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上海市嘉定区2022-2023学年高二下学期期末统考英语试卷
一、Grammar and Vocabulary （20分）
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Most underrated pleasures of one's life
One of the biggest drivers of good relationships in our lives is a developed level of understanding in those relationships. The relationships 　1． 　 this understanding end up creating too much maintenance work. So it becomes more like luggage or at least something that needs attention or care rather than fun.
I realized it with a couple of friends of mine. Recently my "friend ecosystem" had a sudden change. A couple of them 　2． 　 (leave) although I still have a couple around. I am also adding a couple of new ones.
The whole change made me thoughtful. I started to think about the cause of being better friends with some. It turns out that among the large number of other factors, one of the key ones is 　3． 　 (understand). It can then be extended to personal and even business relationships.
While 　4． 　 (hire) a key employee, one can be sure that it will work well if the other person enjoys and understands you well. It will be far 　5． 　 (productive) as the relationship related maintenance is low and you can focus on actual output. It 　6． 　 help you even when you are looking for funding partners, seed capital or business joint ventures (企业).
Finally, how do you ensure you are understood To start with, make sure that the people who 　7． 　 (matter) to you in any capacity like business, managerial, personal or family have an open relationship with you. Creating an open environment 　8． 　 others can discuss constructive aspects or difficult discussion is important.
Being caring and respectful to 　9． 　 and being truthful are two different things. Truthfulness is as important as being respectful and caring. In the long term, truthfulness will result in a caring relationship, 　10． 　 you are understood well and have an open relationship, you can't be truthful.
When you get to that level with the person where you are completely understood, it will be an awesome feeling!
【答案】1．without；2．left/ have left/ were leaving；3．being understood；4．hiring；5．more productive；6．can/may；7．matter；8．where；9．someone/somebody/one；10．Unless
【知识点】学习教育类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，分析并表达了人与人之间要保持良好的关系，最关键的就是能够被理解，这也是人生中最被低估的乐趣这一观点。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及介词，时态，主谓一致，非谓语动词，形容词，情态动词，定语从句，代词，状语从句以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
1．句意：没有这种理解的关系，最终会产生过多的维护工作。空处应为介词，后接名词短语"this understanding"，表示"没有"。故填without。
2．句意：他们中的一些人离开了，尽管我还有几个朋友在身边。此处是谓语动词；根据上一句中的谓语动词"had"和句意可知，本句表达一些朋友已经离开或是当时正在离开，应用一般过去时、现在完成时或过去进行时；主语是"A couple of them"，谓语应为复数形式。故填left/have left/were leaving。
3．句意：事实证明，在众多其他因素中，其中一个关键因素是被理解。空处应用非谓语动词作表语，表示一般情况，应用动名词；结合第五段中的"Finally, how do you ensure you are understood "最后，你如何包保证自己被理解？；以及本句句意可知，关键因素之一是被理解，应用动名词的被动语态。故填being understood。
4．句意：在雇佣一名关键员工的时候，如果对方很喜欢你，也很理解你，那肯定会很顺利。此处是非谓语动词，作时间状语，与one形成主动关系，应用现在分词。故填hiring。
5．句意：这样做的效率会高得多，因为与关系相关的维护成本较低，你可以专注于实际产出。此处以形容词，作表语；far作副词，一般修饰形容词的比较级形式，表示"……得多"。故填more productive。
6．句意：它能够/可能会帮助你，甚至当你在寻找投资伙伴，原始资本或商业合资企业时。根据谓语动词help和句意可知，空处应为情态动词，表示"能够/可能"。故填can/may
7．句意：首先，确保那些在商业、管理、个人或家庭等方面对你很重要的人与你保持开放的关系。此处时谓语动词，表示"要紧、有关系"；根据have和句意可知，应用一般现在时，表示客观现实；主语是who，指代先行词the people，应用谓语动词应为复数。故填matter。
8．句意： 创造一个开放的环境是很重要的，在这里其他人可以讨论建设性的问题或进行困难的讨论。 others can discuss constructive aspects or difficult discussion is important. 是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词environment，在从句中作状语，表示"在这个环境中"，应用关系副词where。故填where。
9．句意：关心、尊重别人和诚实是两回事。空处应为代词，作宾语，泛指"某人、一个人"，故可用不定代词someone/somebody/one。故填someone/somebody/one。
10．句意：除非你被很好地理解，并且有一个开放的关系，否则你不可能诚实。 you are understood well and have an open relationship是 状语从句；根据前文"Truthfulness is as important as being respectful and caring. "诚实与尊重、关心同样重要。可知，一个人只有在获得关心和尊重，能被别人很好地理解时，才会对对方诚实，根据句意，空处应用unless，表示"除非"；句首字母大写。故填Unless。
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
A. appearances B. imitating C. distinguish D. isolate E. advantageous F. diverse G. identical H. criterion I. markings J. poisonous K. threatening
Why different species start looking exactly the same
Is it better to stand out from the crowd or be similar to the background For birds, the answer is complicated. While peacocks (孔雀) show off their brightly colored feathers to attract mates and ward off predators (捕食者), other birds find it 　11． 　 to hide themselves by imitating the looks of other birds.
Groups of birds flying together often come from the same species, making it hard to 　12． 　 one from another. However, some groups of birds including two or more species take on similar 　13． 　, which is an uncommon phenomenon. "They all share random features, like feathers on head or yellow bellies (腹部), which makes them almost 　14． 　. You can't really tell them apart without looking at their 　15． 　." says Scott Robinson, a famous scholar. His new study suggests 　16． 　 another bird's appearance is not a coincidence (巧合) but rather an evolutionary method to increase their chances of survival. Looking like a bird from a dominant specter helps reduce attack from other members and appear more 　17． 　 to potential predators.
"In imitation, you often want to look like something because there's an advantage to being that other thing. You want species to think you're 　18． 　 or low-profitable target" says Rebecca Kimball, a professor of biology. "In grouping birds, one idea is that this has more to do with a predator's ability to 　19． 　 a target. When there are a group of birds moving around, it may be easier for predators to identify an individual that has a distinct color pattern."
While it may not seem like it at first, imitating other birds is helping to create more 　20． 　 species. Not only do birds imitate more than one species as they grow up, but their appearance varies over time.
【答案】11．E；12．C；13．A；14．G；15．I；16．B；17．K；18．J；19．D；20．F
【知识点】短文填词；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不同物种模仿其他物种特征的原因。
【点评】考查选词填空，考查词汇在篇章中的运用能力，答题时首先要跳过空格通读文章掌握其大意，然后细读文章字斟句酌逐一作答，注意考虑句型、语法、搭配、语境等因素，最后通读一遍检查验证。
11．句意：虽然孔雀炫耀其色彩鲜艳的羽毛来吸引配偶和抵御捕食者，但其他鸟类则发现通过模仿别的鸟类的外表来隐藏自己是有利的。"find it+adj.+to do sth."是固定句型，所以空处应用形容词作宾补。根据"While peacocks(孔雀) show off their brightly colored feathers to attract mates and ward off predators(捕食者)"，While引导让步状语从句，所以这里与上文形成转折，表示的是虽然孔雀展示自己色彩鲜艳的羽毛，但其他鸟类发现模仿别的鸟类外表是有利的。advantageous意为"有利的，有好处的"。故选E。
12．句意：成群的鸟类经常来自同一物种，使得很难区分彼此。根据空前的不定式符号to，这里应用动词原形。根据空后的"one from another"，这里是说难以区分彼此。distinguish意为"区分，辨别"。故选C。
13．句意：然而，有两个或两个以上物种的一些鸟类群体具有相似的外观，这是一种罕见的现象。根据空前的"similar"可知，这里应用名词作宾语。根据下文中的"They all share random features"，这里是说这些鸟的外表相似。appearance意为"外表"，此处不止一只鸟的外表，应用复数。故选A。
14．句意：它们都有随机的特征，比如头上的羽毛或黄色的腹部，这使它们几乎完全相同。"make+宾语+宾补"是固定结构，分析句子结构，这里应用形容词作宾补。根据下文中的"You can't really tell them apart"，这里是说这些鸟看起来几乎一样。identical意为"完全同样的，相同的"。故选G。
15．句意：如果不看它们的标记，你就无法真正区分它们。根据空前的their，空处应用名词作宾语。根据空前的"without looking at their"，这里是说如果不看这些鸟的标记，就不能把它们区分开，"标记"为名词marking，表示不止一个标记，应用复数。故选I。
16．句意：他的新研究表明，模仿另一只鸟的外表并不是巧合，而是一种增加它们生存机会的进化方法。根据空后的"another bird's appearance"和第一段中的"by imitating the looks of other birds"，这里是说模仿另一只鸟的外表。imitate意为"模仿"，分析句子结构，suggests后面是一个宾语从句，空处作主语，应用动名词形式imitating。故选B。
17．句意：看起来像一只优势种类的鸟有助于减少其他成员的攻击，并显得对潜在的捕食者更有威胁。空处应用形容词，作appear的表语。根据句中的"Looking like a bird from a dominant species helps reduce attack from other members"，这里是说外表像优势种类的鸟可以看起来对潜在的捕食者更有威胁。threatening意为"威胁的"。故选K。
18．句意：你想让物种认为你是有毒的或好处少的目标。根据空前的you're，空处应用形容词作表语。根据or后的low-profitable，前后表达的特征相近，这种特征可以让捕食者打消猎捕的念头，所以让对方认为有毒可以达到目的。poisonous意为"有毒的"。故选J。
19．句意：在对鸟类进行分组时，一种想法是，这更多地与捕食者找出目标的能力有关。空前有不定式符号to，所以空处应用动词原形。根据下文中的"it may be easier for predators to identify an individual that has a distinct color pattern"，捕食者更容易识别有不同特征的鸟，即有找出目标的能力。isolate意为"将……剔出（以便看清和单独处理）"。故选D。
20．句意：虽然一开始可能看起来不像，但模仿其他鸟类有助于创造更多样化的物种。根据空前的more和空后的species，这里应用形容词作定语，修饰名词species。根据下文中的"their appearance varies over time"，这里是说模仿有助于创造出更加多样的物种。diverse意为"多样化的"。故选F。
二、Reading Comprehension(15分)
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） For each blank in the following passage (here are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Most people have seen animals solve problems in one context or another Whether it's a dog getting food out of a puzzle toy, a squirrel (松鼠) breaking into a "squirrel-proof, bird feeder, or — in what is hopefully a rarer experience — a bear opening a door to get to the food inside!
Do all individuals within a species come up with 21． solutions to problems Or are some individuals more innovative than others In ungulates (for example, goats and horses), social outsiders are more likely to innovate than their 22． groupmates: if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task.
23． , in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don't have 24． of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more.
The above examples tie into the theory that the individuals who are least able to gain access to good quality 25． , such as food and shelter, are the most likely to innovate. This "bad competitor" theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 26． . Imagine you're a goat who can't get access to the feeding container because you're not in the in-group. You'd probably be more 27． to figure out how to open a container with food inside than your more popular (and well-fed) groupmates.
However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns. 28． , being a "bad competitor" doesn't seem to be a general driver of innovation across species. 29． appears to have a more general influence on animal innovativeness. A meta-analysis (综合分析) across 37 studies of animal innovation found that being brave (that is, approaching 30． objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior. For example, brave Carib grackles (a species of bird) and ungulates are more likely to innovate than their more easily frightened groupmates. 31． has also been linked to innovation in a variety of species, from zebra finches (斑胸草雀) to Asian elephants.
Both make instinctive sense. The more likely an individual is to 32． with a new problem (that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are), the more likely they are to find a(n) 33． .
Regardless of the reason individuals innovate, once an individual finds a solution to a problem, 34． a problem involving resource access, their behavior can spread like wildfire. Other individuals pay attention when a groupmate innovates, and 35． the problem-solving behavior.
21．A．instant B．comprehensive C．fair D．creative
22．A．friendly B．popular C．close D．faithful
23．A．Similarly B．Inevitably C．Apparently D．Gradually
24．A．purpose B．priority C．pressure D．potential
25．A．services B．materials C．goods D．resources
26．A．pretend B．compete C．survive D．evolve
27．A．reluctant B．excited C．motivated D．confused
28．A．Thus B．Besides C．Still D．Meanwhile
29．A．Emotion B．Gender C．Appearance D．Personality
30．A．living B．novel C．endangered D．ideal
31．A．Persistence B．Intelligence C．Performance D．Confidence
32．A．conflict B．compare C．interact D．identify
33．A．position B．object C．solution D．chance
34．A．absolutely B．fortunately C．definitely D．particularly
35．A．copy B．change C．influence D．evaluate
【答案】21．D；22．B；23．A；24．B；25．D；26．C；27．C；28．A；29．D；30．B；31．A；32．C；33．C；34．D；35．A
【知识点】科普类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，通过对动物行为的研究探索创新的原因。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
21．句意：一个物种中的所有个体都能想出创造性的解决方案吗？A. instant"速食的，短暂的 "；B. comprehensive"综合的"；C. fair "公平的"；D. creative"创造性的，有创造力的"。根据下文"Or are some individuals more innovative than others "可知本空应和innovative意思相近。故选D。
22．句意：在有蹄类动物（例如山羊和马）中，社会中的局外者比它们受欢迎的群体伙伴更有可能创新：如果一个人花时间在群体的外部区域，他们更有可能成功完成解决问题的任务。A. friendly"友好的"；B. popular"受欢迎的"；C. close"亲密的"；D. faithful"忠诚的"。根据 空前"social outsiders are more likely to innovate"和空后"if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task."可推知社会中的局外者比它们受欢迎的群体伙伴更有可能创新受欢迎的。故选B。
23．句意：同样，在一些灵长类动物和鸟类物种中，研究表明，社会地位较低的个体——即那些经常输掉战斗的人，以及那些没有优先获得宝贵资源的人——往往会进行更多的创新。A. Similarly"相似地，同样"；B. Inevitably"不可避免地"；C. Apparently"显然地"；D. Gradually"逐步地"。根据空后"in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don't have 4 of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more."可推知此处所描述的情况和上一句描述的情况差不多。故选A。
24．句意：同样，在一些灵长类动物和鸟类物种中，研究表明，社会地位较低的个体——即那些经常输掉战斗的人，以及那些没有优先获得宝贵资源的个体——往往会进行更多的创新。A. purpose "意图，目的"；B. priority"优先，优先权"；C. pressure "压力"；D. potential"可能性，潜力"。根据空前"lose fights"和空后"access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more."可推知这些动物不能优先获得好的资源。故选B。
25．句意：上述例子与这样一种理论相吻合，即最不可能获得优质资源（如食物和住所）的个体最有可能进行创新。A. services"公共服务系统，公共事业"； B. materials"材料"； C. goods "商品"；D. resources"资源"。根据上文"valuable resources"；以及空后"such as food and shelter"可判断最不可能获得优质资源的动物最有可能进行创新。故选D。
26．句意：这种"不良竞争对手"理论表明，个体创新是因为他们必须这样做才能生存。A. pretend"假装 "；B. compete "竞争"；C. survive"生存，幸存" ；D. evolve"发展，进化"。根据上文"who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter"，可知这些不良竞争对手生存艰难，必须创新才能生存下去。故选C。
27．句意：你可能会比你更受欢迎（而且吃得很好）的同伴更有动力想出如何打开一个装有食物的容器。A. reluctant" 不情愿的"；B. excited "激动的"；C. motivated"有积极性的"；D. confused"困惑的"。根据上文"This ‘bad competitor' theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 6 "可知"不良竞争对手"为了生存更有动力想去解决问题。故选C。
28．句意：因此，成为一个"糟糕的竞争对手"似乎并不是跨物种创新的一般驱动力。A. Thus"因此"；B. Besides "此外"；C. Still "还，还是，仍然"；D. Meanwhile"同时"。根据上文"However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns."和空后"being a ‘bad competitor' doesn't seem to be a general driver of innovation across species."可知空格后为空格前句子的结论。故选A。
29．句意：性格似乎对动物的创新能力有更普遍的影响。A. Emotion"情感"；B. Gender"性别"；C. Appearance"外表"；D. Personality"性格，个性"。根据下文"being brave (that is, approaching 10 objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior"可知性格对动物的创新能力有更普遍的影响。故选D。
30．句意：一项对37项动物创新研究的综合分析发现，勇敢（即接近新物体和探索新环境）与创新行为有关。A. living"活的"；B. novel "新颖的"；C. endangered"濒危的"；D. ideal"理想的"。根据空后"and exploring new environments"可推知and前想表达"接近新物体"与"and exploring new environments"相对应。故选B。
31．句意：坚持不懈也与从斑胸雀到亚洲象等多种物种的创新有关。A. Persistence "持久性"；B. Intelligence"智力"；C. Performance "表演"；D. Confidence"信心"。根据下文"that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem"可知此处想表达坚持不懈创新。故选A。
32．句意：一个个体越有可能与一个新问题互动（也就是说，他们越勇敢，花越多的时间试图解决一个问题（也就是他们越坚持不懈），他们就越有可能找到解决方案。A. conflict"冲突"；B. compare"比较"；C. interact "互动，沟通"；D. identify"识别"。根据空后"that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are"可推断这是个体与解决问题的互动。故选C。
33．句意：一个个体越有可能与一个新问题互动（也就是说，他们越勇敢，花越多的时间试图解决一个问题（也就是他们越坚持不懈），他们就越有可能找到解决方案。A. position"位置"；B. object "物体，目标"；C. solution"解决方案"；D. chance"机会"。根据空前"they spend trying to solve a problem"可知，他们就想找到解决方案。故选C。
34．句意：不管个体创新的原因是什么，一旦一个个体找到了问题的解决方案，尤其是涉及资源获取的问题，他们的行为就会像野火一样蔓延。A. absolutely"绝对地，完全地"；B. fortunately "幸运地"；C. definitely"当然，确实，确切地"；D. particularly"特别，尤其"。根据上文"who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter"可知资源尤其重要，此处想表达"尤其是涉及资源获取的问题"。故选D。
35．句意：当群体成员创新时，其他个体会注意，并模仿解决问题的行为。A. copy"复制，模仿"；B. change"改变"；C. influence"影响"；D. evaluate"评估"。根据上文"their behavior can spread like wildfire"，可知其他个体会模仿创新行为。故选A。
三、Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (30分)
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Reading Comprehension
A schoolgirl has created a solar-powered backpack that filters (过滤) out air pollution after being inspired by her asthmatic (患哮喘病的) mother.
Eleanor Woods, 12, from a town in northern England, entered the "Backpack to the Future" competition after her mother put the application form in her room. She went on to win the award for her innovative bag.
The "Backpack to the Future" competition was launched to change perceptions, encourage more diversity within engineering and to show children how they could combine an interest in fashion with a career in STEM (science, technology, engineering or maths).
Powered by green energy from solar power and a dynamo—a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy—the backpack filters polluted air before fanning out cleaner air nearby.
"I have an air filter at home because my mum has mild asthma. My Breathe Better Backpack is all about keeping my friends, family and classmates safe using an air filter. It looks cool and will help get kids outside and fight off colds," said Eleanor. "The first thing that came to mind is that blue is one of my favorite colors and blue feels clean and the bubbles on the outside have a clean theme for breathing."
The pandemic encouraged Eleanor's awareness of how pollution affects a person's health and the spread of diseases. Spending a lot of time with her asthmatic mum over several lockdowns gave the 12-year-old food for thought. The schoolgirl added, "My generation is really aware of pollution, and we have lessons on it at school along with diseases spreading, and this is another reason I designed this, because it is getting much worse." The young designer said she is becoming increasingly aware of the pollution that surrounds her, as she lives on a main road. Eleanor said, "I walk to school, next to the road, and can taste the petrol when buses come through."
Speaking after winning the competition, Eleanor said the impact of her backpack will he far- reaching. "If just a few people start using it, it could be really good for the planet," she said.
36．According to the passage, the "Backpack to the Future" competition aims to ____.
A．introduce the diversity within engineering
B．develop people's interest in fashion design
C．encourage application of STEM to fashion
D．raise the public awareness of air pollution
37．Eleanor invented the Breathe Better Backpack to ____.
A．cure her mother's mild asthma by transforming energy
B．help those who need air filters by reducing air pollution
C．attract kids1 attention by its colors and bubbles outside
D．prevent diseases spreading by fanning out cleaner air
38．Which of the following is TRUE about the backpack
A．The outside design of it shows the theme of the competition.
B．Eleanor's inspiration to invent it comes from bubbles.
C．It is equipped with an energy transfer to produce fresh air.
D．Its impact on the competition will be far-reaching.
39．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A．Use of Backpack Brings Benefits to Environment
B．Young Designers are Becoming Aware of Pollution
C．Mother assists Schoolgirl in Winning Competition
D．Schoolgirl Creates Bag that Filters out Air Pollution
【答案】36．C
37．B
38．C
39．D
【知识点】细节理解题；故事阅读类；记叙文；文章大意
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了12岁的Eleanor Woods在哮喘母亲的启发下，制作了一个太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
36．考查细节理解。根据第三段"The ‘Backpack to the Future' competition was launched to change perceptions, encourage more diversity within engineering and to show children how they could combine an interest in fashion with a career in STEM (science, technology, engineering or maths)."发起‘面向未来的背包'比赛是为了改变人们的观念，鼓励工程领域的更多多样性，并向孩子们展示他们可以如何将对时尚的兴趣与STEM——科学、技术、工程或数学——方面的事业相结合。可知，这个比赛旨在鼓励同学们将STEM应用到时尚上。故选C。
37．考查细节理解。根据第一段"A schoolgirl has created a solar-powered backpack that filters(过滤) out air pollution after being inspired by her asthmatic (患哮喘病的) mother."一名女学生在哮喘母亲的启发下，制作了一个太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染；以及第五段中的"My Breathe Better Backpack is all about keeping my friends, family and classmates safe using an air filter."我的Breathe Better背包完全是为了通过用空气过滤器来保护我的朋友、家人和同学的安全。可知，Eleanor发明Breathe Better背包是为了通过减少空气污染来帮助那些需要空气过滤器的人。故选B。
38．考查细节理解。根据第四段"Powered by green energy from solar power and a dynamo — a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy — the backpack filters polluted air before fanning out cleaner air nearby."背包由太阳能和发电机——一种将机械能转化为电能的机器——提供的绿色能源提供动力，过滤污染的空气，然后在附近扇出更清洁的空气。可知，这个背包配备了一个能源转换器，可以产生新鲜空气。故选C。
39．考查主旨大意。根据第一段"A schoolgirl has created a solar-powered backpack that filters (过滤) out air pollution after being inspired by her asthmatic (患哮喘病的) mother."一名女学生在哮喘母亲的启发下，制作了一个太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染。点明主题：一名女学生制作了一个可以过滤空气污染的太阳能背包。"女学生发明了一种滤除空气污染的包"最适合作本文标题。故选D。
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Reading Comprehension
BBC Science Focus Magazine Subscription Ideas, discoveries, and the big questions answered Annual frequency: 14 Issues Per Year Delivery: UK & Worldwide Next issue available: 08 Jul 2023 Cancellation About the magazine FAQ Give a gift Q. When will my subscription start A. You can choose the first issue of your subscription during our checkout If you are buying as a gift you can make sure their first magazine does not arrive before a certain date. If you do not select a future date your first magazine will the next issue available. We are unable to start a subscription for a previous issue or the latest copy on sale in shops. When you subscribe through you will receive an order confirmation email stating the date of your first issue. Q. I selected an offer with an Added Extra. When will this arrive A. If the subscription offer you select includes an Added Extra we will send it to the address of the person paying for the subscription. Our Added Extras are sent separately from the magazine and will arrive within 28 working days of your payment being processed. Added Extra items are currently only available for delivery within the UK. Q. How can I keep track of my subscription or change my delivery address A. By creating an account on you are able to see when your next issue is duet, how many issues you have remaining on your current payment, change your delivery address, and I renew your subscription.
40．According to the passage, if readers choose "Single payment", the price of an issue of the print edition is about ____.
A．$6 B．$8 C．$14 D．$20
41．According to the passage, you'll receive ____ as a first magazine if you forget to set a date.
A．the first issue B．the latest copy
C．the next issue D．the previous issue
42．The passage is mainly intended to ____.
A．describe the features and functions of the magazine
B．offer detailed information about buying the magazine
C．explain the differences between print and digital edition
D．answer some questions raised by the regular readers
【答案】40．A
41．C
42．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；数字计算题；时文广告类；应用文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，是一个网站介绍BBC《科学焦点》杂志的订阅信息。
【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题、推理判断题数字计算题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。
40．考查数字计算。根据图片中Single payment部分的信息，如果一次性支付，14期总价110美元可以再打折20%，所以每一期所花费的钱为110×(1-20%)÷14≈6（美元）。故选A。
41．考查细节理解。根据"Q．When will my subscription start "部分中的"If you do not select a future date your first magazine will the next issue available."如果你不选择未来的日期，你的第一本杂志将是下一期。可知，如果你忘记设定日期，你的第一本杂志将会是下一期的杂志。故选C。
42．考查推理判断。通读全文，尤其是标题"BBC Science Focus Magazine Subscription"可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是提供购买杂志的详细信息。故选B。
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Reading Comprehension
As plastic waste increases rapidly around the world, an essential question remains unanswered: What harm, if any, does it cause to human health
A few years ago, as microplastics began turning up in the organs of fish and shellfish, the concern was focused on the safety of seafood. Shellfish were a particular worry, because in their case, unlike fish, we eat the entire animal — stomach, microplastics and all. In 2017, Belgian scientists announced that seafood lovers could consume up to 11,000 plastic particles (粒子) a year by eating mussels (贻贝), a favorite dish in that country.
By then, however, scientists already understood that plastics continuously fragment small pieces in the environment, tearing over time into fibers even smaller than a strand of human hair — particles are so small that they easily fly in the air. A team at the U.K.'s University of Plymouth decided to compare the threat from eating polluted wild mussels in Scotland to that of breathing air in a typical home. Their conclusion: People will take in more plastic by breathing in or taking tiny, invisible plastic fibers floating in the air around them—fibers from their own clothes, carpets, and soft covering on furniture — than they will by eating the mussels.
So, it wasn't much of a surprise when, in 2022, scientists from the Netherlands and the U.K, announced they had found tiny plastic particles in living humans, in two places where they hadn't been seen before: deep inside the lungs of surgical patients, and in the blood of unknown donors. Neither of the two studies answered the question of possible harm. But together they signaled a shift in the focus of concern about plastics toward the cloud of dust particles in the air, some of them are so small that they can get into deep inside the body and even inside cells, in ways that larger microplastics can't
Dick Vethaak, a professor of ecotoxicology (生态毒理学), doesn't consider the results alarming, exactly—"but, yes, we should be concerned. Plastics should not be in your blood." "We live in a multi-particle world," he adds, referring to the dust, pollen (花粉), and smog that humans also breathe in every day. "The trick is to figure out how much plastics contribute to that particle burden and what does that mean."
43．What does the word "fragment" in para. 3 probably mean
A．break into B．take in C．pick out D．make up
44．The study done by a team at the U K.'s University of Plymouth shows that ____.
A．microplastics from things in our daily life ant more poisonous
B．people eating polluted mussels are more likely to get diseases
C．invisible plastic fibers are more harmful to the environment
D．the influence of microplastics in mussels is less than thought
45．It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A．microplastics in polluted wild mussels can cause serious diseases
B．there's no need to worry about the plastics found in human blood
C．we can avoid breathing particles by figuring out particle burden
D．more attention should be paid to the dust particles than plastics
46．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A．Are Microplastics Harmful to Us
B．Should Microplastics be in Our Blood
C．Can Microplastics Get into Our Bodies
D．Do We Know Anything about Microplastics
【答案】43．A
44．D
45．D
46．A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；环境保护类；议论文；文章大意
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了随着塑料垃圾在全球范围内迅速增加，它对人类是否有危害，如果有的话，它会对人类健康造成什么伤害这一问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
43．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"By then, however, scientists already understood that plastics continuously fragment small pieces in the environment, tearing over time into fibers even smaller than a strand of human hair — particles are so small that they easily fly in the air. "然而，到那时，科学家们已经明白，塑料在环境中不断地分解成小块，随着时间的推移，它们被撕裂成比一缕头发还小的纤维——这些颗粒非常小，很容易在空气中飞行。可知，塑料最终会成为非常小的碎片颗粒。动词短语break into pieces表示"成为碎片"与 fragment 同义，故选A。
44．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Their conclusion: People will take in more plastic by breathing in or taking tiny, invisible plastic fibers floating in the air around them—fibers from their own clothes, carpets, and soft covering on furniture — than they will by eating the mussels."他们的结论是:人们会通过呼吸或吸入漂浮在周围空气中的微小的、看不见的塑料纤维——来自他们自己的衣服、地毯和家具上柔软覆盖物的纤维——来摄入比吃贻贝更多的塑料。可知，英国普利茅斯大学的一个研究小组所做的研究表明，在贻贝中微塑料的影响比想象的要小。故选D。
45．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"But together they signaled a shift in the focus of concern about plastics toward the cloud of dust particles in the air, some of them are so small that they can get into deep inside the body and even inside cells, in ways that larger microplastics can't."但它们共同标志着人们对塑料的关注焦点转向了空气中的尘埃颗粒云，其中一些尘埃颗粒非常小，可以进入人体深处，甚至进入细胞内，这是较大的微塑料无法做到的。可知，比起塑料，人们应该更多关注尘埃颗粒。故选D。
46．考查主旨大意。根据第一段"As plastic waste increases rapidly around the world, an essential question remains unanswered: What harm, if any, does it cause to human health "随着塑料垃圾在全球范围内迅速增加，一个重要的问题仍未得到解答:如果有的话，它会对人类健康造成什么伤害 ；及全文内容可知，本文主要在讨论微塑料是否对人类有害这一问题。故选A。
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. But texting instead of talking can seem antisocial. B. It can also be quicker than having to chat with someone, although I feel you can still end up wasting time by having a full discussion by text! C. But despite having the instant ability to talk to one another, it seems many of us prefer to communicate by text. D. If it's taking you more than 10 minutes to compose a response, you may be better off calling the person. E. The privacy of messages sent and received is protected. F. But what our smartphones now allow us to do enables us to communicate in any number of quick, cheap but silent ways.
Texting or Talking
The telephone was an amazing invention. People could finally speak to each other instantly from one home to another. The mobile phone took this technology further, meaning we could make contact with people to and from almost anywhere in the world. 　47． 　
I don't mean we have taken up letter writing again. Although a handwritten letter has a personal touch, sending it by post is too slow to satisfy our desire to keep in touch immediately. 　48． 　 A study in the UK a few years ago found 49 per cent of teenagers preferred to send a text rather than speak to someone.
Certainly sending an SMS, text or message through a chat app means we can compose what we want to say, and we can be more efficient in saying it — especially if we express ourselves by using emojis (表情符号). 　49． 　 Text messaging also allows privacy — other people can't overhear your text if you're in a public place such as on a train.
　50． 　 We may even forget the art of pleasantries (客套). A text can be misinterpreted too because you miss out on a speaker's intonation (语调). We always speak with melody and intonation to our voice… you take that channel of information out of communication, you lose another way that sense is being conveyed.
【答案】47．C；48．F；49．B；50．A
【知识点】信息匹配；日常生活类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了用电话发信息和打电话的利弊。
【点评】考查六选四，本文是一篇生活类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
47．根据空前"The mobile phone took this technology further, meaning we could make contact with people to and from almost anywhere in the world."手机进一步推动了这项技术的发展，这意味着我们几乎可以与来自世界任何地方的人联系。讲述了手机使得和世界任何地方的人联系变得更加方便；以及空后"I don't mean we have taken up letter writing again."我的意思不是说我们又开始写信了。提到前面说的事情不是写信。所以空处应是与前文形成转折，且讲述的内容应和写信接近，C. But despite having the instant ability to talk to one another, it seems many of us prefer to communicate by text."但是，尽管我们能够即时相互交谈，但我们中的许多人似乎更喜欢通过文本进行交流。"承上启下，符合语境。故选C。
48．根据空前"Although a handwritten letter has a personal touch, sending it by post is too slow to satisfy our desire to keep in touch immediately."尽管一封手写的信具有个人色彩，但邮寄太慢，无法满足我们立即保持联系的愿望。讲述了用信交流太慢，无法保持即时联系，F. But what our smartphones now allow us to do enables us to communicate in any number of quick, cheap but silent ways."但我们的智能手机现在允许我们做的事情使我们能够以各种快速、廉价但无声的方式进行交流。"与上文形成转折，指出用智能手机发信息快速、便宜，符合语境，故选F。
49．根据空前"Certainly sending an SMS, text or message through a chat app means we can compose what we want to say, and we can be more efficient in saying it — especially if we express ourselves by using emojis(表情符号)."当然，通过聊天应用程序发送SMS、短信或消息意味着我们可以写下我们想说的话，而且我们可以更有效地表达出来——尤其是如果我们使用表情符号来表达自己。讲述了用手机发信息可以组织自己想说的话并且可以更有效地表达出来，B. It can also be quicker than having to chat with someone, although I feel you can still end up wasting time by having a full discussion by text!"这也可以比不得不与某人聊天更快，尽管我觉得你通过短信进行全面讨论仍然会浪费时间！"讲述了用手机发信息的另一个好处，It指代上文的"sending an SMS, text or message through a chat app"。故选B。
50．根据空后"We may even forget the art of pleasantries(客套). A text can be misinterpreted too because you miss out on a speaker's intonation(语调)."我们甚至可能忘记了客套的艺术。短信也可能被误解，因为你遗漏了说话者的语调。讲述了发信息的缺点， A. But texting instead of talking can seem antisocial. "但发短信而不是聊天似乎不合群。"与上文讲述的发信息的好处形成转折，衔接下文讲述的发信息的具体坏处。故选A。
四、Translate the expressions according to the Chinese given. (14分)
51．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） The singer 　 　 (得到钢琴伴奏) by her sister.
【答案】was accompanied at/on the piano
【知识点】动词的语态；固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：这位歌手由她姐姐用钢琴伴奏。accompany sb. at/on the piano固定短语，"用钢琴给某人伴奏"。根据句意，主语The singer和accompany之间是被动关系，且这里表示过去的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was accompanied at/on the piano。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时的被动语态以及固定短语accompany sb. at/on the piano。
52．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） My choice 　 　 (基于假设) that house price would remain steady.
【答案】was based on the assumption
【知识点】固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：我的选择是基于房价将保持稳定的假设。结合提示词及would判断主句用一般过去时，应用固定短语was based on"基于"。 assumption"假设"作介词on的宾语。故答案为was based on the assumption。
【点评】考查汉译英。本题涉及一般过去时以及固定短语be based on。
53．（2023高二下·嘉定期末）After four months' study, he 　 　 (被授予证书).
【答案】was awarded a certificate
【知识点】动词的语态；固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：经过四个月的学习，他获得了证书。award意为"奖励，授予"，award sb. sth.固定短语，"奖励某人某物，授予某人某物"；certificate意为"证书"。根据句中的时间状语After four months' study，这里表示过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，且主语he和award之间是动宾关系，所以应用一般过去时的被动语态。故答案为was awarded a certificate。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时的被动语态以及固定短语award sb. sth.。
54．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） What the witness said in court 　 　 (与……不一致) the statement he made to the police.
【答案】was not consistent with
【知识点】固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：证人在法庭上所说的话与他向警方所作的陈述不一致。be consistent with固定短语，"和……一致"，本句应用其否定形式，即在be动词后加not。根据句中的made，应用一般过去时，主语是"What the witness said in court"为主语从句，看成第三人称单数，be动词应用was。故答案为was not consistent with。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时的被动语态以及固定短语be consistent with。
55．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） The report includes 　 　 (公司未来发展的全面评估).
【答案】a comprehensive assessment of the company's future development
【知识点】汉译英；形容词的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：该报告包括对公司未来发展的全面评估。结合汉语提示可知用comprehensive"全面的"作定语修饰名词assessment"评估"，a comprehensive assessment作includes的宾语。用of表示所属。"公司未来发展"翻译为" the company's future development"。故答案为a comprehensive assessment of the company's future development。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及形容词作定语以及名词短语作宾语。
56．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） I always have some extra cash with me 　 　 (以备急需).
【答案】for emergency
【知识点】固定短语；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：我总是带一些额外的现金以备不时之需。根据汉语提示，这里应用for emergency，为介词短语，意为"以备急需"，作状语。故填for emergency。
【点评】考查汉译英，以及固定短语 for emergency 。
57．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） The terms of the supermarket 　 　 (使顾客有权换货或全额退款) when they buy low-quality products.
【答案】entitle customers to (get) a replacement or refund
【知识点】固定短语；一般现在时；汉译英；动词不定式
【解析】【分析】句意：超市的条款规定，顾客在购买低质量产品时有权换货或退款。表示"让某人有权做某事/得到某物"应用动词短语entitle sb. to do sth./entitle sb. to sth.，作主句谓语动词，根据句意可知句子用一般现在时，且主语The terms of the supermarket为复数形式，故谓语entitle用原形。复数形式customers做entitle的宾语。并列连词or连接(get) a replacement 和refund放在动词不定式符号to后作宾补/或名词replacement和refund作介词to的宾语。故答案为entitle customers to (get) a replacement or refund。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，不定式作宾补以及固定短语entitle sb. to do sth./entitle sb. to sth.。
五、Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. (3+4+4+5=16分)
58．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 在网上下单时，记得核对信息。(order)
【答案】When you order/ordering online, remember to check the information.
【知识点】时间状语从句；祈使句；汉译英
【解析】【分析】"在网上下单时"可翻译为when引导的时间状语从句；"记得核对信息"可翻译为祈使句。"在网上"可表示为online；"下单"可表示为order；"记得"可表示为remember，remember to do sth.意为"记得去做某事"，其中不定式作宾语；"核对"可表示为check；"信息"可表示为information。根据句意，主从句的主语一致，所以时间状语从句也可省略主语you，order和逻辑主语"你"之间是主谓关系，所以可用现在分词形式。故答案为：When you order/ordering online, remember to check the information.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及时间状语从句、非谓语动词和祈使句。
59．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 这个古镇以许多传统活动为特色，是绝佳的旅游胜地。(feature v.)
【答案】The ancient town features/is featuring a number of traditional events/ activities, and/so it is an ideal/perfect tourist destination.
【知识点】固定短语；并列句；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，根据题干，本句可翻译为and连接的并列句。"古镇"可表示为ancient town；"以……为特色"可表示为feature；"许多"可表示为a number of；"传统活动"可表示为traditional events/ activities；"绝佳的"可表示为ideal/perfect；"旅游胜地"可表示为tourist destination。故答案为：The ancient town features a number of traditional events/ activities, and it is an ideal/a perfect tourist destination.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及并列句，以及固定短语a number of。
60．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 有了这个应用程序，用户很容易就能在手机上进行个性化学习。(it)
【答案】With the app/application, it's easy for users to have personalized learning on their mobile/cell phones.
【知识点】一般现在时；固定句式；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，本句可用it is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.结构，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式。"有了"可表示为with；"应用程序"可表示为app/application；"容易"可表示为easy；"在手机上"可表示为on mobile/cell phones；"个性化学习"可表示为personalized learning。故答案为：With the app/application, it's easy for users to have personalized learning on their mobile/cell phones.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，以及固定句式"it is+adj.+for sb. to do sth."。
61．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 篮球队的成功有赖于学校的大力支持，学校提供了充足的资金用于购买训练设施等必需品。(provide)
【答案】The success of the basketball team depends on the great/strong support from the school, as the school (has) provided sufficient funds for the team to purchase/buy training facilities and other necessaries.
【知识点】固定短语；一般现在时；一般过去时；现在完成时；原因状语从句；汉译英
【解析】【分析】本句可表示为有as引导的原因状语从句的主从复合句；"篮球队"可表示为basketball team；"……的成功"可表示为the success of...；"有赖于"可表示为depend on；"支持"可表示为support ；"提供"可表示为provide，provide sth. for sb.固定搭配，意为"给某人提供某物"；"充足的资金"可表示为sufficient funds；"购买"可表示为purchase/buy，应用不定式作宾语补足语；"训练设施"可表示为training facilities；"必需品"可表示为necessaries。故答案为：The success of the basketball team depends on the great/strong support from the school, as the school has provided sufficient funds for the team to purchase/buy training facilities and other necessaries.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，现在完成时/一般过去时，原因状语从句以及固定短语depend on和provide sth. for sb.
六、Guided writing (25分)
62．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的学生李华，你校图书馆打算开展一次主题为"阅读的力量"的读书活动，现向全校学生征集活动方案，写一封信给图书馆，推荐活动方案，内容须包括：
1. 具体的活动安排；
2. 活动的意义。
【答案】暂未更新
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以明启中学的学生李华的身份 写一封信给图书馆，推荐活动方案 。写作背景： 你校图书馆打算开展一次主题为"阅读的力量"的读书活动，现向全校学生征集活动方案 。写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文： 1. 具体的活动安排；2. 活动的意义。考生需要根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），并进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。最后连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点评】本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
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上海市嘉定区2022-2023学年高二下学期期末统考英语试卷
一、Grammar and Vocabulary （20分）
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Most underrated pleasures of one's life
One of the biggest drivers of good relationships in our lives is a developed level of understanding in those relationships. The relationships 　1． 　 this understanding end up creating too much maintenance work. So it becomes more like luggage or at least something that needs attention or care rather than fun.
I realized it with a couple of friends of mine. Recently my "friend ecosystem" had a sudden change. A couple of them 　2． 　 (leave) although I still have a couple around. I am also adding a couple of new ones.
The whole change made me thoughtful. I started to think about the cause of being better friends with some. It turns out that among the large number of other factors, one of the key ones is 　3． 　 (understand). It can then be extended to personal and even business relationships.
While 　4． 　 (hire) a key employee, one can be sure that it will work well if the other person enjoys and understands you well. It will be far 　5． 　 (productive) as the relationship related maintenance is low and you can focus on actual output. It 　6． 　 help you even when you are looking for funding partners, seed capital or business joint ventures (企业).
Finally, how do you ensure you are understood To start with, make sure that the people who 　7． 　 (matter) to you in any capacity like business, managerial, personal or family have an open relationship with you. Creating an open environment 　8． 　 others can discuss constructive aspects or difficult discussion is important.
Being caring and respectful to 　9． 　 and being truthful are two different things. Truthfulness is as important as being respectful and caring. In the long term, truthfulness will result in a caring relationship, 　10． 　 you are understood well and have an open relationship, you can't be truthful.
When you get to that level with the person where you are completely understood, it will be an awesome feeling!
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） After reading the passage below, fill in each blank with a proper word given in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one more word than you need.
A. appearances B. imitating C. distinguish D. isolate E. advantageous F. diverse G. identical H. criterion I. markings J. poisonous K. threatening
Why different species start looking exactly the same
Is it better to stand out from the crowd or be similar to the background For birds, the answer is complicated. While peacocks (孔雀) show off their brightly colored feathers to attract mates and ward off predators (捕食者), other birds find it 　11． 　 to hide themselves by imitating the looks of other birds.
Groups of birds flying together often come from the same species, making it hard to 　12． 　 one from another. However, some groups of birds including two or more species take on similar 　13． 　, which is an uncommon phenomenon. "They all share random features, like feathers on head or yellow bellies (腹部), which makes them almost 　14． 　. You can't really tell them apart without looking at their 　15． 　." says Scott Robinson, a famous scholar. His new study suggests 　16． 　 another bird's appearance is not a coincidence (巧合) but rather an evolutionary method to increase their chances of survival. Looking like a bird from a dominant specter helps reduce attack from other members and appear more 　17． 　 to potential predators.
"In imitation, you often want to look like something because there's an advantage to being that other thing. You want species to think you're 　18． 　 or low-profitable target" says Rebecca Kimball, a professor of biology. "In grouping birds, one idea is that this has more to do with a predator's ability to 　19． 　 a target. When there are a group of birds moving around, it may be easier for predators to identify an individual that has a distinct color pattern."
While it may not seem like it at first, imitating other birds is helping to create more 　20． 　 species. Not only do birds imitate more than one species as they grow up, but their appearance varies over time.
二、Reading Comprehension(15分)
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） For each blank in the following passage (here are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Most people have seen animals solve problems in one context or another Whether it's a dog getting food out of a puzzle toy, a squirrel (松鼠) breaking into a "squirrel-proof, bird feeder, or — in what is hopefully a rarer experience — a bear opening a door to get to the food inside!
Do all individuals within a species come up with 21． solutions to problems Or are some individuals more innovative than others In ungulates (for example, goats and horses), social outsiders are more likely to innovate than their 22． groupmates: if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task.
23． , in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don't have 24． of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more.
The above examples tie into the theory that the individuals who are least able to gain access to good quality 25． , such as food and shelter, are the most likely to innovate. This "bad competitor" theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 26． . Imagine you're a goat who can't get access to the feeding container because you're not in the in-group. You'd probably be more 27． to figure out how to open a container with food inside than your more popular (and well-fed) groupmates.
However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns. 28． , being a "bad competitor" doesn't seem to be a general driver of innovation across species. 29． appears to have a more general influence on animal innovativeness. A meta-analysis (综合分析) across 37 studies of animal innovation found that being brave (that is, approaching 30． objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior. For example, brave Carib grackles (a species of bird) and ungulates are more likely to innovate than their more easily frightened groupmates. 31． has also been linked to innovation in a variety of species, from zebra finches (斑胸草雀) to Asian elephants.
Both make instinctive sense. The more likely an individual is to 32． with a new problem (that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are), the more likely they are to find a(n) 33． .
Regardless of the reason individuals innovate, once an individual finds a solution to a problem, 34． a problem involving resource access, their behavior can spread like wildfire. Other individuals pay attention when a groupmate innovates, and 35． the problem-solving behavior.
21．A．instant B．comprehensive C．fair D．creative
22．A．friendly B．popular C．close D．faithful
23．A．Similarly B．Inevitably C．Apparently D．Gradually
24．A．purpose B．priority C．pressure D．potential
25．A．services B．materials C．goods D．resources
26．A．pretend B．compete C．survive D．evolve
27．A．reluctant B．excited C．motivated D．confused
28．A．Thus B．Besides C．Still D．Meanwhile
29．A．Emotion B．Gender C．Appearance D．Personality
30．A．living B．novel C．endangered D．ideal
31．A．Persistence B．Intelligence C．Performance D．Confidence
32．A．conflict B．compare C．interact D．identify
33．A．position B．object C．solution D．chance
34．A．absolutely B．fortunately C．definitely D．particularly
35．A．copy B．change C．influence D．evaluate
三、Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read. (30分)
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Reading Comprehension
A schoolgirl has created a solar-powered backpack that filters (过滤) out air pollution after being inspired by her asthmatic (患哮喘病的) mother.
Eleanor Woods, 12, from a town in northern England, entered the "Backpack to the Future" competition after her mother put the application form in her room. She went on to win the award for her innovative bag.
The "Backpack to the Future" competition was launched to change perceptions, encourage more diversity within engineering and to show children how they could combine an interest in fashion with a career in STEM (science, technology, engineering or maths).
Powered by green energy from solar power and a dynamo—a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy—the backpack filters polluted air before fanning out cleaner air nearby.
"I have an air filter at home because my mum has mild asthma. My Breathe Better Backpack is all about keeping my friends, family and classmates safe using an air filter. It looks cool and will help get kids outside and fight off colds," said Eleanor. "The first thing that came to mind is that blue is one of my favorite colors and blue feels clean and the bubbles on the outside have a clean theme for breathing."
The pandemic encouraged Eleanor's awareness of how pollution affects a person's health and the spread of diseases. Spending a lot of time with her asthmatic mum over several lockdowns gave the 12-year-old food for thought. The schoolgirl added, "My generation is really aware of pollution, and we have lessons on it at school along with diseases spreading, and this is another reason I designed this, because it is getting much worse." The young designer said she is becoming increasingly aware of the pollution that surrounds her, as she lives on a main road. Eleanor said, "I walk to school, next to the road, and can taste the petrol when buses come through."
Speaking after winning the competition, Eleanor said the impact of her backpack will he far- reaching. "If just a few people start using it, it could be really good for the planet," she said.
36．According to the passage, the "Backpack to the Future" competition aims to ____.
A．introduce the diversity within engineering
B．develop people's interest in fashion design
C．encourage application of STEM to fashion
D．raise the public awareness of air pollution
37．Eleanor invented the Breathe Better Backpack to ____.
A．cure her mother's mild asthma by transforming energy
B．help those who need air filters by reducing air pollution
C．attract kids1 attention by its colors and bubbles outside
D．prevent diseases spreading by fanning out cleaner air
38．Which of the following is TRUE about the backpack
A．The outside design of it shows the theme of the competition.
B．Eleanor's inspiration to invent it comes from bubbles.
C．It is equipped with an energy transfer to produce fresh air.
D．Its impact on the competition will be far-reaching.
39．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A．Use of Backpack Brings Benefits to Environment
B．Young Designers are Becoming Aware of Pollution
C．Mother assists Schoolgirl in Winning Competition
D．Schoolgirl Creates Bag that Filters out Air Pollution
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Reading Comprehension
BBC Science Focus Magazine Subscription Ideas, discoveries, and the big questions answered Annual frequency: 14 Issues Per Year Delivery: UK & Worldwide Next issue available: 08 Jul 2023 Cancellation About the magazine FAQ Give a gift Q. When will my subscription start A. You can choose the first issue of your subscription during our checkout If you are buying as a gift you can make sure their first magazine does not arrive before a certain date. If you do not select a future date your first magazine will the next issue available. We are unable to start a subscription for a previous issue or the latest copy on sale in shops. When you subscribe through you will receive an order confirmation email stating the date of your first issue. Q. I selected an offer with an Added Extra. When will this arrive A. If the subscription offer you select includes an Added Extra we will send it to the address of the person paying for the subscription. Our Added Extras are sent separately from the magazine and will arrive within 28 working days of your payment being processed. Added Extra items are currently only available for delivery within the UK. Q. How can I keep track of my subscription or change my delivery address A. By creating an account on you are able to see when your next issue is duet, how many issues you have remaining on your current payment, change your delivery address, and I renew your subscription.
40．According to the passage, if readers choose "Single payment", the price of an issue of the print edition is about ____.
A．$6 B．$8 C．$14 D．$20
41．According to the passage, you'll receive ____ as a first magazine if you forget to set a date.
A．the first issue B．the latest copy
C．the next issue D．the previous issue
42．The passage is mainly intended to ____.
A．describe the features and functions of the magazine
B．offer detailed information about buying the magazine
C．explain the differences between print and digital edition
D．answer some questions raised by the regular readers
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Reading Comprehension
As plastic waste increases rapidly around the world, an essential question remains unanswered: What harm, if any, does it cause to human health
A few years ago, as microplastics began turning up in the organs of fish and shellfish, the concern was focused on the safety of seafood. Shellfish were a particular worry, because in their case, unlike fish, we eat the entire animal — stomach, microplastics and all. In 2017, Belgian scientists announced that seafood lovers could consume up to 11,000 plastic particles (粒子) a year by eating mussels (贻贝), a favorite dish in that country.
By then, however, scientists already understood that plastics continuously fragment small pieces in the environment, tearing over time into fibers even smaller than a strand of human hair — particles are so small that they easily fly in the air. A team at the U.K.'s University of Plymouth decided to compare the threat from eating polluted wild mussels in Scotland to that of breathing air in a typical home. Their conclusion: People will take in more plastic by breathing in or taking tiny, invisible plastic fibers floating in the air around them—fibers from their own clothes, carpets, and soft covering on furniture — than they will by eating the mussels.
So, it wasn't much of a surprise when, in 2022, scientists from the Netherlands and the U.K, announced they had found tiny plastic particles in living humans, in two places where they hadn't been seen before: deep inside the lungs of surgical patients, and in the blood of unknown donors. Neither of the two studies answered the question of possible harm. But together they signaled a shift in the focus of concern about plastics toward the cloud of dust particles in the air, some of them are so small that they can get into deep inside the body and even inside cells, in ways that larger microplastics can't
Dick Vethaak, a professor of ecotoxicology (生态毒理学), doesn't consider the results alarming, exactly—"but, yes, we should be concerned. Plastics should not be in your blood." "We live in a multi-particle world," he adds, referring to the dust, pollen (花粉), and smog that humans also breathe in every day. "The trick is to figure out how much plastics contribute to that particle burden and what does that mean."
43．What does the word "fragment" in para. 3 probably mean
A．break into B．take in C．pick out D．make up
44．The study done by a team at the U K.'s University of Plymouth shows that ____.
A．microplastics from things in our daily life ant more poisonous
B．people eating polluted mussels are more likely to get diseases
C．invisible plastic fibers are more harmful to the environment
D．the influence of microplastics in mussels is less than thought
45．It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A．microplastics in polluted wild mussels can cause serious diseases
B．there's no need to worry about the plastics found in human blood
C．we can avoid breathing particles by figuring out particle burden
D．more attention should be paid to the dust particles than plastics
46．Which of the following might be the best title for the passage
A．Are Microplastics Harmful to Us
B．Should Microplastics be in Our Blood
C．Can Microplastics Get into Our Bodies
D．Do We Know Anything about Microplastics
（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.
A. But texting instead of talking can seem antisocial. B. It can also be quicker than having to chat with someone, although I feel you can still end up wasting time by having a full discussion by text! C. But despite having the instant ability to talk to one another, it seems many of us prefer to communicate by text. D. If it's taking you more than 10 minutes to compose a response, you may be better off calling the person. E. The privacy of messages sent and received is protected. F. But what our smartphones now allow us to do enables us to communicate in any number of quick, cheap but silent ways.
Texting or Talking
The telephone was an amazing invention. People could finally speak to each other instantly from one home to another. The mobile phone took this technology further, meaning we could make contact with people to and from almost anywhere in the world. 　47． 　
I don't mean we have taken up letter writing again. Although a handwritten letter has a personal touch, sending it by post is too slow to satisfy our desire to keep in touch immediately. 　48． 　 A study in the UK a few years ago found 49 per cent of teenagers preferred to send a text rather than speak to someone.
Certainly sending an SMS, text or message through a chat app means we can compose what we want to say, and we can be more efficient in saying it — especially if we express ourselves by using emojis (表情符号). 　49． 　 Text messaging also allows privacy — other people can't overhear your text if you're in a public place such as on a train.
　50． 　 We may even forget the art of pleasantries (客套). A text can be misinterpreted too because you miss out on a speaker's intonation (语调). We always speak with melody and intonation to our voice… you take that channel of information out of communication, you lose another way that sense is being conveyed.
四、Translate the expressions according to the Chinese given. (14分)
51．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） The singer 　 　 (得到钢琴伴奏) by her sister.
52．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） My choice 　 　 (基于假设) that house price would remain steady.
53．（2023高二下·嘉定期末）After four months' study, he 　 　 (被授予证书).
54．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） What the witness said in court 　 　 (与……不一致) the statement he made to the police.
55．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） The report includes 　 　 (公司未来发展的全面评估).
56．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） I always have some extra cash with me 　 　 (以备急需).
57．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） The terms of the supermarket 　 　 (使顾客有权换货或全额退款) when they buy low-quality products.
五、Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. (3+4+4+5=16分)
58．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 在网上下单时，记得核对信息。(order)
59．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 这个古镇以许多传统活动为特色，是绝佳的旅游胜地。(feature v.)
60．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 有了这个应用程序，用户很容易就能在手机上进行个性化学习。(it)
61．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） 篮球队的成功有赖于学校的大力支持，学校提供了充足的资金用于购买训练设施等必需品。(provide)
六、Guided writing (25分)
62．（2023高二下·嘉定期末） Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.
假设你是明启中学的学生李华，你校图书馆打算开展一次主题为"阅读的力量"的读书活动，现向全校学生征集活动方案，写一封信给图书馆，推荐活动方案，内容须包括：
1. 具体的活动安排；
2. 活动的意义。
答案解析部分
【答案】1．without；2．left/ have left/ were leaving；3．being understood；4．hiring；5．more productive；6．can/may；7．matter；8．where；9．someone/somebody/one；10．Unless
【知识点】学习教育类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，分析并表达了人与人之间要保持良好的关系，最关键的就是能够被理解，这也是人生中最被低估的乐趣这一观点。
【点评】考查语法填空，本题考点涉及介词，时态，主谓一致，非谓语动词，形容词，情态动词，定语从句，代词，状语从句以及固定搭配等多个知识点的考查，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，并结合相关语法知识，进行分析推理，从而写出正确的单词形式。
1．句意：没有这种理解的关系，最终会产生过多的维护工作。空处应为介词，后接名词短语"this understanding"，表示"没有"。故填without。
2．句意：他们中的一些人离开了，尽管我还有几个朋友在身边。此处是谓语动词；根据上一句中的谓语动词"had"和句意可知，本句表达一些朋友已经离开或是当时正在离开，应用一般过去时、现在完成时或过去进行时；主语是"A couple of them"，谓语应为复数形式。故填left/have left/were leaving。
3．句意：事实证明，在众多其他因素中，其中一个关键因素是被理解。空处应用非谓语动词作表语，表示一般情况，应用动名词；结合第五段中的"Finally, how do you ensure you are understood "最后，你如何包保证自己被理解？；以及本句句意可知，关键因素之一是被理解，应用动名词的被动语态。故填being understood。
4．句意：在雇佣一名关键员工的时候，如果对方很喜欢你，也很理解你，那肯定会很顺利。此处是非谓语动词，作时间状语，与one形成主动关系，应用现在分词。故填hiring。
5．句意：这样做的效率会高得多，因为与关系相关的维护成本较低，你可以专注于实际产出。此处以形容词，作表语；far作副词，一般修饰形容词的比较级形式，表示"……得多"。故填more productive。
6．句意：它能够/可能会帮助你，甚至当你在寻找投资伙伴，原始资本或商业合资企业时。根据谓语动词help和句意可知，空处应为情态动词，表示"能够/可能"。故填can/may
7．句意：首先，确保那些在商业、管理、个人或家庭等方面对你很重要的人与你保持开放的关系。此处时谓语动词，表示"要紧、有关系"；根据have和句意可知，应用一般现在时，表示客观现实；主语是who，指代先行词the people，应用谓语动词应为复数。故填matter。
8．句意： 创造一个开放的环境是很重要的，在这里其他人可以讨论建设性的问题或进行困难的讨论。 others can discuss constructive aspects or difficult discussion is important. 是限制性定语从句，修饰先行词environment，在从句中作状语，表示"在这个环境中"，应用关系副词where。故填where。
9．句意：关心、尊重别人和诚实是两回事。空处应为代词，作宾语，泛指"某人、一个人"，故可用不定代词someone/somebody/one。故填someone/somebody/one。
10．句意：除非你被很好地理解，并且有一个开放的关系，否则你不可能诚实。 you are understood well and have an open relationship是 状语从句；根据前文"Truthfulness is as important as being respectful and caring. "诚实与尊重、关心同样重要。可知，一个人只有在获得关心和尊重，能被别人很好地理解时，才会对对方诚实，根据句意，空处应用unless，表示"除非"；句首字母大写。故填Unless。
【答案】11．E；12．C；13．A；14．G；15．I；16．B；17．K；18．J；19．D；20．F
【知识点】短文填词；科普类
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了不同物种模仿其他物种特征的原因。
【点评】考查选词填空，考查词汇在篇章中的运用能力，答题时首先要跳过空格通读文章掌握其大意，然后细读文章字斟句酌逐一作答，注意考虑句型、语法、搭配、语境等因素，最后通读一遍检查验证。
11．句意：虽然孔雀炫耀其色彩鲜艳的羽毛来吸引配偶和抵御捕食者，但其他鸟类则发现通过模仿别的鸟类的外表来隐藏自己是有利的。"find it+adj.+to do sth."是固定句型，所以空处应用形容词作宾补。根据"While peacocks(孔雀) show off their brightly colored feathers to attract mates and ward off predators(捕食者)"，While引导让步状语从句，所以这里与上文形成转折，表示的是虽然孔雀展示自己色彩鲜艳的羽毛，但其他鸟类发现模仿别的鸟类外表是有利的。advantageous意为"有利的，有好处的"。故选E。
12．句意：成群的鸟类经常来自同一物种，使得很难区分彼此。根据空前的不定式符号to，这里应用动词原形。根据空后的"one from another"，这里是说难以区分彼此。distinguish意为"区分，辨别"。故选C。
13．句意：然而，有两个或两个以上物种的一些鸟类群体具有相似的外观，这是一种罕见的现象。根据空前的"similar"可知，这里应用名词作宾语。根据下文中的"They all share random features"，这里是说这些鸟的外表相似。appearance意为"外表"，此处不止一只鸟的外表，应用复数。故选A。
14．句意：它们都有随机的特征，比如头上的羽毛或黄色的腹部，这使它们几乎完全相同。"make+宾语+宾补"是固定结构，分析句子结构，这里应用形容词作宾补。根据下文中的"You can't really tell them apart"，这里是说这些鸟看起来几乎一样。identical意为"完全同样的，相同的"。故选G。
15．句意：如果不看它们的标记，你就无法真正区分它们。根据空前的their，空处应用名词作宾语。根据空前的"without looking at their"，这里是说如果不看这些鸟的标记，就不能把它们区分开，"标记"为名词marking，表示不止一个标记，应用复数。故选I。
16．句意：他的新研究表明，模仿另一只鸟的外表并不是巧合，而是一种增加它们生存机会的进化方法。根据空后的"another bird's appearance"和第一段中的"by imitating the looks of other birds"，这里是说模仿另一只鸟的外表。imitate意为"模仿"，分析句子结构，suggests后面是一个宾语从句，空处作主语，应用动名词形式imitating。故选B。
17．句意：看起来像一只优势种类的鸟有助于减少其他成员的攻击，并显得对潜在的捕食者更有威胁。空处应用形容词，作appear的表语。根据句中的"Looking like a bird from a dominant species helps reduce attack from other members"，这里是说外表像优势种类的鸟可以看起来对潜在的捕食者更有威胁。threatening意为"威胁的"。故选K。
18．句意：你想让物种认为你是有毒的或好处少的目标。根据空前的you're，空处应用形容词作表语。根据or后的low-profitable，前后表达的特征相近，这种特征可以让捕食者打消猎捕的念头，所以让对方认为有毒可以达到目的。poisonous意为"有毒的"。故选J。
19．句意：在对鸟类进行分组时，一种想法是，这更多地与捕食者找出目标的能力有关。空前有不定式符号to，所以空处应用动词原形。根据下文中的"it may be easier for predators to identify an individual that has a distinct color pattern"，捕食者更容易识别有不同特征的鸟，即有找出目标的能力。isolate意为"将……剔出（以便看清和单独处理）"。故选D。
20．句意：虽然一开始可能看起来不像，但模仿其他鸟类有助于创造更多样化的物种。根据空前的more和空后的species，这里应用形容词作定语，修饰名词species。根据下文中的"their appearance varies over time"，这里是说模仿有助于创造出更加多样的物种。diverse意为"多样化的"。故选F。
【答案】21．D；22．B；23．A；24．B；25．D；26．C；27．C；28．A；29．D；30．B；31．A；32．C；33．C；34．D；35．A
【知识点】科普类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，通过对动物行为的研究探索创新的原因。
【点评】考查完形填空，本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇科研类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。
21．句意：一个物种中的所有个体都能想出创造性的解决方案吗？A. instant"速食的，短暂的 "；B. comprehensive"综合的"；C. fair "公平的"；D. creative"创造性的，有创造力的"。根据下文"Or are some individuals more innovative than others "可知本空应和innovative意思相近。故选D。
22．句意：在有蹄类动物（例如山羊和马）中，社会中的局外者比它们受欢迎的群体伙伴更有可能创新：如果一个人花时间在群体的外部区域，他们更有可能成功完成解决问题的任务。A. friendly"友好的"；B. popular"受欢迎的"；C. close"亲密的"；D. faithful"忠诚的"。根据 空前"social outsiders are more likely to innovate"和空后"if an individual spends time on the outer areas of their group, they are more likely to succeed at a problem-solving task."可推知社会中的局外者比它们受欢迎的群体伙伴更有可能创新受欢迎的。故选B。
23．句意：同样，在一些灵长类动物和鸟类物种中，研究表明，社会地位较低的个体——即那些经常输掉战斗的人，以及那些没有优先获得宝贵资源的人——往往会进行更多的创新。A. Similarly"相似地，同样"；B. Inevitably"不可避免地"；C. Apparently"显然地"；D. Gradually"逐步地"。根据空后"in some species of primates (灵长类动物) and birds, it has been shown that individuals with low social standing — that is, those who regularly lose fights, and who don't have 4 of access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more."可推知此处所描述的情况和上一句描述的情况差不多。故选A。
24．句意：同样，在一些灵长类动物和鸟类物种中，研究表明，社会地位较低的个体——即那些经常输掉战斗的人，以及那些没有优先获得宝贵资源的个体——往往会进行更多的创新。A. purpose "意图，目的"；B. priority"优先，优先权"；C. pressure "压力"；D. potential"可能性，潜力"。根据空前"lose fights"和空后"access to valuable resources — tend to innovate more."可推知这些动物不能优先获得好的资源。故选B。
25．句意：上述例子与这样一种理论相吻合，即最不可能获得优质资源（如食物和住所）的个体最有可能进行创新。A. services"公共服务系统，公共事业"； B. materials"材料"； C. goods "商品"；D. resources"资源"。根据上文"valuable resources"；以及空后"such as food and shelter"可判断最不可能获得优质资源的动物最有可能进行创新。故选D。
26．句意：这种"不良竞争对手"理论表明，个体创新是因为他们必须这样做才能生存。A. pretend"假装 "；B. compete "竞争"；C. survive"生存，幸存" ；D. evolve"发展，进化"。根据上文"who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter"，可知这些不良竞争对手生存艰难，必须创新才能生存下去。故选C。
27．句意：你可能会比你更受欢迎（而且吃得很好）的同伴更有动力想出如何打开一个装有食物的容器。A. reluctant" 不情愿的"；B. excited "激动的"；C. motivated"有积极性的"；D. confused"困惑的"。根据上文"This ‘bad competitor' theory suggests that individuals innovate because they must do so to 6 "可知"不良竞争对手"为了生存更有动力想去解决问题。故选C。
28．句意：因此，成为一个"糟糕的竞争对手"似乎并不是跨物种创新的一般驱动力。A. Thus"因此"；B. Besides "此外"；C. Still "还，还是，仍然"；D. Meanwhile"同时"。根据上文"However, while there is support for this theory in some species, many species show opposing patterns."和空后"being a ‘bad competitor' doesn't seem to be a general driver of innovation across species."可知空格后为空格前句子的结论。故选A。
29．句意：性格似乎对动物的创新能力有更普遍的影响。A. Emotion"情感"；B. Gender"性别"；C. Appearance"外表"；D. Personality"性格，个性"。根据下文"being brave (that is, approaching 10 objects and exploring new environments) was linked to innovative behavior"可知性格对动物的创新能力有更普遍的影响。故选D。
30．句意：一项对37项动物创新研究的综合分析发现，勇敢（即接近新物体和探索新环境）与创新行为有关。A. living"活的"；B. novel "新颖的"；C. endangered"濒危的"；D. ideal"理想的"。根据空后"and exploring new environments"可推知and前想表达"接近新物体"与"and exploring new environments"相对应。故选B。
31．句意：坚持不懈也与从斑胸雀到亚洲象等多种物种的创新有关。A. Persistence "持久性"；B. Intelligence"智力"；C. Performance "表演"；D. Confidence"信心"。根据下文"that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem"可知此处想表达坚持不懈创新。故选A。
32．句意：一个个体越有可能与一个新问题互动（也就是说，他们越勇敢，花越多的时间试图解决一个问题（也就是他们越坚持不懈），他们就越有可能找到解决方案。A. conflict"冲突"；B. compare"比较"；C. interact "互动，沟通"；D. identify"识别"。根据空后"that is, the braver they are, and the more time they spend trying to solve a problem (that is, the more persistent they are"可推断这是个体与解决问题的互动。故选C。
33．句意：一个个体越有可能与一个新问题互动（也就是说，他们越勇敢，花越多的时间试图解决一个问题（也就是他们越坚持不懈），他们就越有可能找到解决方案。A. position"位置"；B. object "物体，目标"；C. solution"解决方案"；D. chance"机会"。根据空前"they spend trying to solve a problem"可知，他们就想找到解决方案。故选C。
34．句意：不管个体创新的原因是什么，一旦一个个体找到了问题的解决方案，尤其是涉及资源获取的问题，他们的行为就会像野火一样蔓延。A. absolutely"绝对地，完全地"；B. fortunately "幸运地"；C. definitely"当然，确实，确切地"；D. particularly"特别，尤其"。根据上文"who are least able to gain access to good quality 5 , such as food and shelter"可知资源尤其重要，此处想表达"尤其是涉及资源获取的问题"。故选D。
35．句意：当群体成员创新时，其他个体会注意，并模仿解决问题的行为。A. copy"复制，模仿"；B. change"改变"；C. influence"影响"；D. evaluate"评估"。根据上文"their behavior can spread like wildfire"，可知其他个体会模仿创新行为。故选A。
【答案】36．C
37．B
38．C
39．D
【知识点】细节理解题；故事阅读类；记叙文；文章大意
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了12岁的Eleanor Woods在哮喘母亲的启发下，制作了一个太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解和主旨大意两个题型的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，考生需要准确捕捉细节信息，并根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
36．考查细节理解。根据第三段"The ‘Backpack to the Future' competition was launched to change perceptions, encourage more diversity within engineering and to show children how they could combine an interest in fashion with a career in STEM (science, technology, engineering or maths)."发起‘面向未来的背包'比赛是为了改变人们的观念，鼓励工程领域的更多多样性，并向孩子们展示他们可以如何将对时尚的兴趣与STEM——科学、技术、工程或数学——方面的事业相结合。可知，这个比赛旨在鼓励同学们将STEM应用到时尚上。故选C。
37．考查细节理解。根据第一段"A schoolgirl has created a solar-powered backpack that filters(过滤) out air pollution after being inspired by her asthmatic (患哮喘病的) mother."一名女学生在哮喘母亲的启发下，制作了一个太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染；以及第五段中的"My Breathe Better Backpack is all about keeping my friends, family and classmates safe using an air filter."我的Breathe Better背包完全是为了通过用空气过滤器来保护我的朋友、家人和同学的安全。可知，Eleanor发明Breathe Better背包是为了通过减少空气污染来帮助那些需要空气过滤器的人。故选B。
38．考查细节理解。根据第四段"Powered by green energy from solar power and a dynamo — a machine that changes mechanical energy into electrical energy — the backpack filters polluted air before fanning out cleaner air nearby."背包由太阳能和发电机——一种将机械能转化为电能的机器——提供的绿色能源提供动力，过滤污染的空气，然后在附近扇出更清洁的空气。可知，这个背包配备了一个能源转换器，可以产生新鲜空气。故选C。
39．考查主旨大意。根据第一段"A schoolgirl has created a solar-powered backpack that filters (过滤) out air pollution after being inspired by her asthmatic (患哮喘病的) mother."一名女学生在哮喘母亲的启发下，制作了一个太阳能背包，可以过滤空气污染。点明主题：一名女学生制作了一个可以过滤空气污染的太阳能背包。"女学生发明了一种滤除空气污染的包"最适合作本文标题。故选D。
【答案】40．A
41．C
42．B
【知识点】推理判断题；细节理解题；数字计算题；时文广告类；应用文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇应用文，是一个网站介绍BBC《科学焦点》杂志的订阅信息。
【点评】考查阅读理解，包含细节理解题、推理判断题数字计算题，是一篇介绍类阅读，注意先略读文章，掌握文章大意，再分析题干及选项，到文中找到相关内容并进行理解。
40．考查数字计算。根据图片中Single payment部分的信息，如果一次性支付，14期总价110美元可以再打折20%，所以每一期所花费的钱为110×(1-20%)÷14≈6（美元）。故选A。
41．考查细节理解。根据"Q．When will my subscription start "部分中的"If you do not select a future date your first magazine will the next issue available."如果你不选择未来的日期，你的第一本杂志将是下一期。可知，如果你忘记设定日期，你的第一本杂志将会是下一期的杂志。故选C。
42．考查推理判断。通读全文，尤其是标题"BBC Science Focus Magazine Subscription"可推知，这篇文章的主要目的是提供购买杂志的详细信息。故选B。
【答案】43．A
44．D
45．D
46．A
【知识点】推理判断题；词义猜测题；细节理解题；环境保护类；议论文；文章大意
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了随着塑料垃圾在全球范围内迅速增加，它对人类是否有危害，如果有的话，它会对人类健康造成什么伤害这一问题。
【点评】本题考点涉及细节理解，词义猜测，推理判断和主旨大意四个题型的考查，是一篇环保类阅读，要求考生在捕捉细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析，推理，概括和归纳，从而选出正确答案。
43．考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的"By then, however, scientists already understood that plastics continuously fragment small pieces in the environment, tearing over time into fibers even smaller than a strand of human hair — particles are so small that they easily fly in the air. "然而，到那时，科学家们已经明白，塑料在环境中不断地分解成小块，随着时间的推移，它们被撕裂成比一缕头发还小的纤维——这些颗粒非常小，很容易在空气中飞行。可知，塑料最终会成为非常小的碎片颗粒。动词短语break into pieces表示"成为碎片"与 fragment 同义，故选A。
44．考查细节理解。根据第三段中的"Their conclusion: People will take in more plastic by breathing in or taking tiny, invisible plastic fibers floating in the air around them—fibers from their own clothes, carpets, and soft covering on furniture — than they will by eating the mussels."他们的结论是:人们会通过呼吸或吸入漂浮在周围空气中的微小的、看不见的塑料纤维——来自他们自己的衣服、地毯和家具上柔软覆盖物的纤维——来摄入比吃贻贝更多的塑料。可知，英国普利茅斯大学的一个研究小组所做的研究表明，在贻贝中微塑料的影响比想象的要小。故选D。
45．考查推理判断。根据第四段中的"But together they signaled a shift in the focus of concern about plastics toward the cloud of dust particles in the air, some of them are so small that they can get into deep inside the body and even inside cells, in ways that larger microplastics can't."但它们共同标志着人们对塑料的关注焦点转向了空气中的尘埃颗粒云，其中一些尘埃颗粒非常小，可以进入人体深处，甚至进入细胞内，这是较大的微塑料无法做到的。可知，比起塑料，人们应该更多关注尘埃颗粒。故选D。
46．考查主旨大意。根据第一段"As plastic waste increases rapidly around the world, an essential question remains unanswered: What harm, if any, does it cause to human health "随着塑料垃圾在全球范围内迅速增加，一个重要的问题仍未得到解答:如果有的话，它会对人类健康造成什么伤害 ；及全文内容可知，本文主要在讨论微塑料是否对人类有害这一问题。故选A。
【答案】47．C；48．F；49．B；50．A
【知识点】信息匹配；日常生活类；议论文
【解析】【分析】本文是一篇议论文，论述了用电话发信息和打电话的利弊。
【点评】考查六选四，本文是一篇生活类阅读，要求在理解细节信息的基础上，着重考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。
47．根据空前"The mobile phone took this technology further, meaning we could make contact with people to and from almost anywhere in the world."手机进一步推动了这项技术的发展，这意味着我们几乎可以与来自世界任何地方的人联系。讲述了手机使得和世界任何地方的人联系变得更加方便；以及空后"I don't mean we have taken up letter writing again."我的意思不是说我们又开始写信了。提到前面说的事情不是写信。所以空处应是与前文形成转折，且讲述的内容应和写信接近，C. But despite having the instant ability to talk to one another, it seems many of us prefer to communicate by text."但是，尽管我们能够即时相互交谈，但我们中的许多人似乎更喜欢通过文本进行交流。"承上启下，符合语境。故选C。
48．根据空前"Although a handwritten letter has a personal touch, sending it by post is too slow to satisfy our desire to keep in touch immediately."尽管一封手写的信具有个人色彩，但邮寄太慢，无法满足我们立即保持联系的愿望。讲述了用信交流太慢，无法保持即时联系，F. But what our smartphones now allow us to do enables us to communicate in any number of quick, cheap but silent ways."但我们的智能手机现在允许我们做的事情使我们能够以各种快速、廉价但无声的方式进行交流。"与上文形成转折，指出用智能手机发信息快速、便宜，符合语境，故选F。
49．根据空前"Certainly sending an SMS, text or message through a chat app means we can compose what we want to say, and we can be more efficient in saying it — especially if we express ourselves by using emojis(表情符号)."当然，通过聊天应用程序发送SMS、短信或消息意味着我们可以写下我们想说的话，而且我们可以更有效地表达出来——尤其是如果我们使用表情符号来表达自己。讲述了用手机发信息可以组织自己想说的话并且可以更有效地表达出来，B. It can also be quicker than having to chat with someone, although I feel you can still end up wasting time by having a full discussion by text!"这也可以比不得不与某人聊天更快，尽管我觉得你通过短信进行全面讨论仍然会浪费时间！"讲述了用手机发信息的另一个好处，It指代上文的"sending an SMS, text or message through a chat app"。故选B。
50．根据空后"We may even forget the art of pleasantries(客套). A text can be misinterpreted too because you miss out on a speaker's intonation(语调)."我们甚至可能忘记了客套的艺术。短信也可能被误解，因为你遗漏了说话者的语调。讲述了发信息的缺点， A. But texting instead of talking can seem antisocial. "但发短信而不是聊天似乎不合群。"与上文讲述的发信息的好处形成转折，衔接下文讲述的发信息的具体坏处。故选A。
51．【答案】was accompanied at/on the piano
【知识点】动词的语态；固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：这位歌手由她姐姐用钢琴伴奏。accompany sb. at/on the piano固定短语，"用钢琴给某人伴奏"。根据句意，主语The singer和accompany之间是被动关系，且这里表示过去的事情，应用一般过去时的被动语态。故填was accompanied at/on the piano。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时的被动语态以及固定短语accompany sb. at/on the piano。
52．【答案】was based on the assumption
【知识点】固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：我的选择是基于房价将保持稳定的假设。结合提示词及would判断主句用一般过去时，应用固定短语was based on"基于"。 assumption"假设"作介词on的宾语。故答案为was based on the assumption。
【点评】考查汉译英。本题涉及一般过去时以及固定短语be based on。
53．【答案】was awarded a certificate
【知识点】动词的语态；固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：经过四个月的学习，他获得了证书。award意为"奖励，授予"，award sb. sth.固定短语，"奖励某人某物，授予某人某物"；certificate意为"证书"。根据句中的时间状语After four months' study，这里表示过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时，且主语he和award之间是动宾关系，所以应用一般过去时的被动语态。故答案为was awarded a certificate。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时的被动语态以及固定短语award sb. sth.。
54．【答案】was not consistent with
【知识点】固定短语；一般过去时；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：证人在法庭上所说的话与他向警方所作的陈述不一致。be consistent with固定短语，"和……一致"，本句应用其否定形式，即在be动词后加not。根据句中的made，应用一般过去时，主语是"What the witness said in court"为主语从句，看成第三人称单数，be动词应用was。故答案为was not consistent with。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般过去时的被动语态以及固定短语be consistent with。
55．【答案】a comprehensive assessment of the company's future development
【知识点】汉译英；形容词的用法
【解析】【分析】句意：该报告包括对公司未来发展的全面评估。结合汉语提示可知用comprehensive"全面的"作定语修饰名词assessment"评估"，a comprehensive assessment作includes的宾语。用of表示所属。"公司未来发展"翻译为" the company's future development"。故答案为a comprehensive assessment of the company's future development。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及形容词作定语以及名词短语作宾语。
56．【答案】for emergency
【知识点】固定短语；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句意：我总是带一些额外的现金以备不时之需。根据汉语提示，这里应用for emergency，为介词短语，意为"以备急需"，作状语。故填for emergency。
【点评】考查汉译英，以及固定短语 for emergency 。
57．【答案】entitle customers to (get) a replacement or refund
【知识点】固定短语；一般现在时；汉译英；动词不定式
【解析】【分析】句意：超市的条款规定，顾客在购买低质量产品时有权换货或退款。表示"让某人有权做某事/得到某物"应用动词短语entitle sb. to do sth./entitle sb. to sth.，作主句谓语动词，根据句意可知句子用一般现在时，且主语The terms of the supermarket为复数形式，故谓语entitle用原形。复数形式customers做entitle的宾语。并列连词or连接(get) a replacement 和refund放在动词不定式符号to后作宾补/或名词replacement和refund作介词to的宾语。故答案为entitle customers to (get) a replacement or refund。
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，不定式作宾补以及固定短语entitle sb. to do sth./entitle sb. to sth.。
58．【答案】When you order/ordering online, remember to check the information.
【知识点】时间状语从句；祈使句；汉译英
【解析】【分析】"在网上下单时"可翻译为when引导的时间状语从句；"记得核对信息"可翻译为祈使句。"在网上"可表示为online；"下单"可表示为order；"记得"可表示为remember，remember to do sth.意为"记得去做某事"，其中不定式作宾语；"核对"可表示为check；"信息"可表示为information。根据句意，主从句的主语一致，所以时间状语从句也可省略主语you，order和逻辑主语"你"之间是主谓关系，所以可用现在分词形式。故答案为：When you order/ordering online, remember to check the information.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及时间状语从句、非谓语动词和祈使句。
59．【答案】The ancient town features/is featuring a number of traditional events/ activities, and/so it is an ideal/perfect tourist destination.
【知识点】固定短语；并列句；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，根据题干，本句可翻译为and连接的并列句。"古镇"可表示为ancient town；"以……为特色"可表示为feature；"许多"可表示为a number of；"传统活动"可表示为traditional events/ activities；"绝佳的"可表示为ideal/perfect；"旅游胜地"可表示为tourist destination。故答案为：The ancient town features a number of traditional events/ activities, and it is an ideal/a perfect tourist destination.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及并列句，以及固定短语a number of。
60．【答案】With the app/application, it's easy for users to have personalized learning on their mobile/cell phones.
【知识点】一般现在时；固定句式；汉译英
【解析】【分析】句子描述一般性事实，应用一般现在时，本句可用it is+adj.+for sb. to do sth.结构，it是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式。"有了"可表示为with；"应用程序"可表示为app/application；"容易"可表示为easy；"在手机上"可表示为on mobile/cell phones；"个性化学习"可表示为personalized learning。故答案为：With the app/application, it's easy for users to have personalized learning on their mobile/cell phones.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，以及固定句式"it is+adj.+for sb. to do sth."。
61．【答案】The success of the basketball team depends on the great/strong support from the school, as the school (has) provided sufficient funds for the team to purchase/buy training facilities and other necessaries.
【知识点】固定短语；一般现在时；一般过去时；现在完成时；原因状语从句；汉译英
【解析】【分析】本句可表示为有as引导的原因状语从句的主从复合句；"篮球队"可表示为basketball team；"……的成功"可表示为the success of...；"有赖于"可表示为depend on；"支持"可表示为support ；"提供"可表示为provide，provide sth. for sb.固定搭配，意为"给某人提供某物"；"充足的资金"可表示为sufficient funds；"购买"可表示为purchase/buy，应用不定式作宾语补足语；"训练设施"可表示为training facilities；"必需品"可表示为necessaries。故答案为：The success of the basketball team depends on the great/strong support from the school, as the school has provided sufficient funds for the team to purchase/buy training facilities and other necessaries.
【点评】考查汉译英，本题涉及一般现在时，现在完成时/一般过去时，原因状语从句以及固定短语depend on和provide sth. for sb.
62．【答案】暂未更新
【知识点】提纲作文；文字式应用文；半开放性作文
【解析】【分析】本题是一篇英文信件，要求考生以明启中学的学生李华的身份 写一封信给图书馆，推荐活动方案 。写作背景： 你校图书馆打算开展一次主题为"阅读的力量"的读书活动，现向全校学生征集活动方案 。写作要点已经给出，属于提纲类作文： 1. 具体的活动安排；2. 活动的意义。考生需要根据写作要求，确定关键词（组），并进行遣词造句，注意主谓一致和时态问题。最后连句成文，注意使用恰当的连词进行句子之间的衔接与过渡，书写一定要规范清晰，保持整洁美观的卷面是非常重要的。
【点评】本题对于考生的综合能力要求较高，要求考生有很强的谋篇布局的能力和组织要点的能力。需要注意紧扣文章主题，给出的要点都需要包括。写作时注意准确运用时态，上下文意思连贯，符合逻辑关系。尽量使用自己熟悉的单词句式，同时也要注意使用高级词汇和高级句型使文章显得更有档次。
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