国大约有2,000只或更多的灰熊。它们的恢复非常成功，以至于美国鱼类和野生动物管理局两次试图将灰熊从名单上除名，这将放松对灰熊的法律保护，允许它们被猎杀。由于环保组织的诉讼，这两项努力都被推翻了。目前，灰熊仍在名单上。可知，是环保组织的反对阻止了美国鱼类和野生动物管理局将灰熊从濒危物种名单上除名。故选A。
4．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的"Obviously, if precautions aren't taken, grizzlies can become troublesome, sometimes killing farm animals or walking through yards in search of food. If people remove food and attractants from their yards and campsites, grizzlies will typically pass by without trouble. Putting electric fencing around chicken houses and other farm animal quarters is also highly effective at getting grizzlies away. 'Our hope is to have a clean, attractant-free place where bears can pass through without learning bad habits,' says James Jonkel, longtime biologist who manages bears in and around Missoula."显然，如果不采取预防措施，灰熊会变得很麻烦，有时会杀死农场动物，或者在院子里寻找食物。如果人们把食物和引诱剂从他们的院子和露营地移走，灰熊通常会安然通过。在鸡舍和其他农场动物生活区周围设置电动围栏也能有效地赶走灰熊。"我们希望有一个干净，没有诱饵的地方，熊可以通过，而不会养成坏习惯，" James Jonkel 说，他是一位长期管理米苏拉及其周围熊的生物学家。可推知，灰熊数量增长，虽然会带来一些麻烦，但是如果采取一些预防措施，人和灰熊可以和谐相处。故选B。
【答案】5．A
6．C
7．D
8．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了本被认为已经消失了的草蛉被再次发现的事件。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和推理判断两个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
5．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"It is an insect which looks like a cross between a fly and a moth."这是一种昆虫，看起来像是苍蝇和飞蛾的杂交体。可知，它是一种昆虫，看起来像苍蝇和飞蛾的混合体。故选A。
6．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的"Then, they realized that the insect had been wrongly labeled." 然后，他们意识到这种昆虫被错误地贴上了标签。 可知，他们意识到这个昆虫最初被错误地贴了标签。故选C。
7．考查推理判断。根据第五段中的"One is light pollution, which is the brightening of the night sky from man-made light sources such as street lights. Light pollution can disrupt the natural cycles of living things. "一种是光污染，即街灯等人造光源使夜空变亮。光污染会破坏生物的自然循环。可知，人造光会破坏生物的自然循环。故选D。
8．考查推理判断。通读全文可知，本文介绍了本被认为已经消失了的草蛉被再次发现的事件，以及它被认为消失的原因。这是和生物相关的话题，可推知，本文很有可能在生物学杂志上找到。故选A。
【答案】9．D
10．C
11．D
12．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了袋獾受到DFTD这种传染性疾病的威胁，数量骤减。成为濒危物种之后很多公益机构都做出努力去挽救，其中Aussie Ark这个项目做得最有成效。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
9．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Devil numbers were stable until 1996, when a strange disease suddenly began destroying devil populations across Tasmania. Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), within a few months, is an infectious cancer spread by bites during fights over food and mates. There's still no cure despite a quarter-century of dedicated research, and devils have suffered an 80-90 per cent decline. ”直到1996年，一种奇怪的疾病突然开始摧毁塔斯马尼亚州的袋獾种群，袋獾的数量才稳定下来。DFTD是一种传染性癌症，在几个月内通过争夺食物和交配时的咬伤传播。尽管进行了四分之一个世纪的专门研究，但仍然没有治愈的方法，袋獾的数量已经下降了80% - 90%。可知，本段主要介绍了DFTD这种疾病使得袋獾数量骤减。故选D。
10．考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“Devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), within a few months, is an infectious cancer spread by bites during fights over food and mates.”DFTD是一种传染性癌症，在几个月内通过争夺食物和交配时的咬伤传播。可知，病毒通过咬伤传播。因此如果一只袋獾被咬伤，会感染上DFTD。故选C。
11．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“As an innovative and wildly successful conservation project, Aussie Ark has spent the last decade creating a healthy mainland population of the endangered Tasmanian devils, mainly by letting them act naturally in a large-scale bush shelter.”作为一个创新的、非常成功的保护项目，在过去十年里，Aussie Ark一直在创造一个健康的濒危塔斯马尼亚魔鬼大陆种群，主要是让它们在大型丛林庇护所中自然活动。可知，Aussie Ark的成功主要源于让袋獾在大范围的矮灌木丛林自然地活动。故选D。
12．考查主旨大意。通读全文，可知这篇文章主要介绍了Aussie Ark为挽救濒危的袋獾做出了很多努力，并取得了不错的成效。“一个成功挽救袋獾的项目”符合本文主旨，适合做文章标题，故选B。
【答案】13．B
14．C
15．B
16．A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，英国和丹麦的两个独立研究小组提出了从动物留下的空气中吸取环境DNA这一研究想法来帮助拯救濒危物种，并取得了相同的结果。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测和推理判断三个题型的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
13．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“You make coffee by sucking water through a filter and leaving the coffee grounds behind. That's basically what we’re doing; we’re just sucking the air through and hoping that the DNA gets left behind.”煮咖啡的方法是用过滤器吸水，然后留下咖啡渣。这基本上就是我们正在做的；我们只是把空气吸进去，希望DNA能留下。可推知，制作咖啡和过滤DNA有相同之处，所以文章提到制作咖啡是为了详细阐述用过滤器捕捉DNA这一研究想法是如何进行的。故选B。
14．考查词义猜测。根据第二段中的“That's basically what we’re doing; we’re just sucking the air through and hoping that the DNA gets left behind.”这基本上就是我们正在做的；我们只是把空气吸进去，希望DNA能留下。可知，the concept指代从空气来吸取DNA这一研究想法。故选C。
15．考查细节理解。根据第四段中的“It is important to note that this type of DNA sampling can only be picked up if a species is in the area, so if there were two of the same animal, scientists would not be able to tell which one the DNA came from.”需要注意的是，只有当一个物种在该地区时，才能进行这种类型的DNA采样，因此，如果有两种相同的动物，科学家将无法判断DNA来自哪一种。可知，这种DNA采样的新方法可以收集可及范围内的特定DNA。故选B。
16．考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“I think I just inhaled information about all the things that have been here before, and as a scientist, that's exciting to think that the information that I’m trying to gather is literally hanging in front of me.”我想我只是吸入了以前在这里发生过的所有事情的信息，作为一名科学家，想到我试图收集的信息就在我面前，真是令人兴奋。可推知，Clare认为这种研究方法是有希望的，即她呼吸着对未来研究充满希望的空气。故选A。
【答案】17．D
18．C
19．C
20．A
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，葵花凤头鹦鹉在西澳大利亚很常见，它们通常生活在树木繁茂的地区。但随着森林被砍伐，凤头鹦鹉已经习惯了在人类附近生活。科学家报告说，澳大利亚悉尼的人们正在与这些鸟类展开争夺垃圾箱的战斗。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，首先要仔细阅读短文，掌握大意，然后结合具体的题目，再读短文，从中找出相关信息，就可以确定正确答案。
17．考查推理判断。根据第二段“Last year, scientists at the Max Planck Institute reported that the cockatoos had learned how to open the covers of trash bins. That's not an easy job. The cockatoos must lift the heavy cover with their beaks (喙) and then walk along, pushing the cover up until it falls over.”去年，马克斯普朗克研究所的科学家报告说，凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何打开垃圾桶的盖子。这不是一件容易的事。凤头鹦鹉必须用喙抬起沉重的覆盖物，然后向前走，把覆盖物往上推，直到它倒下。可知，凤头鹦鹉很聪明。故选D。
18．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“This time the scientists weren’t just studying cockatoos. They were also studying humans.”这一次科学家们不仅仅是在研究凤头鹦鹉。他们也在研究人类；以及第四段“The scientists spent weeks studying more than 3,200 trash bins in four different areas of Sydney. They wanted to see how many bins were protected and what methods were used.”科学家们花了数周时间研究了悉尼四个不同地区的3200多个垃圾桶。他们想知道有多少箱子受到了保护，使用了什么方法。可知，第4段中科学家们想知道人类对鸟类的把戏有何反应。故选C。
19．考查细节理解。根据最后一段中的“The researchers say it's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy items off the bins.”研究人员表示，这就像人类和凤头鹦鹉之间在学习新的做事方式方面的竞赛。现在，许多凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何把重物从箱子上推下来。可知，研究人员在研究中发现凤头鹦鹉可以采用新的方式打开垃圾箱。故选C。
20．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“But as forests have been cut down, cockatoos have gotten used to living near people. Scientists report that people in Sydney, Australia are in a battle with these birds.”但随着森林被砍伐，凤头鹦鹉已经习惯了在人类附近生活。科学家报告说，澳大利亚悉尼的人们正在与这些鸟类作战；以及最后一段“The researchers say it's like a race between humans and cockatoos to learn new ways of doing things. Now many cockatoos have learned how to push heavy items off the bins. As a result, humans have figured out ways to attach the items to the top of their bins. The scientists describe the situation as a “human-wildlife conflict”. They expect these conflicts will become more common as humans take over more areas that used to be wild.”研究人员表示，这就像人类和凤头鹦鹉之间在学习新的做事方式方面的竞赛。现在，许多凤头鹦鹉已经学会了如何把重物从箱子上推下来。因此，人类已经找到了将物品固定在垃圾箱顶部的方法。科学家们将这种情况描述为“人类与野生动物的冲突”。他们预计，随着人类占领更多曾经是荒野的地区，这些冲突将变得更加普遍。可知，文章主要是讲一场凤头鹦鹉和人类争夺垃圾箱的战斗。故选A。
【答案】21．B
22．C
23．C
24．D
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；环境保护类；说明文；标题选择题
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至是入侵性生物的引入，当今世界上许多动植物濒临灭绝，文章指出：保护食物链的平衡才能保证人类不被自己灭绝。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，推理判断和主旨大意三个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，通读全文，理解文章大意，阅读题目后返回原文阅读并找出与题目相对应的内容，仔细核对，选择符合原文原意的答案，完成后再次阅读并检查。
21．考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“Examples include the Cuban Macaw and the Sri Lankan Legume Tree. Illegal hunting, and collecting of the Macaw bird for pets, led to its extinction.”例如古巴金刚鹦鹉和斯里兰卡豆科树。非法狩猎和收集金刚鹦鹉作为宠物导致了它的灭绝。可知，非法狩猎导致金刚鹦鹉灭绝。故选B。
22．考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Nature is connected and controlled by many fragile food chains. A food chain describes who eats whom in a habitat. When one of the links in a food chain is no longer present — for example, a species goes extinct — the food chain breaks and sometimes this can cause other animals to disappear and the whole system can become imbalanced or even collapsed. ”大自然是由许多脆弱的食物链连接和控制的。食物链描述了在栖息地中谁吃谁。当食物链中的一个环节不再存在时，例如，一个物种灭绝，食物链就会断裂，有时这可能导致其他动物消失，整个系统就会变得不平衡甚至崩溃。可知，食物链的每个环节都决定着整个系统的平衡，故选C。
23．考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“Humans can have disastrous effects on food chains. When people first explored the world, they took animal and plant species from their home countries to the places they explored and settled in. They did not realise the consequences of introducing invasive species. By doing so, they were damaging the natural food chains of the areas they explored. ”人类可以对食物链造成灾难性的影响。当人们第一次探索世界时，他们从自己的国家把动物和植物物种带到他们探索和定居的地方。他们没有意识到引入入侵物种的后果。通过这样做，他们正在破坏他们所探索地区的自然食物链。可知，因为人们引入入侵物种，给食物链造成灾难性的影响。故选C。
24．考查主旨大意。根据第一段中的“The main cause for animals and plants disappearing is often a damage to the food chain due to hunting, habitat loss or even the introduction of invasive species.”动植物消失的主要原因往往是由于狩猎、栖息地丧失甚至是入侵物种的引入而破坏了食物链；以及最后一段“With rising awareness of how we affect the natural environment, hopefully we can learn to protect these food chains and help them to thrive. Otherwise the continued loss of species will eventually mean our own extinction.”随着人们对人类如何影响自然环境的认识不断提高，希望我们能够学会保护这些食物链，帮助它们茁壮成长。否则，物种的持续减少最终将意味着我们自己的灭绝。可知，文章介绍了生态系统中某一环节的动植物的消失会破坏食物链，最终影响到人类的生存，“食物链与物种灭绝之间的联系”适合做文章标题。故选D。
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