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2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（北京卷）
英 语
注意事项：
1. 本试卷共100分。考试时长90分钟。
2. 考生务必在将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。
3. 考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
第一部分 知识运用（共两节，30分）
第一节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
I was always timid (羞怯的). Being new to the school made me even 1 , so it was surprising I’d 2 to anyone around me. Now I was paying the price — to write a five-page essay on “Why I Should Not Talk in Class”. That would take all night!
After I got home, though, I took my time petting the cat — postponing the pain.
When I finally sat down to 3 , I began with the reasons Ms Black would want to hear. Talking kept me and my neighbours from 4 . One paragraph down; now what I chewed on my pencil. Aha! What if talking were the first step towards life as a criminal Without the education I was throwing away, I’d turn to theft and go to prison. When I got out, people would say, “She used to talk in class.” The pages began 5 .
But when mum got home from work, I was still 6 , “Five pages! That’s impossible!”
“Well, you’d better get back to work,” she said, “and I want to read it when you’re through.”
Soon after dinner, I handed the essay to mum. I half expected a 7 — at least an “I hope you’ve learned your lesson”. 8 , mum laughed and laughed as she read.
The next day, when Ms Black read the essay to the class, everyone laughed. I could 9 they weren’t making fun of me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story. My 10 still needed some nudging (激发), but I did learn I wasn’t shy in print.
1. A. freer B. shyer C. calmer D. happier
2. A. nod B. point C. listen D. chat
3. A. weep B. rest C. write D. read
4. A. learning B. playing C. planning D. laughing
5. A. standing out B. flying by C. breaking up D. checking in
6. A. celebrating B. longing C. complaining D. warning
7. A. lecture B. reason C. reward D. solution
8. A. Therefore B. Moreover C. Meanwhile D. Instead
9. A. hope B. imagine C. tell D. predict
10. A. patience B. confidence C. tolerance D. independence
第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）
阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
A
Every culture is riddled with unwritten rules, such as ones on punctuality (守时). I’m British. Soon after moving to Switzerland, I 11 (throw) a house-warming party and was greatly surprised when all 30 guests showed up 12 (exact) on time. Years later, having moved to France, I turned up at the appointed hour for a dinner, only to find that no other guest
13 (arrive) and my hostess was still in her sleeping suit.
B
Mangroves, known as “red forest” in China, grow between land and sea, characterized by their complex roots. When 14 (see) from afar, the mangrove forests appear more splendid. Mangroves can help soften waves and protect 15 (city) from coastal winds. For these reasons, they are praised as “coastal guardians”. Up to now, China 16 (establish) a number of protected areas with mangroves.
C
Nina has run marathons in 32 countries. All of her runs have a guiding purpose: to call attention 17 global water issues. Nina recently finished her year-long series of runs in Chicago, 18 thousands were attending a water conference. She called for action
19 (address) the struggles of people around the world 20 (face) “too little water or too dirty water”. Her efforts have encouraged others to take part by running through a global campaign called “Run Blue”.
第二部分 阅读理解（共两节，38分）
第一节（共14小题；每小题2分，共28分）
阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
A
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) Young Leaders programme empowers talents to make a positive difference in their communities through sport. Twenty-five Young Leaders are being selected every two years for a four-year period. They promote the Olympic values, spreading the message of sport for good.
To be an IOC Young Leader, you need to first complete the 4-Week Learning Sprint (冲刺).
4-Week Learning Sprint
The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme. The sessions can be attended live or watched back after they are made available on the IOC channel. Each week, participants will be asked to complete a topic-specific reflection task.
The 4-Week Learning Sprint is open to anyone, with the target audience aged between 20 and 28.
After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport-based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.
Requirements for the Applicants
You have successfully completed the 4-Week Learning Sprint.
You have completed your high school studies.
You have at least one year of work experience.
You have strong public speaking skills.
You are self-motivated and committed.
You are passionate about creating positive change in your community.
You are open to being coached and advised by experts and peers (同伴).
You are able to work with people from different backgrounds.
21. In the 4-Week Learning Sprint, participants will ________.
A. create change in their community B. attend a virtual learning programme
C. meet people from different backgrounds D. promote the IOC Young Leaders project
22. If selected as an IOC Young Leader, one will need to ________.
A. complete a reflection task each week B. watch sports on the IOC channel
C. work on a sport-based project D. coach and advise their peers
23. Which is a requirement for the applicants
A. Spreading the message of sport for good.
B. Having at least one-year work experience.
C. Showing great passion for project planning.
D. Committing themselves to becoming an expert.
B
Sitting in the garden for my friend’s birthday. I felt a buzz (振动) in my pocket. My heart raced when I saw the email sender’s name. The email started off: “Dear Mr Green, thank you for your interest” and “the review process took longer than expected.” It ended with “We are sorry to inform you ...” and my vision blurred (模糊). The position — measuring soil quality in the Sahara Desert as part of an undergraduate research programme — had felt like the answer I had spent years looking for. I had put so much time and emotional energy into applying, and I thought the rejection meant the end of the road for my science career.
So I was shocked when, not long after the email, Professor Mary Devon, who was running the programme, invited me to observe the work being done in her lab. I jumped at the chance, and a few weeks later I was equally shocked — and overjoyed — when she invited me to talk with her about potential projects I could pursue in her lab. What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.
I found myself working with a robotics professor on techniques for collecting data from the desert remotely. That project, which I could complete from my sofa instead of in the burning heat of the desert, not only survived the lockdown but worked where traditional methods didn’t. In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.
When I applied to graduate school, I found three programmes promising to allow me to follow my desired research direction. And I applied with the same anxious excitement as before. When I was rejected from one that had seemed like a perfect fit, it was undoubtedly difficult. But this time I had the perspective (视角) to keep it from sending me into panic. It helped that in the end I was accepted into one of the other programmes I was also excited about.
Rather than setting plans in stone, I’ve learned that sometimes I need to take the opportunities that are offered, even if they don’t sound perfect at the time, and make the most of them.
24. How did the author feel upon seeing the email sender’s name
A. Anxious. B. Angry. C. Surprised. D. Settled.
25. After talking with Professor Devon, the author decided to ________.
A. criticize the review process B. stay longer in the Sahara Desert
C. apply to the original project again D. put his heart and soul into the lab work
26. According to the author, the project with the robotics professor was ________.
A. demanding B. inspiring C. misleading D. amusing
27. What can we learn from this passage
A. An invitation is a reputation. B. An innovation is a resolution.
C. A rejection can be a redirection. D. A reflection can be a restriction.
C
In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies. The inability to engage with longer-term causes and consequences leads to some of the world’s most serious problems: climate change, biodiversity collapse, and more. The historian Francis Cole argues that the West has entered a period where “only the present exists, a present characterised at once by the cruelty of the instant and by the boredom of an unending now”.
It has been proved that people have a bias (偏向) towards the present, focusing on loud attractions in the moment at the expense of the health, well-being and financial stability of their future selves or community. In business, this bias surfaces as short-sighted decisions. And on slow-burning problems like climate change, it translates into the unwillingness to make small sacrifices (牺牲) today that could make a major difference tomorrow.
Instead, all that matters is next quarter’s profit, or satisfying some other near-term desires.
These biased perspectives cannot be blamed on one single cause. It is fair to say, though, that our psychological biases play a major role. People’s hesitancy to delay satisfaction is the most obvious example, but there are others.
One of them is about how the most accessible information in the present affects decisions about the future. For instance, you might hear someone say: “It’s cold this winter, so I needn’t worry about global warming.” Another is that loud and urgent matters are given too much importance, making people ignore longer-term trends that arguably matter more. This is when a pop star draws far more attention than, say, gradual biodiversity decline.
As a psychologist once joked, if aliens (外星人) wanted to weaken humanity, they wouldn’t send ships; they would invent climate change. Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective “poor memory”, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary. Older people today, for example, can remember a time with insect-covered car windscreens after long drives. Children, on the other hand, have no idea that insect population has dropped dramatically.
28. The author quotes Francis Cole mainly to ________.
A. draw a comparison B. introduce a topic
C. evaluate a statement D. highlight a problem
29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph
A. Climate change has been forgotten.
B. Lessons of history are highly valued.
C. The human mind is bad at noting slow change.
D. Humans are unwilling to admit their shortcomings.
30. What does the author intend to tell us
A. Far-sighted thinking matters to humans.
B. Humans tend to make long-term sacrifices.
C. Current policies facilitate future decision-making.
D. Bias towards the present helps reduce near-term desires.
D
What is life Like most great questions, this one is easy to ask but difficult to answer. The reason is simple: we know of just one type of life and it’s challenging to do science with a sample size of one. The field of artificial life — called ALife for short — is the systematic attempt to spell out life’s fundamental principles. Many of these practitioners, so-called ALifers, think that somehow making life is the surest way to really understand what life is.
So far no one has convincingly made artificial life. This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value. Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints. Asking about “the point” of ALife might be, well, missing the point entirely, he says. “The existence of a living system is not about the use of anything,” Alan says. “Some people ask me, ‘So what’s the worth of artificial life ’ Do you ever think, ‘What is the worth of your grandmother ’”
As much as many ALifers hate emphasising their research’s applications, the attempts to create artificial life could have practical payoffs. Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化). This is the capacity for a system to create essentially endless complexity, to be a sort of “novelty generator”. The only system known to exhibit this is Earth’s biosphere. If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.
Compared with the developments of AI, advances in ALife are harder to recognise. One reason is that ALife is a field in which the central concept — life itself — is undefined. The lack of agreement among ALifers doesn’t help either. The result is a diverse line of projects that each advance along their unique paths. For better or worse, ALife mirrors the very subject it studies. Its muddled (混乱的) progression is a striking parallel (平行线) to the evolutionary struggles that have shaped Earth biosphere.
Undefined and uncontrolled, ALife drives its followers to repurpose old ideas and generated novelty. It may be, of course, that these characteristics aren’t in any way surprising or singular. They may apply universally to all acts of evolution. Ultimately ALife may be nothing special. But even this dismissal suggests something: perhaps, just like life itself throughout the universe, the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable.
31. Regarding Alan Smith’s defence of ALife, the author is .
A. supportive B. puzzled C. unconcerned D. doubtful
32. What does the word “enamored” underlined in Paragraph 3 most probably mean
A. Shocked. B. Protected. C. Attracted. D. Challenged.
33. What can we learn from this passage
A. ALife holds the key to human future.
B. ALife and AI share a common feature.
C. AI mirrors the developments of ALife.
D. AI speeds up the process of human evolution.
34. Which would be the best title for the passage
A. Life Is Undefined. Can AI Be a Way Out
B. Life Evolves. Can AI Help ALife Evolve, Too
C. Life Is Undefined. Can ALife Be Defined One Day
D. Life Evolves. Can Attempts to Create ALife Evolve, Too
第二节（共5小题；每小题2分，共10分）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项为多余选项。
It’s a joyful and stressful time of year in the United States for students and their families as they make decisions about where to attend college. Families often turn to rankings systems to help make a decision. 35
When I talk to families as a scholar of higher education, they’re often surprised that teaching excellence is not counted in rankings. 36
Emerging research suggests that courses in lower-ranked universities, on average, scored higher on teaching than courses in higher-ranked universities. 37 The absence of teaching excellence from the rankings is surprising given the link between high-quality teaching and student success. Quality teaching is one of the most important predictors of a wide range of college outcomes.
Rankings, however, are only one reason why a low value is placed on teaching in higher education. Administrators often don’t view teaching excellence as a way to increase enrolment (注册) or funding. 38 Research shows that the more time instructors spend on teaching, the lower their salary. What is the result Many instructors continue to teach using traditional lectures, which lead to lower success rates.
39 Nevertheless, not much will change until schools with high-quality teaching are rewarded with more resources, higher rankings and increased enrolments. In the long term, universities, organizations that rank schools, and others should work to make teaching a valued, core part of the mission.
What should students and their families do They should give strong consideration to universities where high-quality teaching is valued, even though the schools may be ranked lower.
A. Higher education has achieved its true potential.
B. Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.
C. Quality teaching has been an important reputation-building factor.
D. However, the rankings ignore a critical factor: the quality of teaching.
E. Efforts to improve teaching at the university level have recently emerged.
F. They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.
G. In fact, universities often shift emphasis from teaching to other ranking factors.
第三部分 书面表达（共两节，32分）
第一节（共4小题；第40、41题各2分，第42题3分，第43题5分，共12分）
阅读下面短文，根据题目要求用英文回答问题。请在答题卡指定区域作答。
Habit formation is the process by which behaviours become automatic. People develop countless habits as they explore the world, whether they are aware of them or not. Understanding how habits take shape may be helpful in changing bad habits.
Habits are built through learning and repetition. A person is thought to develop a habit in the course of pursuing goals by beginning to associate certain cues (刺激) with behavioural responses that help meet the goal. Over time, thoughts of the behaviour and ultimately the behaviour itself are likely to be triggered (触发) by these cues.
A “habit loop (环)” is a way of describing several related elements that produce habits. These elements are called the cue, the routine, and the reward. For example, stress could serve as a cue that one responds to by eating, which produces the reward — the reduction of stress. While a routine involves repeated behaviour, it’s not necessarily performed in response to a deep-rooted urge, as a habit is.
Old habits can be difficult to shake, and healthy habits are often harder to develop. But through repetition, it’s possible to form new habits. The amount of time needed to build a habit will depend on multiple factors, including the individual and the intended behaviour. While you are able to pick up a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit.
Take some time to think about what leads to bad habits and re-evaluate what you get out of them (or don’t). Consider and keep in mind why you want to make a change, including how the change reflects your values.
40. How are habits built
_______________________________________________________________________________
41. In what way is a routine different from a habit
_______________________________________________________________________________
42. Please decide which part is false in the following statement, then underline it and explain why.
→Picking up a new habit takes a few weeks, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time.
_______________________________________________________________________________
43. What benefit(s) have you got from one of your good habits (In about 40 words)
_______________________________________________________________________________
第二节（20分）
假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你的英国好友Jim正在策划一次以“绿色北京”为主题的社团活动，他发来邮件询问你的建议。请你用英文给他回复，内容包括：
1. 活动形式；
2. 活动内容。
注意：1. 词数100左右；
2. 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Yours,
Li Hua
参考答案及解析
第一部分 知识运用
第一节
本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者是一个羞怯的人，来到新学校后更加害羞，所以作者会和周围的人上课时闲聊很令人吃惊。作者被老师罚写一篇“我为什么不应该在课上说话”的检讨，没想到这竟成了令人捧腹的佳作。
1. B 考查形容词比较级辨析。由上文“I was always timid (羞怯的).”和“even”可知，该处是指作者害羞程度的加深。A. freer更自由的；B. shyer更害羞的；C. calmer更冷静的；D. happier更高兴的。故选B。
2. D 考查动词辨析。由下文“Now I was paying the price — to write a five-page essay on ‘Why I Should Not Talk in Class’.（现在我在付出代价——就“我为什么不应该在课上说话”写一篇五页的文章。）”可知，作者是一个羞怯的人，会和周围的人上课时闲聊是很令人吃惊的。A. nod点头；B. point指；C. listen听；D. chat闲聊。chat与后文的talk语义接近。故选D。
3. C 考查动词辨析。由上文“to write a five-page essay on ‘Why I Should Not Talk in Class’”可知，作者开始写这篇五页的文章。A. weep哭泣；B. rest休息；C. write写；D. read读。此处write是原词复现。故选C。
4. A 考查动词辨析。由上文“I began with the reasons Ms Black would want to hear.”可知，作者首先写的是布莱克老师想听的理由，故该处应写的是“说话会妨碍我和邻桌学习”，以此来说明自己爱学习，这也是老师愿意听到的。A. learn学习；B. play玩；C. plan计划；D. laugh笑。故选A。
5. B 考查动词短语辨析。由上文“Without the education I was throwing away, I’d turn to theft and go to prison. When I got out, people would say, ‘She used to talk in class.’”可知，作者开始写出很多内容，此处应用fly by来说明作者很快写了很多页。A. stand out突出；B. fly by飞越；飞逝；C. break up破碎；结束；D. check in登记。故选B。
6. C 考查动词辨析。由下文“Five pages! That’s impossible!”可知，作者认为自己不可能写完这五页的内容，所以在抱怨。A. celebrate庆祝；B. long渴望；C. complain抱怨；D. warn警告。故选C。
7. A 考查名词辨析。由下文“at least an ‘I hope you’ve learned your lesson’”可知，作者以为妈妈会对他进行说教。A. lecture说教；B. reason原因；C. reward奖励；D. solution解决办法。故选A。
8. D 考查副词辨析。前后句子“I half expected a 7 — at least an ‘I hope you’ve learned your lesson’.”和“mum laughed and laughed as she read”内容相反，作者觉得会得到妈妈的训斥，然而妈妈非但没有训斥，反而边读边笑。A. Therefore因此；B. Moreover此外；C. Meanwhile同时；D. Instead代替；反而。故选D。
9. C 考查动词辨析。由下文“they weren’t making fun of me: they laughed because I had the power to tell a funny story”可知，作者能判断出来，他们笑是因为他讲的故事搞笑，而不是在取笑他。A. hope希望；B. imagine想象；C. tell告诉；看出，判断出；区分；D. predict预计。故选C。
10. B 考查名词辨析。由下文“still needed some nudging (激发), but I did learn I wasn’t shy in print”和第一段提到的作者很害羞可知，作者的自信心不足，需要一些推动。A. patience耐心；B. confidence自信；C. tolerance忍受；D. independence独立。故选B。
第二节
A
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者在瑞士和法国体验到的不同的守时习俗。
11. threw 考查动词的时态。句意：搬到瑞士后不久，我举办了一场乔迁派对，当所有30位客人都准时到场时，我感到非常惊讶。设空处与was greatly surprised并列，作句子的谓语。根据was可知，此处描述的是过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填threw。
12. exactly 考查词性转换。句意同上。修饰介词短语on time应用副词exactly。故填exactly。
13. arrived/had arrived 考查动词的时态。句意：多年以后，我搬到法国。我在约定的时间赴宴，却发现没有其他客人到场，女主人还穿着睡衣。that引导find后的宾语从句，设空处作宾语从句的谓语。上文描述的是过去发生的事情，该处应使用一般过去时；也可以理解为find是过去发现，arrived的动作发生在“发现”以前，即“过去的过去”，应使用过去完成时。故填arrived/had arrived。
B
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了中国的红树林。
14. seen 考查非谓语动词。句意：从远处看，红树林显得更加壮观。本句已有谓语动词appear，设空处为非谓语形式作时间状语，与其逻辑主语the mangrove forests构成被动关系，应使用过去分词形式。故填seen。
15. cities 考查名词的复数。句意：红树林有助于削弱海浪，保护城市免受海风的侵袭。city为可数名词，空前没有任何限定成分，因此应用其复数形式表泛指。故填cities。
16. has established 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，中国已经建立了很多红树林保护区。由Up to now（到目前为止）可知，句子应用现在完成时，主语是China，助动词应用has。故填has established。
C
本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要讲述了尼娜希望通过跑马拉松唤起人们对全球水资源问题的关注。
17. to 考查介词。句意：她所有的跑步活动都有一个指导目的：呼吁人们关注全球水资源问题。attention to ... 是固定搭配，意为“对……的关注”。故填to。
18. where 考查定语从句。句意：最近，尼娜在芝加哥完成了长达一年的一系列跑步活动，数千人在那里参加了一次水事会议。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作地点状语，指代先行词Chicago。故填where。
19. to address 考查非谓语动词。句意：她呼吁采取行动，解决世界各地面临“水太少或水太脏”的挑战。分析句子结构可知，called是本句谓语，address在句中作目的状语，应使用不定式。故填to address。
20. facing 考查非谓语动词。句意同上。分析句子结构可知，face与逻辑主语people构成主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。故填facing。
第二部分 阅读理解
第一节
A
本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了国际奥林匹克委员会青年领袖计划的相关事宜。
21. B 细节理解题。根据4-Week Learning Sprint部分中“The 4-Week Learning Sprint, which will take place during November 2023, is a virtual learning programme.”可知，在为期四周的学习冲刺中，参与者将参加虚拟学习课程。故选B。
22. C 细节理解题。根据4-Week Learning Sprint部分中“After successfully completing the 4-Week Learning Sprint, you will need to submit a plan for a sport-based project, which you will work on if selected as an IOC Young Leader.”可知，如果被选为国际奥林匹克委员会青年领袖，需要提交一个以运动为基础的项目计划。故选C。
23. B 细节理解题。根据Requirements for the Applicants部分中“You have at least one year of work experience.”可知，对申请人的要求是至少要有一年的工作经验。故选B。
B
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者申请心仪的项目被拒，在退而求其次的选择中找到自己的兴趣点，重燃希望。这个故事告诉我们：要学会充分利用现有资源，在每一次失败中寻找新的方向与目标。
24. A 细节理解题。根据题干关键信息“upon seeing the email sender’s name”可定位答案在文章第一段开头。“My heart raced”体现出作者内心的紧张与不安。故选A。
25. D 细节理解题。根据第二段中“What she proposed didn’t seem as exciting as the original project I had applied to, but I was going to give it my all.”可知，与德文教授交谈后，作者决定全心全意地投入实验室工作。故选D。
26. B 推理判断题。根据题干关键信息“the project with the robotics professor”可定位答案至第三段。根据第三段最后一句“In the end, I had a new scientific interest to pursue.”可推知，这次科研经历让作者备受鼓舞，有了新的兴趣。故选B。
27. C 推理判断题。纵观全文，作者讲述了自己两次被拒的经历，因此“被拒”成为贯穿全篇的一条线。每一次被拒后，他都充分利用现有机会创造新的机遇，而新的机遇又让他燃起新的热情。故C选项“被拒绝可以让人重新找到新的方向”最符合文章的主旨。故选C。
C
本文是一篇说明文。文章指出西方社会在工业化进程中因短视而带来的种种问题，倡导有远见的思考和长远的观点。
D 推理判断题。根据题干关键词“Francis Cole”可定位到第一段。第一段首句“In recent years, researchers from diverse fields have agreed that short-termism is now a significant problem in industrialised societies.”提出本文话题——短期主义；接着下文引用历史学家Francis Cole的话来强调只注重现在的这种短期主义的危害——无法考虑长远的目标和后果。由此可推知，文章引用Francis Cole的话是为了强调短期主义这个问题。故选D。
C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Indeed, when it comes to environmental transformations, we can develop a form of collective ‘poor memory’, and each new generation can believe the state of affairs they encounter is nothing out of the ordinary.”可知，当涉及环境变化时，人类会形成一种集体的“记忆力差”，并且每一代人都认为他们所经历的环境状态是正常的。由此可推知，人类的大脑并不善于感知渐进变化。故选C。
A 目的意图题。通读全文可知，作者认为短期主义导致了像气候变化这样的严重问题，而人们重眼前轻未来的心理偏向助长了这种短视的思维。由此可推知，作者的写作目的是告诉我们有远见的思考对人类非常重要。故选A。
D
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人工生命研究的现状和发展前景。
A 观点态度题。根据第二段中“This track record makes ALife a ripe target for criticism, such as declarations of the field’s doubtful scientific value.”以及“Alan Smith, a complexity scientist, is tired of such complaints.”可知，艾伦对于人工生命遭受的批评是厌烦的，第二段最后艾伦以“你的奶奶有什么价值？”反问，认可人工生命存在的必要性。由文章最后一段的“the rise of ALife will prove unavoidable（人工生命的出现被证实是不可避免的）”可知作者对人工生命的发展是持支持态度的，故作者是支持艾伦对于人工生命的维护的。故选A。
C 词义猜测题。根据画线词所在句“researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化)”可知，画线词与人工智能和人工生命领域的研究者对“开放式演化”这一概念的感受有关；最后根据“If the field of ALife manages to reproduce life’s endless “creativity” in some virtual model, those same principles could give rise to truly inventive machines.（如果人工生命领域能够在某些虚拟模型中重现生命的无尽“创造力”，那么那些相同的观念可能会产生真正的创造性机器。）”可推测研究者被“开放式演化”的概念吸引。画线词与attracted含义相近。故选C。
B 推理判断题。根据第三段“Artificial intelligence may be considered ALife’s cousin in that researchers in both fields are enamored by a concept called open-ended evolution (演化).”可知，人工智能和人工生命是同类。由此可推知，人工智能和人工生命有共同的特点。故选B。
D 标题概括题。文章第一段提出人工生命领域的研究目的，第二段说明人工生命遭受的批评并用艾伦的观点支持人工生命的研究，第三段以人工智能和人工生命的联系来说明人工生命应用的可能性，第四段说明人工生命难以被人认可的原因，最后为主题段，表明作者的观点：也许正如宇宙中的生命本身一样，人工生命的出现也将被证实是不可避免的。由此可知，本文是在说明人工生命研究的现状和发展前景。D选项“生命在进化。创造人工生命的尝试也能进化吗？”可以总述文章，最合适作文章标题。故选D。
第二节
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要针对当下教学水平较高的学校排名却并不靠前这一现象展开讨论。作者希望学生和家长在选择大学时，应该重点关注教学质量高的学校。
D 前文指出排名系统对于美国学生选择大学有重要的参考价值；而下文指出优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。D选项“然而，排名忽略了一个关键因素：教学质量”与前文构成转折关系，并起到引出下文的作用。故选D。
F 空前指出一些家庭常常惊讶于优秀的教学水平并没有被纳入排名考虑。F选项“They’re even more surprised at how teaching is undervalued by universities.（更让他们惊讶的是，大学竟然低估了教学的价值。）”中even more surprised与上文的surprised构成递进关系，They指代families，且大学轻视教学这一现象在第四段也有所体现。故选F。
G 空前指出最新的研究表明，排名较低的大学的课程在教学方面的平均得分高于排名较高的大学的课程。G选项“事实上，大学经常把重点从教学转移到其他排名因素上”是对前文进行解释说明。故选G。
B 空前指出管理者通常不会将优秀的教学视为增加入学率或资金的一种途径。B选项“Therefore, it’s not highly valued in hiring or promotion.（因此，它在招聘或晋升中不受重视。）”与之构成因果关系，it指代前文提到的teaching excellence。故选B。
E 下文说“然而，只有拥有高质量教学的学校获得更多资源、更高排名和更多的入学人数，情况才会发生较大变化。”基于对这句话的理解，答案应满足以下两个条件：首先，设空处需要与后句构成转折关系；其次，该句想要表达的核心意思是情况并不会发生太大的变化。E选项“最近出现了大学努力提高教学水平这一现象”满足上述条件，符合语境。故选E。
第三部分 书面表达
第一节
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了了解习惯是如何形成的有助于改掉坏习惯。
Habits are built through learning and repetition.
答案线索在第二段第一句话“Habits are built through learning and repetition.（习惯是通过学习和重复养成的。）”。
A routine is not necessarily performed in response to a deep-rooted urge, as a habit is.
答案线索在第三段最后一句话“While a routine involves repeated behaviour, it’s not necessarily performed in response to a deep-rooted urge, as a habit is.（虽然惯例包括重复的行为，但它不一定像习惯一样是对根深蒂固的冲动的反应。）”。
Picking up a new habit takes a few weeks, while building a healthy habit takes a shorter time. According to the passage, while you are able to pick up a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit. So building a healthy habit takes a longer time than picking up a new habit.
答案线索在第四段最后一句话“While you are able to pick up a new habit in a few weeks, it takes many months to build a healthy habit.”
I have a good habit of going to bed early and getting up early. Therefore, I can study energetically every morning, which makes me study efficiently. Also, I am very healthy.
开放试题，言之有理即可。
第二节
参考范文：
Dear Jim,
Hearing that you are planning a club activity with the theme of “Green Beijing” and need my help, I am writing to offer you my suggestions.
I think you can carry out this activity in an interactive and experiential manner, which means students can participate and have a better understanding of “Green Beijing” through getting involved in different activities by themselves. You can showcase garbage classification on site, plant trees and publicize sharing economy, which will all fit into the theme of “Green Beijing”.
Hopefully, you will get some inspiration from my suggestions. Wish you success.
Yours,
Li Hua

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