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非谓语动词
非谓语动词的定义
非谓语动词的特征：
可以做主语、宾语等多种句子成分，但唯独不能做谓语
具有各种形态：原形、主动语态、被动语态、进行时态和完成时态。
具有动词的功能，如可以带宾语，但不具有语法上的动词性质,如没有人称和数的变化。
非谓语动词是指在句中不做谓语的动词。
非谓语动词的三种形式
非谓语动词—动词不定式的功能
动词不定式作宾语
动词不定式作补语
动词不定式作状语（目的状语、结果状语）
动词不定式作定语
动词不定式作主语
动词不定式作表语
He managed (solve) the complicated problem.
The stranger offered (show)me the way to the park.
动词不定式作宾语
后带不定式的动词常见的有：
afford, agree, aim, appear, ask, claim, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, happen, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, prepare, refuse, seek, swear, undertake, want, wish等
一、及物动词 + 不定式
to solve
to show
You can decide whether (continue) or (stop).
I will show you how to (deal) with it.
动词不定式作宾语
常见的疑问代（副）词有：
what , when , where , which , how , whether等
二、动词 + 疑问代/副词 + 不定式
to continue
to deal
to stop
I find difficult (finish) all the work before 9 o’clock.
She considers important (learn) English.
动词不定式作宾语
三、不定式用 it 代替，it 充当形式宾语，而不定式作为真正的宾语放到后面
to finish
it
to learn
it
She opened the window to get some fresh air.
My father got up early in order to have enough time to pack.
He left early so as not to miss the last train.
动词不定式作状语
一、作目的状语
to do 可以与 in order to / so as to 相互替换，均表示“为了”
We regret to tell you that we won't be permitted to attend the ceremony.
The couple was lucky to have found their lost child.
动词不定式作状语
二、作原因状语
通常作原因状语的不定式结构有：
表示情绪、心理状态的形容词（ glad / sad / surprised / sorry / anxious）+ 不定式
表示运气好坏的形容词（ lucky / fortunately / unfortunately）+ 不定式
表示行为表现的形容词（ kind / thoughtful / careless / foolish）+ 不定式
Sarah got to the station only to be told that the train had left.
His work was so good as to make him well-known in the city.
He is too young to go to school.
It is cold enough to freeze our fingers.
动词不定式作状语
一、作结果状语
so...as to /such...as to /too...to /enough to
动词不定式作补语
一、作宾语补语
1. 表感觉：see / hear / watch / feel sb do sth
2. 表致使：have / let / make sb do sth; get sb to do sth
I saw him do exercise in the park this morning.
I heard my mom sing in the kitchen.
This dress makes me look strong.
动词不定式作补语
一、作宾语补语
3. 词组动词：arrange for / ask for / rely on sb to do sth
4. 表心理状态：consider / prove / think / believe / imagine sb to be sth
I will ask for my parents to help if I get into trouble.
We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
动词不定式作补语
一、作宾语补语
5. 表劝告/允许/禁止：advise / allow / permit / recommend / require / urge sb to do sth
When choosing courses, my adviser recommends me to sign up for advanced literature because I like English and I’m good at it.
动词不定式作补语
二、作主语补语
常用不定式作主语补足语的结构有：
be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do (be) sth.
You are supposed to obey the rules in school.
The old house is said to be haunted.
It is difficult (finish) all the work before 9 o’clock.
It is important (learn) English.
动词不定式作主语
不定式作句子主语时，通常用 it 充当形式主语，而不定式作为真正的主语放到后面
to learn
to finish
It is not necessary us (finish) all the work tonight.
It is important all the students (learn) English well.
动词不定式作主语
不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的，即不定式的逻辑主语，通常可以通过 for sb. to do sth. 的结构表达:
to learn
to finish
for
for
It is kind you (tell) me the truth.
It is impolite him (offend) his teacher.
动词不定式作主语
当描述人物性格特征的形容词如 careless, clever, considerate, foolish, good, impolite, kind, naughty, nice, silly, stupid等作表语时，则用of来引导出不定式的逻辑主语，即of sb. to do sth.结构
to offend
to tell
of
of
There was nothing (fear).
I have a lot of homework (do).
动词不定式作定语
一、被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑宾语，即中心语与不定式是动宾关系
to fear
to do
如果不定式结构中的动词是不及物动词，则后面需要加上相应的介词
The little girl need a friend (play).
He has no room to (live).
to live in
to play with
Have you got the key (unlock) the door.
The hospital is in need of nurses (look after) patients.
动词不定式作定语
二、被修饰的名词词组是不定式的逻辑主语，即中心语与不定式是主谓关系
to unlock
to look after
John said he would make an bigger effort to get a good score.
I have no wish to quarrel with you.
He is always the first one to come and the last to leave.
动词不定式作定语
三、被修饰的名词词组是不定式的同位语
这类名词词组通常是表示企图、努力、倾向、目的、愿望、能力、意向等意义的名词如 ability, attempt, effort, impulse, inclination, wish以及 the first, the second, the last, the only等名词词组
The first thing is to listen to your teacher carefully.
Our duty is to clean this classroom.
What he hoped was to be admitted to the university.
What I want to say is to forget all the unhappiness.
动词不定式作表语
不定式作表语对主语起补充说明作用
主语通常是以 aim, duty, hope, idea, job, plan, problem, purpose, thing, wish等名词为中心的短语，或以what引导的名词性从句
非谓语动词—-ing分词的功能
-ing分词作定语
-ing分词作补语
-ing分词作状语
-ing分词作主语
-ing分词作宾语
-ing分词作表语
That sleeping boy is Tom.
falling leaves
the rising sun
the man talking with my father
Could you tell the children playing outside not to make too much noise
-ing分词作定语
若是单词，则一般放在名词前作前置修饰语；
若是短语，则一般放在名词后作后置修饰语。
We all found his equipment interesting. (equipment 和 interesting 是主表关系)
I saw Mary going upstairs then. (Mary 和 go upstairs 是主谓关系)
-ing分词作补语
现在分词在句中作宾语补足语时，与宾语有逻辑上的“主表”关系或“主谓”关系。
常用于表示主谓关系的结构：
feel / see / watch / hear / find / notice / keep sb doing sth
-ing分词作补语
作形容词补足语
We are busy preparing for the coming sports meeting.
-ing分词作状语
一、作时间状语
While working in the factory, he got along well with others.
(see) their teaching coming, the class stopped talking.
Having worked all day, I was ready for bed by 8 o'clock.
(be) ill, Mary didn’t go to school yesterday.
二、作原因状语
Seeing
Being
-ing分词作状语
(Arrange) your time appropriately, you can balance study and entertainment.
三、作条件状语
四、作让步状语
Though (rain) heavily, it cleared up very soon.
(weigh) 100 kg, the stone was moved by himself alone.
raining
Weighing
Arranging
-ing分词作状语
It rained heavily, (cause) severe flooding in that area.
The old man died, (leave) nothing but debts.
Our teacher went into the classroom, (hold) a book in her hand.
He sat by the roadside, (beg).
五、作结果状语
六、作伴随状语
causing
leaving
holding
begging
-ing分词作主语
Reading is an art.
一、直接位于句首
It is no use telling him not to worry.
二、it 作形式主语，动名词放在句末
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
三、动名词有逻辑主语，则在动名词前加上名词所有格或物主代词
-ing分词作宾语
They went on walking and never stopped talking.
Mark often attempts to escape being fined whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
一、作动词宾语
只能带-ing分词的动词及动词短语常见的有：
admit, suggest, keep, mind, escape, practice, enjoy, risk, finish, avoid, delay,
put off, look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, depend on, be used to, burst out, succeed in
-ing分词作宾语
trick sb into doing sth
talk sb into doing sth
trap sb into doing sth
stop sb from doing sth
keep sb from doing sth
prevent sb from doing sth
二、作介词宾语：动词 +（宾语） + 介词 + -ing分词
-ing分词作宾语
二、作介词宾语：形容词+ 介词 + -ing分词
Who is responsible for breaking the windows
二、作介词宾语：名词+ 介词 + -ing分词
The professor provided us with many ways of learning English.
-ing分词作表语
-ing 分词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。
-ing 分词与主语通常是对等的关系，表示主语的内容，主语、表语可互换位置。
如果句中的主语和表语同为动词时，要注意保持两个动词在形式上的一致。
The news was (disappoint).
What pleases him most is (bath) in the sea.
My hobby is painting. = Painting is my hobby.
Seeing is believing.
disappointing
bathing
非谓语动词—-ed分词的功能
-ed分词作定语
-ed分词作状语
-ed分词作补语
-ed分词作表语
-ed分词作定语
过去分词作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。它所修饰的名词、代词与之构成被动关系。
We must adapt our thinking to the (change) conditions.
The (retire) man was very interested in painting.
→ We must adapt out thinking to the conditions that have been changed.
→ The man who had retired was very interesting in painting.
changed
retired
-ed分词作定语
过去分词作定语时，相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词或代词。它所修饰的名词、代词与之构成被动关系。
The witnesses by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight.
questioned
being questioned
to be questioned
having questioned
-ed分词作状语
一、作时间状语
Heated
(ask) about his family, he made no answer.
(heat), the metal expanded.
→ When he was asked about his family, he made no answer.
→ After heated, the metal expanded.
Asked
-ed分词作状语
二、作条件状语
Given
(grow) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
(give) more time, we could do it better..
→ If these seeds are grown in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
→ If we were given more time,we could do it better.
Grown
-ed分词作状语
三、作方式 / 伴随状语
The boy slipped out of the room, (follow) by his pet dog.
→ The boy slipped out of the room and was followed by his pet dog.
Rejected
四、作让步状语
(reject) many times, the man did not lose heart.
→ Though the man was rejected many times, he did not lose heart.
followed
-ed分词作状语
五、作原因状语
Seriously (injure), he had to be taken to the hospital.
→ Because he was seriously injured, he had to be taken to the hospital.
(catch) in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
→ Because he was caught in a heavy rain, he was all wet.
injured
Caught
-ed分词作补语
作宾语补语
表示感觉和心理状态的动词 + 宾语 + -ed分词
I found the door locked.
表“致使”的动词 + 宾语 + -ed分词
I have my hair cut yesterday.
表希望、要求、命令的动词 + 宾语 + -ed分词
I don't want such questions discussed at the meeting.
-ed分词作表语
总是在系动词 be/appear/look/remain/feel/get 等之后，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态或感受。
The city is surrounded on three sides by mountains.
The store remains closed.
这座城市的状态是被包围着的。
这家商店的状态：一直是关着的。
You look disappointed.
-ed分词作表语
表示被动或完成
The book was written by John.
After the operation she was taken to the recovery room.
The End

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