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华东师大二附中2022学年第二学期期末考试试卷
高二英语
(考试时间：120分钟满分：140分)
Ⅰ. Listening comprehension 20%
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Some music cassettes. B. Some school supplies.
C. Something to drink. D. Something to eat.
2. A. She believes there will be a traffic jam. B. She doesn’t know when they will go.
C. She won’t be ready at 8 o’clock. D. She wants the man to go first.
3. A. Sit sown. B. Remain standing.
C. Go ahead of the woman. D. Pick up the chair.
4. A. The electrician came to repair the lamp. B. The lamp was taken to the repair shop.
C. She had Mike fix the lamp. D. The lamp was replaced.
5. A. Use tape for the poster. B. Not hang up the poster.
C. Remove the wallpaper. D. Not hide the damage.
6. A. Chemistry 402 was worse than Chemistry 502.
B The man has only had one chemistry course.
C. Both chemistry courses are difficult.
D. Few chemistry courses are hard.
7. A. He can’t go this weekend. B. He has a hole in his bathing suit.
C. They shouldn’t spend much money. D. They should stay at the beach longer.
8. A. Move his alarm clock. B. Turn the alarm off.
C. Go to bed earlier. D. Live on a farm.
9. A. His mother was the last person to come over to his apartment.
B. He hasn’t cleaned the apartment since his mother left.
C. His mother dusted her apartment the day before last.
D. He hasn’t had time to find another apartment.
10. A. Making a pot of coffee. B. Trying different brands of coffee.
C. Drinking less coffee. D. Getting a different coffeepot.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. To inform visitors of the park’s history.
B. To show visitors remote places in the park.
C. To teach visitors how best to photograph wildlife.
D. To provide an overview of the park’s main attractions.
12. A. It’s easy to get lost. B. It’s a good group activity.
C. It requires enormous strength. D. People shouldn’t do it in the winter.
13. A. There are fewer tourists. B. The entrance fees are lower.
C. The animals are more active. D. There are fewer mosquitoes.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. Why people laugh. B. What good laughter does.
C. How laughter can be collected. D. Who introduced World Laughter Day.
15. A. Social behaviour. B. Something funny.
C. Stress and loneliness. D. The understanding of self.
16. A. People don’t laugh while alone.
B. People like to ask someone else to laugh.
C. People are willing to laugh when asked to.
D. People will fake a laugh while with a stranger.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. One of his classes finished early.
B. He wanted to get some studying done.
C. The books he had borrowed were ten days overdue.
D. The library had a special display on the industrial Revolution.
18. A. He checked them out. B. He took notes on them.
C. He returned them to the shelves. D. He put them in his book bag.
19. A. They are marked with colored labels. B. They are specially coded.
C. They are checked out. D. They are inspected by the guard.
20. A. The librarian checks all books for missing pages.
B. The librarian helps students use the card catalogue.
C. The librarian copies down the name of each borrower.
D The librarian demagnetizes the books as they are checked out.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary (20%)
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage, coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fit s each blank.
Scientists were deeply concerned about what was happening. Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was first discovered in the winter of 1994 ____1____ 29 bald eagle carcasses were found near DeGray Lake, a man-made reservoir in Arkansas. Two years later, at least 70 eagles had died across several Arkansas reservoirs. By 1998, conditions continued to deteriorate as dead birds of different species including American coots, mallards and ring-necked ducks were confirmed at ten sites across six states. All of the documented cases of this ____2____ (emerge) disease occurred on or near manmade water reservoirs with abundant aquatic vegetation.
But what particularly puzzled scientists was ____3____ these birds behaved before they died. The birds were observed suddenly flying straight ____4____ stationary objects (rock walls and trees), swimming in circles, and with their wings drooped. For many years, scientists from state and federal agencies tried to figure out what was killing the birds and the testing of sediment and dead birds at affected water reservoirs for xenobiotic compounds that cause AVM ____5____ (reveal) nothing. Necropsies of the birds’ brains showed widespread vacuolation of white matter of the central nervous system and spinal cord which explained their uncoordinated behaviour.
Early studies suggested that an unknown, seasonal and environmental neurotoxin ____6____ be responsible. Recently, a paper published in the journal Science has pinpointed the exact neurotoxin responsible for the death of those bald eagles in Arkansas. The research describes the series of events that leads to AVM. It’s a fatal three-part process that requires invasive plants, abundant bacteria, and chemicals in the environment. It begins with the invasive plant named Hydrilla verticillata, also called waterthyme, first introduced to the United States in the 1950’s ____7____ an aquarium plant. The plant is home to cyanobacteria called Aetokthonos hydrillicola which colonize up to 95% of the plant leaves. The cyanobacteria aren’t ____8____ deadly to waterbirds but when they ____9____ (expose) to the chemical bromide in the environment, they produce a dangerous neurotoxin called aetokthonotoxin which causes AVM in birds.
Previous field and laboratory studies have also demonstrated that AVM in herbivorous waterbirds due to the ingestion of H. verticillata can be transferred up the food chain to birds of prey which consume the ____10____ (affect) waterfowl. AVM thus presents a threat to multiple avian species. Furthermore, feeding trials have also confirmed neuropathy and mortality in a wide range of taxa including amphibians, reptiles, and fish. This work highlights the role of cyanobacteria as potentially dangerous toxin producers and further research into how the toxin effects human health via the consumption of fish and waterbirds from these contaminated reservoirs is urgently required.
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. memorable B. maiden C. comparable D. delivery E. basis F. departed G. authorized H. economy I. entitled J. terrific K. quoted
The C919 passenger jet is welcomed with a conventional water salute at the Beijing Capital International Airport on Sunday.
China’s first self-developed narrow-body jet, the C919, successfully completed its ____11____ commercial flight on Sunday, ushering in a new era of aviation that utilizes domestically manufactured aircraft, industry experts said.
Some 130 passengers traveled on China Eastern Airlines flight MU 9191 which ____12____ Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport at 10:32 am. The plane landed at Beijing Capital International Airport at 12:31 pm, and was welcomed with a traditional water salute.
“Sitting in the China-made passenger aircraft C919, I felt extremely excited and proud,” Zhang Keli, a passenger from Beihang University in Beijing, said when she shared her ____13____ experience with People’s Daily.
“Both the take-off and landing were as smooth as wide-body aircraft, and the whole flying process is ____14____. The cabin is quieter than traditional narrow-body jets,” Zhang said.
Wu Guanghui, head designer of the C919 and chief scientist at Commercial Aircraft Corp of China, said the commercial flight was the fulfillment of a dream. “COMAC will work on ____15____ of more jets to our clients to ensure more people can take our homegrow n aircraft,” he was ____16____ as saying by Beijing News.
The C919 flight on Sunday had a configuration of 164 seats, including eight in business class and 156 in ____17____ class.
Lin Zhijie, an aviation industry analyst, said the C919 is offering a new option in the global aircraft market. “The jet is ____18____ to the Airbus A320 and the Boeing B737 series and is expected to break the duopoly of Boeing and Airbus, which will help promote benign competition and the healthy development of the world’s civil aviation market,” Lin said.
The first C919 aircraft was delivered to China Eastern Airlines in Shanghai on Dec 9,2022, by its manufacturer. The C919 made its first experimental flight in 2017.
Before the jet’s debut commercial flight, China Eastern Airlines completed all test flights, passenger operations’ verifications and other preparatory work required before commencing commercial operations, the airline said.
The Civil Aviation Administration of China, which ____19____ and inspected all the results of the tests and verification procedures, confirmed that China Eastern was capable of operating C919 aircraft safely, and approved commercial operation of the jet.
The aircraft flew back to Shanghai from Beijing Capital International Airport on Sunday afternoon
The first C919 aircraft will be put into commercial operation on a regular ____20____ between Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Chengdu Tianfu International Airport in Sichuan province. With the delivery of more C919 aircraft, the carrier plans to gradually expand its commercial services to more Chinese cities.
A second C919 jet is scheduled to be delivered in mid-June. China Eastern will receive a total of three C919 aircraft over the next two years, according to Xinhua News Agency.
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (45%)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fit s the context.
Jealousy is a motive of immense power. Although you are often ____21____ aware of being jealous or envious of someone, sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations. ____22____, what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.” The ____23____ often takes into account what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want ____24____ what you really want. Envy and jealousy, on the other hand, kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system long ____25____ you become conscious of it.
Introspection (反省) which can help one achieve a deeper understanding of emotions is unfashionable in contemporary psychology largely due to the lasting effects of behaviorism. ____26____ this view, we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy. Of course, ____27____ can be rightfully raised against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach. But ____28____ one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why.
What ____29____ jealousy, beyond the obvious of someone who is better off And can the functional logic of the causes be explained in evolutionary terms; i.e., what might be their ___30___ value Through introspecting on ____31____ and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues, etc., we are trying to come up with a reasonable evolutionary scenario (设想).
Let’s think about envy, too. The whole purpose of envy is to ____32____ you to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy). This is why jealousy has a (n) ____33____ component, but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration.
In this book, we can show that there is often an evolutionary hidden ____34____ that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible. Evolution has ____35____ into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues, which is largely insensitive to what the other person’s final state of happiness is.
21. A. obviously B. actively C. consciously D. hardly
22. A. Importantly B. Generally C. Certainly D. Ironically
23. A. former B. latter C. above D. below
24. A. other than B. less than C. more than D. rather than
25. A. before B. after C. until D. unless
26. A. Compared to B. In response to C. In line with D. Contrary to
27. A. agreements B. arguments C. doubts D. objections
28. A. luckily B. unfortunately C. meanwhile D. finally
29. A. agrees with B. lies in C. results in D. comes from
30 A. emotion B. survival C. moral D. compulsory
31. A. others B. ourselves C. parents D. superiors
32. A. forbid B. force C. motivate D. bother
33. A. beneficial B. aggressive C. promising D. active
34. A. hint B. enemy C. regulation D. agenda
35. A. programmed B. created C. constructed D. migrated
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
During my first decade in prison, I busied myself with exercising and hanging out in the big yard. I hardly grew as a person. It wasn’t until I began college in prison in my 30s that I started to realize my full potential.
Through my journey in college, I became a keen reader and writer, striving to escape prison life by expanding my mind beyond the toxic (有毒的) environments I’d been confined to. I started studying feminism and restorative justice. One concept that really hit home for me was toxic masculinity (男子气概). I come from an abusive home and a neighborhood consumed by gangs, drugs and gun violence. I wanted to understand better why I had used violence to solve my problems.
I have found, however, that strangers stand between me and many of the books I want to read.
Books, like everything an imprisoned person receives— personal mail, emails, photos, news and education materials — are evaluated by prison officials and rejected or shared with us. Corrections departments typically claim they ban books that contain sexual content, racial hatred or depictions of violence, criminal activity, anti-authority attitudes or escape. In practice, PEN America wrote in a 2019 report on prison book restriction policies, the restrictions “have been wide-ranging, from perverse to absurd to constitutionally troubling, with bans being applied in ways that are against logic.”
In Texas, books by Alice Walker, Pablo Neruda and even the former senator Bob Dole have been banned. Throughout the country, prison officials have rejected or tried to ban books about biology (too much nakedness in the anatomical drawings), the Holocaust (some of the victims were pictured naked), sketching, dragons and even the moon (it could “present risks of escape,” according to one New York prison). At one point, Colorado prison officials blocked a prisoner from reading two of President Barack Obama’s memoirs because they were “potentially harmful to national security,” although they later reversed that decision.
Claiming such bans are necessary for the safety and security of prisons seems ridiculous. If anything, many banned books could contribute to a safer environment in prisons and in the societies imprisoned individuals are released into. Practically every author I have encountered while in prison, from Don Miguel Ruiz to Angela Y. Davis, has played a role in my efforts to grow and become a better person— someone who can live in society by adding to it, as opposed to taking from it.
Without college and without access to books and materials that expanded my mind beyond the razor wire (钢丝网) and towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be dictated by toxic masculinity and the violence and harm that surround it. That’s not who I want to be when I leave this prison. It’s not who I want to see sent back into society.
36. Why did the author turn to violence when he was young
A. Because his parents and neighbours told him to do so.
B. Because he had read a lot of books about hatred and violence.
C. Because he had been bullied a lot by peers during his childhood.
D. Because the environment where he grew up was filled with violence.
37. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the reason why prisons try to ban some books
A. Some books may post threats to national security.
B. Some books may lead to extreme religious behaviour.
C. Some pictures may contain sexually inappropriate content.
D. Some books may potentially encourage prisoners to escape.
38. According to the author, what benefits can reading books offer in prisons
①to broaden the prisoners’ horizon ②to prevent prisoners from escaping
③to encourage prisoners to contribute to society ④to reduce violent behaviour
A. ①②③ B. ①③④ C. ①②④ D. ②③④
39. What does the author most want to express through the article
A. Reading books is important for a teenager’s growth.
B. Toxic masculinity is harmful to a person’s growth.
C. It is unreasonable for authorities to restrict reading for prisoners.
D. It’s never too late to realize one’s academic potential even in prison.
(B)
The Rise of the 0.5 Selfie
Julia Herzig, a 22-year-old from Larchmont, N.Y., has “an obsession.” It’s with taking a new kind of selfie—one that doesn’t exactly look normal.
In some of these selfies, Ms. Herzig’s forehead bulges across half of the frame. Her eyes are half disks, peering up at something beyond the camera. Her nose juts out. Her mouth is invisible. These images are best when they build “weird, creepy atmospheres,” she said.
Wherever Gen Z gathers these days, a 0.5 selfie is almost bound to be taken. The 0.5 selfies are showing up on Instagram, spreading in group chats, becoming the talk of parties and often being snapped to record the trivial details of daily life.
Unlike a traditional selfie, which people can endlessly prepare and pose for, the 0.5 selfie—so named because users tap 0.5x on a smartphone camera to switch to ultra-wide mode—has become popular because it is far from pre-designed. Since the ultra-wide-angle lens is built into the back cameras of phones, people can’t watch themselves take a 0.5 selfie, creating random images that convey the fanciful ideas of distortion (歪曲).
Because of the wide angle, subjects closer to a lens seem larger, while those farther away seem smaller. That shift twists subjects in a way that is welcome in, for example, architectural photography but traditionally discouraged in portraiture.
“Wide angle for portrait shoots was always really different because it just made it more distorted,” said Alessandro Uribe-Rheinbolt, 23, a Colombian photographer based in Detroit.
Mr. Uribe-Rheinbolt said he had recently brought the wide angle from his portrait work —where clients have asked for the look of a 0.5 selfie — to his personal life, using it to capture his friends, his outfits and his daily routine.
“It does give it a more casual look,” he said. “There’s a lot more creativity with the way you angle and the way that you put it closer.”
An unedited 0.5 selfie is more organically playful than a front-facing selfie. Posting the selfies on Instagram, where limbs are noodly or eyes are buggy, is meant to be silly, making it seem like the photographers take themselves— and social media—less seriously.
“Something about it breaks the fourth wall because you’re acknowledging that you’re taking a picture for the sake of taking a picture,” said Hannah Kaplon, 22, from Sacramento. “It’s trying to make Instagram casual again.”
40. Which of the following photos CANNOT be counted as 0.5 selfie
A. B.
C. D.
41. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about 0.5 selfie
A. The invention of ultra-wide-angle lens gave birth to 0.5 selfie.
B. The way 0.5 selfies are taken is unpopular in architectural photography
C. People can take some time to prepare and pose for 0.5 selfie in advance.
D. It is impossible for photographers to include everyone present in a 0.5 selfie.
42. What does the underlined “breaks the fourth wall” probably mean in the last paragraph
A. is mistakenly against the rules of taking pictures.
B. makes it difficult to please the viewers deliberately
C. shows casualness without caring too much about purpose
D. seeks creativity by completely ignoring common knowledge
(C)
When to trust your gut (直觉)
Humans have been practicing over millions of years of evolution to respond to certain situations without thinking too hard. If your ancestors spotted movement in the wild forest, they would run first and ask questions later. At the same time, the capacity to analyse and to plan is part of what distinguishes people from other animals. The question of when to trust your gut and when to test your assumptions — whether to think fast or slow, in the language of Daniel Kahneran, a psychologist — matters in the office as much as it does in the flat grassland.
Deliberative thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Strategic maintenance and budget discussions are built on rounds of meetings, memos, formulas and presentations. Processes are increasingly designed to rule out instinctive responses. From blind screening of job applicants to using “red-teaming” techniques to pick apart a firm’s plans, deliberation beats instinct.
Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and inherently less tractable to analysis. Does a marketing campaign capture the essence of your company, say, or would this person work well with other people in a team In tricky customer-service situations, intuition is often a better guide to how to behave than a script.
Gut instincts can also be improved (call it “probiotic management”). Plenty of research has shown that intuition becomes more accurate with experience. In one well-known experiment, conducted in 2012, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were fake or real. Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate over their decision. Intuition worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis. The more expert you become, the better your instincts tend to be.
However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. Instinctive decision-making is often the only way to get through the day. Researchers at Cornell University once estimated that people make over 200 decisions a day about food alone. The workplace is nothing but a succession of choices, a few big and many small: what to prioritise, when to intervene, whom to avoid in the lifts and, now, where to work each day.
When to use intuition in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. Does the decision-maker have real expertise in this area Is this a field in which emotion matters more than reasoning Above all, is it worth delaying the decision Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to hesitation.
43. Which of the following situations may NOT be suitable for people to trust their gut
A. The market responses are hard to predict.
B. The working mechanism is perfectly organized.
C. The time window for making decision is limited.
D. The relationship with customers is somewhat complex.
44. What’s the function of the second paragraph
A. To clearly state the main idea of the article.
B. To critically include the other side of viewpoint.
C. To introduce examples to support the main idea.
D. To support the main idea from the opposite perspective.
45. Which of the following can be implied from the passage
A. The ability to trust your gut matters more nowadays.
B. Gut instincts can be improved by owning designer products.
C. Gut instincts are more advisable in screening job applicants.
D. Experience plays a vital role in cultivating gut instincts.
46. Which of the following might be the best sub-title of the passage
A. Deliberation is not always the best option.
B. Instinctive decision-making beats all.
C. Instinctive decision-making has both pros and cons.
D. Deliberation is more important than gut instincts.
Section C
Directions: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Why People Treat Service Workers Poorly
Whether we’re willing to admit it, most people have treated a service worker poorly, at least to some degree. We’ve said things we regret to a customer-service representative, a flight attendant, a cashier or barista, usually sparked by something not that person’s fault, or not in their control. Though people have always taken out frustrations on service workers, data shows these acts have been on rise in the past few years. ____47____
Generally, humans are generally pretty inflexible. Therefore, when routines get altered, this can upset people and trigger agitation(焦躁不安).“____48____”says Reena B Patel, a San Diego-based psychologist and behaviour analyst.
A long queue at the coffee shop, for instance, might have a domino effect, threatening to throw off the rest of the day’s schedule. It may seem like no big deal, “and people may not realise that’s what they’re stressed about”, says Patel.“But internally, that’s what’s happening. You walk into a restaurant for breakfast thinking you’ll get seated in 15 minutes and instead you’re waiting 45. Now, your whole routine is shifting, and the stress is building up.”
That undercurrent of stress has a tendency to boil over during ordinary tasks, like grabbing coffee or a meal, she adds—even for generally composed, mild-mannered people. ____49____ Suddenly, you’re snapping at a waitress who’s just trying to serve you some pancakes.
This is because people who aren’t in service positions can feel superior to people who are, and it’s much easier to punch down. “____50____”explains Patel.
A. That means a service worker can often be the person in the line of fire.
B. When things are slightly off, or don’t happen the way we expect, it causes natural anxiety.
C. Even though you’re upset, you’re acknowledging—and reminding yourself—that they’re a human, and they have feelings.
D. But outbursts at service workers specifically don’t generally happen just because that person is simply in front of you.
E. Research from the Institute of Customer Service has shown more than half of customer-facing employees report increased incidences of abuse since the start of the pandemic.
F. Even though we shouldn’t look at one occupation being higher in terms of a hierarchy (等级制度)than another, you naturally can fall into that trap and assume that you’re superior.
Ⅳ. Summary Writing (10%)
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
More than half a year ago, my factory was bought by a large corporation and the majority of the managers lost their jobs, including me. That was the time I decided to do something I’d always wanted to do — become a freelance writer. Changing professions has meant that my lifestyle has changed in a number of ways.
I work just as much as I did before — between 46 and 51 hours a week — but my schedule is much less fixed than it used to be. As a manager, I worked from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. every day, with a few extra hours on weekends. Now, however, I work when I feel like it. For instance, sometimes I work until midnight or 3 a.m., then sleep until noon. I really prefer this kind of schedule.
While I was working as a manager, I never exercised. I already felt tired after work, so I just came home in the evening and watched TV. However, last December, I joined a health club and began to do regular exercise. As a result, I have lost over 10 pounds and I feel much better. I’ve also started to eat healthier foods. I used to eat a lot of fast food, but now I do my own shopping. I buy lots of fruits and vegetables and cook them at home.
Of course, not all the changes have been that easy. For example, I don’t feel as safe financially as I used to. When I was working as a manager, I never worried much about money. I could always count on getting my paycheck every two weeks. Working freelance, I don’t have a regular paycheck. So now I have to make sure that there’s enough money until the next check arrives.
All in all, I really like my current lifestyle. Of course, that doesn’t mean I’ll never want to have a “regular” job. But for me, at least, it suits me.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ⅴ. Spelling (3%)
Directions:Write down the derivatives of the given words as required.
52. i______ coming or existing between two events, dates, objects, etc
53. a______ of or belonging to or inherited from an ancestor
54. d______ the fact that a particular person or thing is more powerful, successful, or important than other people or things
55. b______ a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places; a dividing line
56. c______ a sudden failure of something, such as an institution, a business or a course of action
57. d______ a range of many people or things that are very different from each other
Ⅵ. Translation (12%)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English with the words given in the brackets.
58. 那里的村民们应该以其原始形式将传统传承下去。(suppose)(汉译英)
59. 人们希望日子过得更好，所以自20世纪90年代以来，大多数鲨鱼的数量下降了90%，这一点也不奇怪。(it; better off) (汉译英)
60. 根据目前的证据， 海洋生物学家预测，失去这个看护人可能会导致小型食肉动物的数量大幅增加。(bring) (汉译英)
Ⅶ. Guided Writing
61. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
现在城市里有很多家庭请家政服务(housekeeping service)，请你对此现象发表你的看法。内容必须包括：
◆概述城市里有很多家庭请家政服务现象
◆此现象对家庭和社会产生的影响
◆你对此现象的看法
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________华东师大二附中2022学年第二学期期末考试试卷
高二英语
(考试时间：120分钟满分：140分)
Ⅰ. Listening comprehension 20%
Section A
Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and a question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.
1. A. Some music cassettes. B. Some school supplies.
C. Something to drink. D. Something to eat.
2. A. She believes there will be a traffic jam. B. She doesn’t know when they will go.
C. She won’t be ready at 8 o’clock. D. She wants the man to go first.
3. A. Sit sown. B. Remain standing.
C Go ahead of the woman. D. Pick up the chair.
4. A. The electrician came to repair the lamp. B. The lamp was taken to the repair shop.
C. She had Mike fix the lamp. D. The lamp was replaced.
5. A. Use tape for the poster. B. Not hang up the poster.
C. Remove the wallpaper. D. Not hide the damage.
6. A. Chemistry 402 was worse than Chemistry 502.
B The man has only had one chemistry course.
C. Both chemistry courses are difficult.
D. Few chemistry courses are hard.
7. A. He can’t go this weekend. B. He has a hole in his bathing suit.
C. They shouldn’t spend much money. D. They should stay at the beach longer.
8. A. Move his alarm clock. B. Turn the alarm off.
C. Go to bed earlier. D. Live on a farm.
9. A. His mother was the last person to come over to his apartment.
B. He hasn’t cleaned the apartment since his mother left.
C. His mother dusted her apartment the day before last.
D. He hasn’t had time to find another apartment.
10. A. Making a pot of coffee. B. Trying different brands of coffee.
C. Drinking less coffee. D. Getting a different coffeepot.
Section B
Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages and one longer conversation, and you will be asked several questions on each of the passages and the conversation. The passages and the conversation will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.
Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.
11. A. To inform visitors of the park’s history.
B. To show visitors remote places in the park.
C. To teach visitors how best to photograph wildlife.
D. To provide an overview of the park’s main attractions.
12. A. It’s easy to get lost. B. It’s a good group activity.
C. It requires enormous strength. D. People shouldn’t do it in the winter.
13. A. There are fewer tourists. B. The entrance fees are lower.
C. The animals are more active. D. There are fewer mosquitoes.
Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.
14. A. Why people laugh. B. What good laughter does.
C. How laughter can be collected. D. Who introduced World Laughter Day.
15. A. Social behaviour. B. Something funny.
C. Stress and loneliness. D. The understanding of self.
16. A. People don’t laugh while alone.
B. People like to ask someone else to laugh.
C. People are willing to laugh when asked to.
D. People will fake a laugh while with a stranger.
Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.
17. A. One of his classes finished early.
B. He wanted to get some studying done.
C. The books he had borrowed were ten days overdue.
D. The library had a special display on the industrial Revolution.
18. A. He checked them out. B. He took notes on them.
C. He returned them to the shelves. D. He put them in his book bag.
19. A. They are marked with colored labels. B. They are specially coded.
C. They are checked out. D. They are inspected by the guard.
20. A. The librarian checks all books for missing pages.
B The librarian helps students use the card catalogue.
C. The librarian copies down the name of each borrower.
D. The librarian demagnetizes the books as they are checked out.
Ⅱ. Grammar and Vocabulary (20%)
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage, coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fit s each blank.
Scientists were deeply concerned about what was happening. Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was first discovered in the winter of 1994 ____1____ 29 bald eagle carcasses were found near DeGray Lake, a man-made reservoir in Arkansas. Two years later, at least 70 eagles had died across several Arkansas reservoirs. By 1998, conditions continued to deteriorate as dead birds of different species including American coots, mallards and ring-necked ducks were confirmed at ten sites across six states. All of the documented cases of this ____2____ (emerge) disease occurred on or near manmade water reservoirs with abundant aquatic vegetation.
But what particularly puzzled scientists was ____3____ these birds behaved before they died. The birds were observed suddenly flying straight ____4____ stationary objects (rock walls and trees), swimming in circles, and with their wings drooped. For many years, scientists from state and federal agencies tried to figure out what was killing the birds and the testing of sediment and dead birds at affected water reservoirs for xenobiotic compounds that cause AVM ____5____ (reveal) nothing. Necropsies of the birds’ brains showed widespread vacuolation of white matter of the central nervous system and spinal cord which explained their uncoordinated behaviour.
Early studies suggested that an unknown, seasonal and environmental neurotoxin ____6____ be responsible. Recently, a paper published in the journal Science has pinpointed the exact neurotoxin responsible for the death of those bald eagles in Arkansas. The research describes the series of events that leads to AVM. It’s a fatal three-part process that requires invasive plants, abundant bacteria, and chemicals in the environment. It begins with the invasive plant named Hydrilla verticillata, also called waterthyme, first introduced to the United States in the 1950’s ____7____ an aquarium plant. The plant is home to cyanobacteria called Aetokthonos hydrillicola which colonize up to 95% of the plant leaves. The cyanobacteria aren’t ____8____ deadly to waterbirds but when they ____9____ (expose) to the chemical bromide in the environment, they produce a dangerous neurotoxin called aetokthonotoxin which causes AVM in birds.
Previous field and laboratory studies have also demonstrated that AVM in herbivorous waterbirds due to the ingestion of H. verticillata can be transferred up the food chain to birds of prey which consume the ____10____ (affect) waterfowl. AVM thus presents a threat to multiple avian species. Furthermore, feeding trials have also confirmed neuropathy and mortality in a wide range of taxa including amphibians, reptiles, and fish. This work highlights the role of cyanobacteria as potentially dangerous toxin producers and further research into how the toxin effects human health via the consumption of fish and waterbirds from these contaminated reservoirs is urgently required.
【答案】1. when
2. emerging
3. that
4. to##towards
5. revealing
6. can
7. as
8. the 9. expose
10. affected
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了禽类空泡性髓鞘病(AVM)的原因和对鸟类的影响。
【1题详解】
考查定语从句。句意：禽类空泡性髓鞘病(AVM)在1994年冬天首次被发现，当时29只白头鹰的尸体在阿肯色州的一个人工水库德格雷湖附近被发现。分析句式结构可知，此处是定语从句，先行词1994指时间，且从句中缺少时间状语，所以用关系副词when来引导。故填when。
【2题详解】
考查考查形容词。句意：所有记录的这种新出现的病例都发生在有丰富水生植被的人工水库上或附近。分析句式结构可知，disease是名词，所以应该用形容词修饰名词，根据文章的介绍可知，这种病是最新出现的，所以科学家才要加以研究，emerging新兴的、发展初期的，故填emerging。
【3题详解】
考查表语从句。句意：但让科学家们特别困惑的是，这些鸟在死前的行为。分析句式结构可知，此处是表语从句，且从句中不缺少句子成分，所以用that来引导。故填that。
【4题详解】
考查介词。句意：人们观察到这些鸟突然直接飞向静止的物体(岩壁和树木)，绕圈游泳，翅膀下垂。根据flying straight可知，此处用介词to或者towards来表示“朝向……”飞去。故填to或者towards。
【5题详解】
考查非谓语动词。句意：多年来，来自州和联邦机构的科学家们试图找出导致鸟类死亡的原因，并对受影响水库的沉积物和死鸟进行了检测，以寻找导致AVM的异种化合物，结果一无所获。分析句式结构可知，此处用非谓语动词作状语动词作状语，又因为reveal和主语之间是主动关系，所以用现在分词。故填revealing。
【6题详解】
考查情态动词。句意：早期的研究表明，一种未知的季节性和环境神经毒素可能是罪魁祸首。分析句意可知，此处表示一种客观上的可能性，表示“能、会”，所以情态动词can。故填can。
【7题详解】
考查介词。句意：它始于一种名为黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的入侵植物，也被称为水百里香，它于20世纪50年代作为一种水族馆植物首次引入美国。分析句意再根据an aquarium plant可知，此处用介词as表示“作为”一种水族馆植物。故填as。
【8题详解】
考查冠词。句意：蓝藻对水鸟来说并不是致命的（水生植物），但当它们接触到环境中的化学溴化物时，它们会产生一种危险的神经毒素，这种毒素被称为aetokthonotoxin（一种新型蓝藻神经毒素），会导致鸟类患空泡性髓鞘病。因为deadly是形容词，所以此处用“the+形容词”表示一类事物。故填the。
【9题详解】
考查动词时态。句意：同上。短语expose to暴露于，文章的基础时态为一般现在时，主语是复数，所以谓语动词用动词原形，故填expose。
【10题详解】
考查过去分词。句意：先前的实地和实验室研究也表明，草食性水禽由于摄入黑藻而产生的AVM可以沿着食物链向上转移到食用受影响水禽的猛禽身上。空处作定语，waterfowl与affect之间是逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词表被动，故填affected。
Section B
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. memorable B. maiden C. comparable D. delivery E. basis F. departed G. authorized H. economy I. entitled J. terrific K. quoted
The C919 passenger jet is welcomed with a conventional water salute at the Beijing Capital International Airport on Sunday.
China’s first self-developed narrow-body jet, the C919, successfully completed its ____11____ commercial flight on Sunday, ushering in a new era of aviation that utilizes domestically manufactured aircraft, industry experts said.
Some 130 passengers traveled on China Eastern Airlines flight MU 9191, which ____12____ Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport at 10:32 am. The plane landed at Beijing Capital International Airport at 12:31 pm, and was welcomed with a traditional water salute.
“Sitting in the China-made passenger aircraft C919, I felt extremely excited and proud,” Zhang Keli, a passenger from Beihang University in Beijing, said when she shared her ____13____ experience with People’s Daily.
“Both the take-off and landing were as smooth as wide-body aircraft, and the whole flying process is ____14____. The cabin is quieter than traditional narrow-body jets,” Zhang said.
Wu Guanghui, head designer of the C919 and chief scientist at Commercial Aircraft Corp of China, said the commercial flight was the fulfillment of a dream. “COMAC will work on ____15____ of more jets to our clients to ensure more people can take our homegrow n aircraft,” he was ____16____ as saying by Beijing News.
The C919 flight on Sunday had a configuration of 164 seats, including eight in business class and 156 in ____17____ class.
Lin Zhijie, an aviation industry analyst, said the C919 is offering a new option in the global aircraft market. “The jet is ____18____ to the Airbus A320 and the Boeing B737 series and is expected to break the duopoly of Boeing and Airbus, which will help promote benign competition and the healthy development of the world’s civil aviation market,” Lin said.
The first C919 aircraft was delivered to China Eastern Airlines in Shanghai on Dec 9,2022, by its manufacturer. The C919 made its first experimental flight in 2017.
Before the jet’s debut commercial flight, China Eastern Airlines completed all test flights, passenger operations’ verifications and other preparatory work required before commencing commercial operations, the airline said.
The Civil Aviation Administration of China, which ____19____ and inspected all the results of the tests and verification procedures, confirmed that China Eastern was capable of operating C919 aircraft safely, and approved commercial operation of the jet.
The aircraft flew back to Shanghai from Beijing Capital International Airport on Sunday afternoon.
The first C919 aircraft will be put into commercial operation on a regular ____20____ between Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport and Chengdu Tianfu International Airport in Sichuan province. With the delivery of more C919 aircraft, the carrier plans to gradually expand its commercial services to more Chinese cities.
A second C919 jet is scheduled to be delivered in mid-June. China Eastern will receive a total of three C919 aircraft over the next two years, according to Xinhua News Agency.
【答案】11. B 12. F
13. A 14. J
15. D 16. K
17. H 18. C
19. G 20. E
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇新闻报道。周日，C919客机在北京首都国际机场接受了传统的水礼欢迎。业内专家表示，周日，中国首架自主研发的窄体客机C919成功完成首飞，开启了利用国产飞机的航空新时代。
【11题详解】
考查形容词。句意：业内专家表示，周日，中国首架自主研发的窄体客机C919成功完成首飞，开启了利用国产飞机的航空新时代。结合句意“首次的”可知应填形容词maiden，作定语修饰名词flight。故选B。
【12题详解】
考查动词。句意：大约130名乘客乘坐东方航空MU 9191航班，该航班于上午10:32从上海虹桥国际机场起飞。结合句意“起飞”可知应填动词depart，作谓语，结合后文at 10:32 am可知为一般过去时。故选F。
【13题详解】
考查形容词。句意：“坐在中国制造的C919客机上，我感到非常兴奋和自豪，”来自北京航空航天大学的乘客张可丽在接受《人民日报》采访时分享了她难忘的经历。结合句意“难忘的”可知应填形容词memorable，作定语修饰名词experience。故选A。
【14题详解】
考查形容词。句意：起飞和降落都像宽体飞机一样平稳，整个飞行过程非常棒。结合句意“棒，极好的”可知应填形容词terrific，作表语。故选J。
【15题详解】
考查名词。句意：《新京报》援引他的话说：“中国商飞将努力向我们的客户交付更多的飞机，以确保更多人可以乘坐我们的国产飞机。”结合句意“交付”可知应填名词delivery，作宾语，故选D。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：《新京报》援引他的话说:“中国商飞将努力向我们的客户交付更多的飞机，以确保更多人可以乘坐我们的国产飞机。”结合句意“援引”可知应填动词quote，与主语构成被动关系，结合上文was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。故选K。
【17题详解】
考查名词。句意：周日的C919航班有164个座位，包括8个商务舱和156个经济舱。结合句意“经济舱”可知应填名词economy，作定语修饰class。故选H。
【18题详解】
考查形容词。句意：林说：“这款飞机与空客A320和波音B737系列相当，有望打破波音和空客的双头垄断，这将有助于促进良性竞争，促进世界民航市场的健康发展。”结合句意“相当，可比的”可知应填形容词comparable，作表语。故选C。
【19题详解】
考查动词。句意：中国民用航空局授权并检查了所有测试和验证程序的结果，确认东航有能力安全运营C919飞机，并批准了该飞机的商业运营。结合句意“授权”可知应填动词authorize，根据后文inspected可知为一般过去时。故选G。
【20题详解】
考查名词。句意：首架C919飞机将在上海虹桥国际机场和四川成都天府国际机场之间定期投入商业运营。结合句意“定期”可知应填名词basis，作宾语，构成短语on a regular basis表示“定期地”。故选E。
Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (45%)
Section A
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fit s the context.
Jealousy is a motive of immense power. Although you are often ____21____ aware of being jealous or envious of someone, sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations. ____22____, what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.” The ____23____ often takes into account what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want ____24____ what you really want. Envy and jealousy, on the other hand, kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system long ____25____ you become conscious of it.
Introspection (反省) which can help one achieve a deeper understanding of emotions is unfashionable in contemporary psychology largely due to the lasting effects of behaviorism. ____26____ this view, we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy. Of course, ____27____ can be rightfully raised against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach. But ____28____ one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why.
What ____29____ jealousy, beyond the obvious of someone who is better off And can the functional logic of the causes be explained in evolutionary terms; i.e., what might be their ___30___ value Through introspecting on ____31____ and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues, etc., we are trying to come up with a reasonable evolutionary scenario (设想).
Let’s think about envy, too. The whole purpose of envy is to ____32____ you to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy). This is why jealousy has a (n) ____33____ component, but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration.
In this book, we can show that there is often an evolutionary hidden ____34____ that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible. Evolution has ____35____ into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues, which is largely insensitive to what the other person’s final state of happiness is.
21. A. obviously B. actively C. consciously D. hardly
22. A. Importantly B. Generally C. Certainly D. Ironically
23. A. former B. latter C. above D. below
24. A. other than B. less than C. more than D. rather than
25. A. before B. after C. until D. unless
26. A. Compared to B. In response to C. In line with D. Contrary to
27. A. agreements B. arguments C. doubts D. objections
28. A. luckily B. unfortunately C. meanwhile D. finally
29. A. agrees with B. lies in C. results in D. comes from
30. A. emotion B. survival C. moral D. compulsory
31. A. others B. ourselves C. parents D. superiors
32. A. forbid B. force C. motivate D. bother
33. A. beneficial B. aggressive C. promising D. active
34. A. hint B. enemy C. regulation D. agenda
35. A. programmed B. created C. constructed D. migrated
【答案】21. C 22. D 23. B 24. D 25. A 26. D 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. B 31. B 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. A
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了嫉妒是什么以及嫉妒产生的原因。
【21题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：虽然你经常有意识地意识到嫉妒或嫉妒某人，但有时嫉妒的真正原因被埋在你的无意识中，被合理化所掩盖。A. obviously显然；B. actively积极地；C. consciously有意识地；D. hardly几乎不。根据上文“Although”和下文“sometimes the actual reasons for the envy are buried in your unconsciousness and hidden by rationalizations”可知，句子表示“虽然你经常有意识地意识到嫉妒或嫉妒某人，但有时嫉妒的真正原因被埋在你的无意识中，被合理化所掩盖”。故选C。
【22题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：讽刺的是，你在生活中真正看重的往往是问自己嫉妒谁，而不是直接问自己“我看重什么”。A. Importantly重要的是；B. Generally普遍地；C. Certainly当然；D. Ironically讽刺的是。根据下文“what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.””可知，句子表示“讽刺的是，你在生活中真正看重的往往是问自己嫉妒谁，而不是直接问自己“我看重什么””。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。A. former(两者中)前者的；B. latter(两者之中的)后者的；C. above上述的；D. below在下面。根据下文“what you really value in life is more often revealed by asking yourself who you are jealous of rather than asking yourself directly “what do I value.””可知，后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。故选B。
【24题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。A. other than除了；B. less than少于；C. more than多于；D. rather than而不是。根据上文“what society expects you to value and you are aware only of what you should want”和下文“what you really want”可知，后者通常会考虑到社会对你的期望，你只知道你应该想要什么，而不是你真正想要什么。故选D。
【25题详解】
考查连接词词义辨析。句意：另一方面，在你意识到之前，羡慕和嫉妒就会作为一种本能反应在你的情感系统中发挥作用。A. before在……之前；B. after在……之后；C. until直到；D. unless除非。根据上文“kick in as a gut reaction (直觉反应) in your emotional system”和下文“you become conscious of it”可知，在你意识到之前，羡慕和嫉妒就会作为一种本能反应在你的情感系统中发挥作用。故选A。
【26题详解】
考查介词短语辨析。句意：与这种观点相反，我们认为内省可以成为洞察某些复杂情绪（如嫉妒）的内在逻辑和进化基本原理的宝贵来源。A. Compared to与……相比；B. In response to作为回应；C. In line with与……一致；D. Contrary to与……相反。根据下文“we will argue that introspection can be a valuable source of insights into the internal logic and evolutionary underlying principle of certain complex emotions like envy”可知，句子表示“与这种观点相反，我们认为内省可以成为洞察某些复杂情绪（如嫉妒）的内在逻辑和进化基本原理的宝贵来源”。故选D。
【27题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：当然，对纯粹主观的内省练习提出反对意见是合理的，这就是为什么必须使用严格的科学方法最终检验这些假设。A. agreements协定；B. arguments争论；C. doubts怀疑；D. objections反对。根据下文“against the purely subjective exercise of introspection, which is why it is essential to eventually test these assumptions by using a rigorous scientific approach”可知，此处表示“对纯粹主观的内省练习提出反对意见是合理的”。故选D。
【28题详解】
考查副词词义辨析。句意：但幸运的是，人们可以从猜测找到原因的可能性中获得乐趣。A. luckily幸运的是；B. unfortunately不幸的是；C. meanwhile同时；D. finally最后。根据下文“one can have fun speculating (沉思) on possibilities of finding why”可知，此处表示“幸运的是，人们可以从猜测找到原因的可能性中获得乐趣”。故选A。
【29题详解】
考查动词短语辨析。句意：除了显而易见的某人过得更好之外，是什么导致了嫉妒？A. agrees with同意；B. lies in在于；C. results in导致；D. comes from来自。根据下文“beyond the obvious of someone who is better off”可知，句子表示“除了显而易见的某人过得更好之外，是什么导致了嫉妒”。故选C。
【30题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些原因的功能逻辑是否能用进化论的术语来解释？也就是说，它们的生存价值是什么？A. emotion情绪；B. survival生存；C. moral道德准则；D. compulsory规定动作。根据上文“evolutionary terms”可知，句子表示“这些原因的功能逻辑是否能用进化论的术语来解释？也就是说，它们的生存价值是什么？”故选B。
【31题详解】
考查代词和名词词义辨析。句意：通过自我反省，通过非正式地调查朋友、学生、同事等，我们试图提出一个合理的进化方案。A. others其他人；B. ourselves我们自己；C. parents父母；D. superiors上级。根据下文“and through informally surveying friends, students, colleagues”可知，句子表示“通过自我反省，通过非正式地调查朋友、学生、同事等，我们试图提出一个合理的进化方案”。故选B。
【32题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：嫉妒的全部目的是激励你采取行动，要么更努力地独立努力（嫉妒），要么觊觎和窃取他人拥有的东西（嫉妒）。A. forbid禁止；B. force强迫；C. motivate激励；D. bother打扰。根据下文“to act either by independently trying harder (envy) or by coveting (贪求) and stealing what the other has (jealousy)”可知，嫉妒的全部目的是激励你采取行动。故选C。
【33题详解】
考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这就是为什么嫉妒有侵略性的成分，但嫉妒有时更积极，甚至与钦佩联系在一起。A. beneficial有益的；B. aggressive侵略性的；C. promising有前途的；D. active积极的。根据下文“but envy is more positive sometimes even being associated with admiration”可知，句子表示“这就是为什么嫉妒有侵略性的成分，但嫉妒有时更积极，甚至与钦佩联系在一起”。故选B。
【34题详解】
考查名词词义辨析。句意：在这本书中，我们可以表明，推动这种人类心理倾向的往往是一种进化的隐藏议程，并使其易于理解。A. hint暗示；B. enemy敌人；C. regulation规则；D. agenda待议事项，议程。根据下文“that drives this human psychological tendency, and makes it comprehensible”可知，句子表示“推动这种人类心理倾向的往往是一种进化的隐藏议程，并使其易于理解”，空格处意为“待议事项”。故选D。
【35题详解】
考查动词词义辨析。句意：进化已经给你设定了一种情绪（嫉妒），这是由某些非常具体的“释放者”或社会暗示引起的，这在很大程度上对他人的最终幸福状态是不敏感的。A. programmed设置；B. created创造；C. constructed修建；D. migrated迁徙。根据下文“into you an emotion (jealousy) that is caused by certain very specific “releasers” or social cues”可知，此处表示“进化已经给你设定了一种情绪（嫉妒），这是由某些非常具体的“释放者”或社会暗示引起的”，空格处意为“设置”。故选A。
Section B
Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.
(A)
During my first decade in prison, I busied myself with exercising and hanging out in the big yard. I hardly grew as a person. It wasn’t until I began college in prison in my 30s that I started to realize my full potential.
Through my journey in college, I became a keen reader and writer, striving to escape prison life by expanding my mind beyond the toxic (有毒的) environments I’d been confined to. I started studying feminism and restorative justice. One concept that really hit home for me was toxic masculinity (男子气概). I come from an abusive home and a neighborhood consumed by gangs, drugs and gun violence. I wanted to understand better why I had used violence to solve my problems.
I have found, however, that strangers stand between me and many of the books I want to read.
Books, like everything an imprisoned person receives— personal mail, emails, photos, news and education materials — are evaluated by prison officials and rejected or shared with us. Corrections departments typically claim they ban books that contain sexual content, racial hatred or depictions of violence, criminal activity, anti-authority attitudes or escape. In practice, PEN America wrote in a 2019 report on prison book restriction policies, the restrictions “have been wide-ranging, from perverse to absurd to constitutionally troubling, with bans being applied in ways that are against logic.”
In Texas, books by Alice Walker, Pablo Neruda and even the former senator Bob Dole have been banned. Throughout the country, prison officials have rejected or tried to ban books about biology (too much nakedness in the anatomical drawings), the Holocaust (some of the victims were pictured naked), sketching, dragons and even the moon (it could “present risks of escape,” according to one New York prison). At one point, Colorado prison officials blocked a prisoner from reading two of President Barack Obama’s memoirs because they were “potentially harmful to national security,” although they later reversed that decision.
Claiming such bans are necessary for the safety and security of prisons seems ridiculous. If anything, many banned books could contribute to a safer environment in prisons and in the societies imprisoned individuals are released into. Practically every author I have encountered while in prison, from Don Miguel Ruiz to Angela Y. Davis, has played a role in my efforts to grow and become a better person— someone who can live in society by adding to it, as opposed to taking from it.
Without college and without access to books and materials that expanded my mind beyond the razor wire (钢丝网) and towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be dictated by toxic masculinity and the violence and harm that surround it. That’s not who I want to be when I leave this prison. It’s not who I want to see sent back into society.
36. Why did the author turn to violence when he was young
A. Because his parents and neighbours told him to do so.
B. Because he had read a lot of books about hatred and violence.
C. Because he had been bullied a lot by peers during his childhood.
D. Because the environment where he grew up was filled with violence.
37. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT the reason why prisons try to ban some books
A. Some books may post threats to national security.
B. Some books may lead to extreme religious behaviour.
C. Some pictures may contain sexually inappropriate content.
D. Some books may potentially encourage prisoners to escape.
38. According to the author, what benefits can reading books offer in prisons
①to broaden the prisoners’ horizon ②to prevent prisoners from escaping
③to encourage prisoners to contribute to society ④to reduce violent behaviour
A. ①②③ B. ①③④ C. ①②④ D. ②③④
39. What does the author most want to express through the article
A. Reading books is important for a teenager’s growth.
B. Toxic masculinity is harmful to a person’s growth.
C. It is unreasonable for authorities to restrict reading for prisoners.
D. It’s never too late to realize one’s academic potential even in prison.
【答案】36. D 37. B 38. B 39. D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章主要讲述了作者在监狱中坚持阅读，上了大学，实现了自己的潜力。同时说明了监狱禁书的原因。
【36题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“I come from an abusive home and a neighborhood consumed by gangs, drugs and gun violence. I wanted to understand better why I had used violence to solve my problems.(我来自一个充满暴力的家庭，一个充斥着帮派、毒品和枪支暴力的社区。我想更好地理解为什么我用暴力来解决我的问题)”可知，作者年轻时会诉诸暴力是因为他成长的环境充满了暴力。故选D。
【37题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段“Corrections departments typically claim they ban books that contain sexual content, racial hatred or depictions of violence, criminal activity, anti-authority attitudes or escape.(惩教部门通常声称，他们禁止含有性内容、种族仇恨或描述暴力、犯罪活动、反权威态度或逃跑的书籍)”以及第五段“Throughout the country, prison officials have rejected or tried to ban books about biology (too much nakedness in the anatomical drawings), the Holocaust (some of the victims were pictured naked), sketching, dragons and even the moon (it could “present risks of escape,” according to one New York prison). At one point, Colorado prison officials blocked a prisoner from reading two of President Barack Obama’s memoirs because they were “potentially harmful to national security,” although they later reversed that decision.(在全国范围内，监狱官员已经拒绝或试图禁止有关生物学（解剖图中有太多裸体）、大屠杀（一些受害者被裸体拍摄）、素描、龙甚至月亮的书籍（根据纽约一家监狱的说法，这可能“带来逃跑的风险”）。科罗拉多州监狱官员曾一度禁止一名囚犯阅读Barack Obama总统的两本回忆录，因为它们“可能危害国家安全”，不过后来他们撤销了这一决定)”可知，B选项“有些书可能会导致极端的宗教行为”不是监狱试图禁书的原因。故选B。
【38题详解】
细节理解题。根据倒数第二段“Practically every author I have encountered while in prison, from Don Miguel Ruiz to Angela Y. Davis, has played a role in my efforts to grow and become a better person— someone who can live in society by adding to it, as opposed to taking from it.(实际上，我在狱中遇到的每一位作家，从Don Miguel Ruiz到Angela Y. Davis，都在我成长的过程中发挥了作用，帮助我成为一个更好的人——一个能在社会中生存的人，而不是从社会中吸取东西)”以及最后一段“Without college and without access to books and materials that expanded my mind beyond the razor wire (钢丝网) and towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be dictated by toxic masculinity and the violence and harm that surround it. (如果没有大学，没有书本和资料，我的思维无法超越铁丝网和高耸的混凝土墙，我可能还在院子里浪费时间。我的世界观仍然会被有毒的男子气概以及围绕它的暴力和伤害所左右)”可知，在监狱里读书的好处有拓宽囚犯的视野、鼓励犯人为社会做贡献以及减少暴力行为。故选B。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。根据第一段“During my first decade in prison, I busied myself with exercising and hanging out in the big yard. I hardly grew as a person. It wasn’t until I began college in prison in my 30s that I started to realize my full potential.(在我入狱的头十年里，我忙于锻炼和在大院子里闲逛。我几乎没有成长。直到我30多岁在监狱里开始上大学，我才开始意识到自己的全部潜力)”以及最后一段“Without college and without access to books and materials that expanded my mind beyond the razor wire (钢丝网) and towering concrete walls, I might still be wasting my time on the yard. My worldview would still be dictated by toxic masculinity and the violence and harm that surround it. That’s not who I want to be when I leave this prison. It’s not who I want to see sent back into society.(如果没有大学，没有书本和资料，我的思维无法超越铁丝网和高耸的混凝土墙，我可能还在院子里浪费时间。我的世界观仍然会被有毒的男子气概以及围绕它的暴力和伤害所左右。我离开监狱时可不想变成那样。我不想看到这样的人被送回社会)”可推知，作者最想通过文章表达的是即使在监狱里，发挥学术潜力（努力学习文化知识）也永远不会太晚。故选D。
(B)
The Rise of the 0.5 Selfie
Julia Herzig, a 22-year-old from Larchmont, N.Y., has “an obsession.” It’s with taking a new kind of selfie—one that doesn’t exactly look normal.
In some of these selfies, Ms. Herzig’s forehead bulges across half of the frame. Her eyes are half disks, peering up at something beyond the camera. Her nose juts out. Her mouth is invisible. These images are best when they build “weird, creepy atmospheres,” she said.
Wherever Gen Z gathers these days, a 0.5 selfie is almost bound to be taken. The 0.5 selfies are showing up on Instagram, spreading in group chats, becoming the talk of parties and often being snapped to record the trivial details of daily life.
Unlike a traditional selfie, which people can endlessly prepare and pose for, the 0.5 selfie—so named because users tap 0.5x on a smartphone camera to switch to ultra-wide mode—has become popular because it is far from pre-designed. Since the ultra-wide-angle lens is built into the back cameras of phones, people can’t watch themselves take a 0.5 selfie, creating random images that convey the fanciful ideas of distortion (歪曲).
Because of the wide angle, subjects closer to a lens seem larger, while those farther away seem smaller. That shift twists subjects in a way that is welcome in, for example, architectural photography but traditionally discouraged in portraiture.
“Wide angle for portrait shoots was always really different because it just made it more distorted,” said Alessandro Uribe-Rheinbolt, 23, a Colombian photographer based in Detroit.
Mr. Uribe-Rheinbolt said he had recently brought the wide angle from his portrait work —where clients have asked for the look of a 0.5 selfie — to his personal life, using it to capture his friends, his outfits and his daily routine.
“It does give it a more casual look,” he said. “There’s a lot more creativity with the way you angle and the way that you put it closer.”
An unedited 0.5 selfie is more organically playful than a front-facing selfie. Posting the selfies on Instagram, where limbs are noodly or eyes are buggy, is meant to be silly, making it seem like the photographers take themselves— and social media—less seriously.
“Something about it breaks the fourth wall because you’re acknowledging that you’re taking a picture for the sake of taking a picture,” said Hannah Kaplon, 22, from Sacramento. “It’s trying to make Instagram casual again.”
40. Which of the following photos CANNOT be counted as 0.5 selfie
A. B.
C. D.
41. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about 0.5 selfie
A. The invention of ultra-wide-angle lens gave birth to 0.5 selfie.
B. The way 0.5 selfies are taken is unpopular in architectural photography
C. People can take some time to prepare and pose for 0.5 selfie in advance.
D. It is impossible for photographers to include everyone present in a 0.5 selfie.
42. What does the underlined “breaks the fourth wall” probably mean in the last paragraph
A. is mistakenly against the rules of taking pictures.
B. makes it difficult to please the viewers deliberately
C. shows casualness without caring too much about purpose
D. seeks creativity by completely ignoring common knowledge
【答案】40. B 41. A 42. C
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇说明文。0.5自拍是指用户在智能手机相机上轻按0.5倍切换到超广角模式，由于超广角镜头内置在手机的后置摄像头中，人们无法看到，从而产生随机的图像，传达出扭曲的奇妙想法的自拍模式，这种形式的自拍受到了极大的欢迎。
【40题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段最后一句“Unlike a traditional selfie, which people can endlessly prepare and pose for, the 0.5 selfie—so named because users tap 0.5x on a smartphone camera to switch to ultra-wide mode—has become popular because it is far from pre-designed. Since the ultra-wide-angle lens is built into the back cameras of phones, people can’t watch themselves take a 0.5 selfie, creating random images that convey the fanciful ideas of distortion (歪曲).(与人们可以无休止地准备和摆姿势的传统自拍不同，0.5自拍之所以如此命名，是因为用户在智能手机相机上轻按0.5倍就可以切换到超广角模式。它之所以流行，是因为它远非预先设计的。由于超广角镜头内置在手机的后置摄像头中，人们无法看到自己拍摄0.5倍的自拍，从而产生随机的图像，传达出扭曲的奇妙想法。)”可知，选项B不能被看做是0.5倍自拍。故选B。
【41题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“Since the ultra-wide-angle lens is built into the back cameras of phones, people can’t watch themselves take a 0.5 selfie, creating random images that convey the fanciful ideas of distortion (歪曲).(由于超广角镜头内置在手机的后置摄像头中，人们无法看到自己拍摄0.5倍的自拍，从而产生随机的图像，传达出扭曲的奇妙想法。)”可知，从文中可以推断出超广角镜头的发明催生了0.5自拍。故选A。
【42题详解】
词句猜测题。根据最后一段第一句中的“because you’re acknowledging that you’re taking a picture for the sake of taking a picture(因为你承认你是为了拍照而拍照)”和第二句“It’s trying to make Instagram casual again.(它试图让Instagram再次变得随意。)”可知，breaks the fourth wall意为“表现出漫不经心而不太在意目的”。故选C。
(C)
When to trust your gut (直觉)
Humans have been practicing over millions of years of evolution to respond to certain situations without thinking too hard. If your ancestors spotted movement in the wild forest, they would run first and ask questions later. At the same time, the capacity to analyse and to plan is part of what distinguishes people from other animals. The question of when to trust your gut and when to test your assumptions — whether to think fast or slow, in the language of Daniel Kahneran, a psychologist — matters in the office as much as it does in the flat grassland.
Deliberative thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Strategic maintenance and budget discussions are built on rounds of meetings, memos, formulas and presentations. Processes are increasingly designed to rule out instinctive responses. From blind screening of job applicants to using “red-teaming” techniques to pick apart a firm’s plans, deliberation beats instinct.
Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and inherently less tractable to analysis. Does a marketing campaign capture the essence of your company say, or would this person work well with other people in a team In tricky customer-service situations, intuition is often a better guide to how to behave than a script.
Gut instincts can also be improved (call it “probiotic management”). Plenty of research has shown that intuition becomes more accurate with experience. In one well-known experiment, conducted in 2012, volunteers were asked to assess whether a selection of designer handbags were fake or real. Some were instructed to operate on instinct and others to deliberate over their decision. Intuition worked better for those who owned at least three designer handbags; indeed, it outperformed analysis. The more expert you become, the better your instincts tend to be.
However, the real reason to embrace fast thinking is that it is, well, fast. Instinctive decision-making is often the only way to get through the day. Researchers at Cornell University once estimated that people make over 200 decisions a day about food alone. The workplace is nothing but a succession of choices, a few big and many small: what to prioritise, when to intervene, whom to avoid in the lifts and, now, where to work each day.
When to use intuition in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition. Does the decision-maker have real expertise in this area Is this a field in which emotion matters more than reasoning Above all, is it worth delaying the decision Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to hesitation.
43. Which of the following situations may NOT be suitable for people to trust their gut
A. The market responses are hard to predict.
B. The working mechanism is perfectly organized.
C. The time window for making decision is limited.
D. The relationship with customers is somewhat complex.
44. What’s the function of the second paragraph
A. To clearly state the main idea of the article.
B. To critically include the other side of viewpoint.
C. To introduce examples to support the main idea.
D. To support the main idea from the opposite perspective.
45. Which of the following can be implied from the passage
A. The ability to trust your gut matters more nowadays.
B. Gut instincts can be improved by owning designer products.
C. Gut instincts are more advisable in screening job applicants.
D. Experience plays a vital role in cultivating gut instincts.
46. Which of the following might be the best sub-title of the passage
A. Deliberation is not always the best option.
B. Instinctive decision-making beats all.
C. Instinctive decision-making has both pros and cons.
D. Deliberation is more important than gut instincts.
【答案】43 B 44. C 45. D 46. C
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人类在生活中何时该相信自己的直觉，即何时需要快思考，何时需要慢思考，以及快慢思考各自的优势。
【43题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段“Strategic maintenance and budget discussions are built on rounds of meetings, memos, formulas and presentations. Processes are increasingly designed to rule out instinctive responses. From blind screening of job applicants to using “red-teaming” techniques to pick apart a firm’s plans, deliberation beats instinct.”（战略维护和预算讨论建立在一轮又一轮的会议、备忘录、公式和演示之上。过程越来越多地被设计为排除本能反应。从盲目筛选求职者到使用“红队”技术来拆解公司的计划，深思熟虑胜过直觉。）以及第三段“Yet instinct also has its place. Some decisions are more connected to emotional responses and inherently less tractable to analysis. Does a marketing campaign capture the essence of your company, say, or would this person work well with other people in a team In tricky customer-service situations, intuition is often a better guide to how to behave than a script.”（然而，本能也有它的作用。有些决定更多地与情绪反应有关，本质上不太容易被分析。比如说，营销活动是否抓住了你公司的精髓，或者这个人是否能与团队中的其他人合作良好？在棘手的客户服务情况下，直觉往往是比脚本更好的行为指南。）可知，对于战略维护和预算讨论等涉及到组织架的完善即分析时适用于深思熟虑的慢思考，而在进行市场营销活动，处理棘手的客户关系，或是与团队成员合作等这些需要即时做出决策的情况，适用于快思考，即相信自己的知觉，“工作机制组织完善”不适合人们相信自己的直觉。故选B。
【44题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“Deliberative thinking is the feature of a well-managed workplace. Strategic maintenance and budget discussions are built on rounds of meetings, memos, formulas and presentations. Processes are increasingly designed to rule out instinctive responses. From blind screening of job applicants to using “red-teaming” techniques to pick apart a firm’s plans, deliberation beats instinct.”（深思熟虑是管理得当的工作场所的特征。战略维护和预算讨论建立在一轮又一轮的会议、备忘录、公式和演示之上。过程越来越多地被设计为排除本能反应。从盲目筛选求职者到使用“红队”技术来拆解公司的计划，深思熟虑胜过直觉。）可知，本段主要通过列举维护公司战略，建立预算，筛选求职者，拆解公司计划等不同情境，论述深思熟虑的适用时机，即介绍支持主要观点的例子。故选C。
【45题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Plenty of research has shown that intuition becomes more accurate with experience.”（大量研究表明，直觉随着经验的增加而变得更加准确。）可得出，经验在培养直觉方面起着至关重要的作用。故选D。
【46题详解】
主旨大意题。根据最后一段“When to use intuition in the workplace rests on its own form of pattern recognition.”（何时在工作场所使用直觉取决于它自己的模式识别形式。）以及“Slow thinking is needed to get the big calls right. But fast thinking is the way to stop deliberation turning to hesitation.”（要做出正确的重大决策，需要缓慢思考。但快速思考是阻止深思熟虑变成犹豫的方法。）可知，文章结尾作者指出慢思考很重要，同时快思考也有自己的优势。因此可知，由于自身的模式不同，本能决策既有好处也有坏处，“本能决策既有优点也有缺点”可能是这篇文章最好的副标题。故选C。
Section C
Directions: Fill in each blank in the article with a proper sentence given below. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
Why People Treat Service Workers Poorly
Whether we’re willing to admit it, most people have treated a service worker poorly, at least to some degree. We’ve said things we regret to a customer-service representative, a flight attendant, a cashier or barista, usually sparked by something not that person’s fault, or not in their control. Though people have always taken out frustrations on service workers, data shows these acts have been on rise in the past few years. ____47____
Generally, humans are generally pretty inflexible. Therefore, when routines get altered, this can upset people and trigger agitation(焦躁不安).“____48____”says Reena B Patel, a San Diego-based psychologist and behaviour analyst.
A long queue at the coffee shop, for instance, might have a domino effect, threatening to throw off the rest of the day’s schedule. It may seem like no big deal, “and people may not realise that’s what they’re stressed about”, says Patel.“But internally, that’s what’s happening. You walk into a restaurant for breakfast thinking you’ll get seated in 15 minutes and instead you’re waiting 45. Now, your whole routine is shifting, and the stress is building up.”
That undercurrent of stress has a tendency to boil over during ordinary tasks, like grabbing coffee or a meal, she adds—even for generally composed, mild-mannered people. ____49____ Suddenly, you’re snapping at a waitress who’s just trying to serve you some pancakes.
This is because people who aren’t in service positions can feel superior to people who are, and it’s much easier to punch down. “____50____”explains Patel.
A. That means a service worker can often be the person in the line of fire.
B. When things are slightly off, or don’t happen the way we expect, it causes natural anxiety.
C. Even though you’re upset, you’re acknowledging—and reminding yourself—that they’re a human, and they have feelings.
D. But outbursts at service workers specifically don’t generally happen just because that person is simply in front of you.
E. Research from the Institute of Customer Service has shown more than half of customer-facing employees report increased incidences of abuse since the start of the pandemic.
F. Even though we shouldn’t look at one occupation being higher in terms of a hierarchy (等级制度)than another, you naturally can fall into that trap and assume that you’re superior.
【答案】47. E 48. B 49. A 50. F
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章探讨了人们对服务员工态度恶劣的原因，首先，人们不善于改变，异常的小事也可能引起紧张和不安，例如咖啡店的长队，可能打破人们的日程节奏，引发人们的压力。其次，人们常常会把自身也无法承受的压力转嫁到服务员工上，因为他们并不在服务岗位，可能会产生优越感。然而，这并不是一个理智的行为，我们应该尊重每一种职业。
【47题详解】
根据前文“Though people have always taken out frustrations on service workers, data shows these acts have been on rise in the past few years. (尽管人们总是把不满情绪发泄在服务人员身上，但数据显示，这些行为在过去几年里呈上升趋势。)”可知，此处指出把不满情绪发泄在服务人员身上的行为这几年是呈上升趋势。E选项“Research from the Institute of Customer Service has shown more than half of customer-facing employees report increased incidences of abuse since the start of the pandemic.(客户服务研究所的研究表明，自疫情开始以来，超过一半的面向客户的员工报告说，虐待事件有所增加。)”通过研究证明前文讲述的事实即虐待员工事件有所增加，承接前文。故选E。
【48题详解】
根据前文“Therefore, when routines get altered, this can upset people and trigger agitation.(因此，当日常生活被改变时，这可能会让人们感到不安并引发躁动。)”可知，此处强调当日常生活不如我们所想时，即发生改变时，我们会感到不安。B选项“When things are slightly off, or don’t happen the way we expect, it causes natural anxiety.(当事情稍微偏离，或者不像我们期望的那样发生时，它会引起自然的焦虑。)”承接前文，对前文进行解释，指出当事情不像我们期望的那样发生时，它会引起自然的焦虑。故选B。
【49题详解】
后文“Suddenly, you’re snapping at a waitress who’s just trying to serve you some pancakes.(突然间，你对一个想给你上煎饼的女服务员发火了。)”可知，前文应该讲述的是某服务人员经常会成为引发你生气的那个人，由此此处强调你突然对该服务员发火。A选项“That means a service worker can often be the person in the line of fire.( 这意味着一名服务人员经常会成为引火线的那个人。)”引起下文，同时解释了上文“That undercurrent of stress has a tendency to boil over during ordinary tasks, like grabbing coffee or a meal, she adds—even for generally composed, mild-mannered people.(她补充说，这种潜在的压力往往会在日常工作（比如喝咖啡或吃饭）中沸腾起来，即使对于一般情绪稳定、举止温和的人也是如此。)”，故选A。
【50题详解】
根据前文“This is because people who aren’t in service positions can feel superior to people who are, and it’s much easier to punch down.(这是因为非服务性职位的人会觉得自己比服务性职位的人优越，而且更容易被打倒。)”可知，此处强调很多人会进入到一个职业误区即非服务性职位的人会觉得自己比服务性职位的人优越。F选项“Even though we shouldn’t look at one occupation being higher in terms of a hierarchy (等级制度)than another, you naturally can fall into that trap and assume that you’re superior.(即使我们不应该认为一个职业在等级上比另一个职业高，但你很自然地会落入这个误区，并认为你比另一个职业高。)”指出该误区导致让我们认为一个职业在等级上比另外一个值也高，符合语境。故选F。
Ⅳ. Summary Writing (10%)
51. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
More than half a year ago, my factory was bought by a large corporation and the majority of the managers lost their jobs, including me. That was the time I decided to do something I’d always wanted to do — become a freelance writer. Changing professions has meant that my lifestyle has changed in a number of ways.
I work just as much as I did before — between 46 and 51 hours a week — but my schedule is much less fixed than it used to be. As a manager, I worked from 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. every day, with a few extra hours on weekends. Now, however, I work when I feel like it. For instance, sometimes I work until midnight or 3 a.m., then sleep until noon. I really prefer this kind of schedule.
While I was working as a manager, I never exercised. I already felt tired after work, so I just came home in the evening and watched TV. However, last December, I joined a health club and began to do regular exercise. As a result, I have lost over 10 pounds and I feel much better. I’ve also started to eat healthier foods. I used to eat a lot of fast food, but now I do my own shopping. I buy lots of fruits and vegetables and cook them at home.
Of course, not all the changes have been that easy. For example, I don’t feel as safe financially as I used to. When I was working as a manager, I never worried much about money. I could always count on getting my paycheck every two weeks. Working freelance, I don’t have a regular paycheck. So now I have to make sure that there’s enough money until the next check arrives.
All in all, I really like my current lifestyle. Of course, that doesn’t mean I’ll never want to have a “regular” job. But for me, at least, it suits me.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】After the author quit his previous job and became a freelance writer, some changes have taken place to his lifestyle. The working schedule becomes more flexible. He has also done more exercise and eaten more healthily. But he is concerned that he might not get regular wages. Anyway, he finds the current lifestyle suitable for him.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者辞去之前的工作，成为一名自由撰稿人之后，他的生活方式发生了一些变化。工作时间表变得更加灵活。他也做了更多的运动，吃得更健康。但他担心自己可能得不到固定工资。不管怎样，他觉得现在的生活方式很适合他。
【详解】After the author quit his previous job and became a freelance writer, some changes have taken place to his lifestyle. The working schedule becomes more flexible. He has also done more exercise and eaten more healthily. But he is concerned that he might not get regular wages. Anyway, he finds the current lifestyle suitable for him.
1 要点摘录
①That was the time I decided to do something I’d always wanted to do — become a freelance writer. Changing professions has meant that my lifestyle has changed in a number of ways.
②I work just as much as I did before — between 46 and 51 hours a week — but my schedule is much less fixed than it used to be.
③However, last December, I joined a health club and began to do regular exercise. I’ve also started to eat healthier foods.
④Working freelance, I don’t have a regular paycheck.
⑤But for me, at least, it suits me.
2.缜密构思
将第1、5两个要点进行重组，将第2、3、4三个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
I decided to become a freelance writer. Changing jobs means that my lifestyle has changed in many ways.
My schedule is more flexible than it used to be.
Gradually, I started exercising regularly and eating healthier food at the same time.
As a freelancer, I was worried about whether I would be able to have a regular salary.
However, I think this lifestyle is suitable for me.
【点睛】[高分句型1] After the author quit his previous job and became a freelance writer, some changes have taken place to his lifestyle.(运用了after连接前后两个句子，同时句中使用现在完成时结构，表达高级)
[高分句型2]：But he is concerned that he might not get regular wages.(运用了that引导宾语从句，表达高级)
Ⅴ. Spelling (3%)
Directions:Write down the derivatives of the given words as required.
52. i______ coming or existing between two events, dates, objects, etc
53. a______ of or belonging to or inherited from an ancestor
54. d______ the fact that a particular person or thing is more powerful, successful, or important than other people or things
55. b______ a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places; a dividing line
56. c______ a sudden failure of something, such as an institution, a business or a course of action
57. d______ a range of many people or things that are very different from each other
【答案】52. interval 53. antique
54. dominance
55. boundary 56. collapse
57. diversity
【解析】
【52题详解】
考查名词。句意：在两个事件、日期、对象等之间出现或存在。根据英文及首字母提示可知，此处使用名词interval，意为“间隔”。故填interval。
【53题详解】
考查名词。句意：属于祖先的或从祖先那里继承的。根据英文及首字母提示可知，此处使用名词antique，意为“古董”。故填antique。
【54题详解】
考查名词。句意：一个特定的人或事物比其他人或事物更强大、成功或重要的事实。根据英文及首字母提示可知，此处使用名词dominance，意为“统治，支配地位”。故填dominance。
【55题详解】
考查名词。句意：一条真实的或想象中的线，它标志着某事物的界限或边缘，并将其与其他事物或地方隔开；分界线。根据英文及首字母提示可知，此处使用名词boundary，意为“界限”。故填boundary。
【56题详解】
考查名词。句意：突然失败某事的突然失败，如一个机构、一个企业或一个行动过程。根据英文及首字母提示可知，此处使用名词collapse，意为“倒塌，瓦解”。故填collapse。
【57题详解】
考查名词。句意：许多人或事物彼此非常不同。根据英文及首字母提示可知，此处使用名词diversity，意为“多样性”。故填diversity。
Ⅵ. Translation (12%)
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English with the words given in the brackets.
58. 那里的村民们应该以其原始形式将传统传承下去。(suppose)(汉译英)
【答案】The villagers there should pass on the tradition in its original form.
【解析】
【详解】考查动词短语和介词短语。表示“村民”应用名词villager，表示“应该”应用情态动词should，其后动词应用原形。表示“传承”应用动词短语pass on，表示“传统”应用名词tradition，表示“以……的形式”应用介词短语in...form，表示“原始的”应用形容词original。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为The villagers there should pass on the tradition in its original form.
59. 人们希望日子过得更好，所以自20世纪90年代以来，大多数鲨鱼的数量下降了90%，这一点也不奇怪。(it; better off) (汉译英)
【答案】People want to be better off, so it’s not surprising that most shark populations have declined by 90% since the 1990s.
【解析】
【详解】考查it作形式主语、形容词短语和现在完成时。表示“想要做某事”应用want to do。表示“日子过得更好”应用形容词短语better off。表示“……并不奇怪”应用固定句式it’s not surprising that，此处用it作形式主语，that引导的主语从句为真正的主语。表示“大多数的”应用形容词most，表示“鲨鱼数量”应用shark populations，表示“下降”应用动词decline，表示幅度应用介词by，表示“自20世纪90年代以来”应用since the 1990s，从句中应用现在完成时。再结合其它汉语意思，故翻译为People want to be better off, so it’s not surprising that most shark populations have declined by 90% since the 1990s.。
60. 根据目前的证据， 海洋生物学家预测，失去这个看护人可能会导致小型食肉动物的数量大幅增加。(bring) (汉译英)
【答案】Based on current evidence, marine biologists predict that the loss of this caregiver can bring about a significant increase in the population of small carnivorous animals.
【解析】
【详解】考查短语、时态、非谓语动词和宾语从句。“根据”用短语be based on，在句中作状语，所以用过去分词形式。“目前的证据”翻译为current evidence；“ 海洋生物学家”翻译为marine biologists ，在句中作主语；“预测”翻译为predict，在句中作谓语动词，后接宾语从句。“失去这个看护人”翻译为the loss of this caregiver，在从句中作主语；“可能”用情态动词can，后接动词原形；“导致”用短语bring about；“小型食肉动物的数量大幅增加”翻译为a significant increase in the population of small carnivorous animals。陈述现在事实，用一般现在时。根据句意，故翻译为Based on current evidence, marine biologists predict that the loss of this caregiver can bring about a significant increase in the population of small carnivorous animals.
Ⅶ. Guided Writing
61. Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
现在城市里有很多家庭请家政服务(housekeeping service)，请你对此现象发表你的看法。内容必须包括：
◆概述城市里有很多家庭请家政服务现象
◆此现象对家庭和社会产生的影响
◆你对此现象的看法
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】We can often see reports that the housekeeping industry is in a state of shortage, which shows more and more people hire housekeeping.
This phenomenon has various effects on the family and society. First, housekeeping can save time to do other things. Office workers increasingly need the help of housekeeping services to help them save from tedious household chores and devote themselves to meaningful things.
Secondly, it helps to reduce family conflicts and promote family harmony. Housekeeping can help young couples maintain family relations and reduce family conflicts after forming a new family.
Finally, housekeeping can also bring convenience to parents. Due to the particularity of work, such as doctors, traffic police may not be able to go home during the New Year. In this case, it is a good choice to find a domestic helper or occasionally call an hourly worker.
Therefore, I think the housekeeping service is necessary.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。要求考生针对城市很多家庭请家政服务现象进行概述，分析这一现象对家庭和社会产生的印象，以及考生对此的看法。
【详解】1. 词汇积累
表明：show →indicate
产生影响：have effects on →have influence on
由于：due to →because of
选择：choice→option
2. 句式拓展
原句：Housekeeping can help young couples maintain family relations and reduce family conflicts after forming a new family.
拓展句：Housekeeping can help young couples maintain family relations and reduce family conflicts after they have formed a new family.
【点睛】【高分句型1】We can often see reports that the housekeeping industry is in a state of shortage, which shows more and more people hire housekeeping.（运用了that引导同位语从句，运用了which引导非限制性定语从句）
【高分句型2】Secondly, it helps to reduce family conflicts and promote family harmony.（运用了动词不定式作宾语）

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