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语法专题：
介词 prepositions
定义及用法:
介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类，短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中作状语，表语，补语或介词宾语。介词可以分为时间介词、地点介词、方式介词、原因介词和其他介词。
【考纲解读】
介词主要考查近义词的用法区别、介词的特定含义、介词和连词易混淆的项目、介词的固定用法等，全国各地高考试题中，都涉及到介词的考查，对于介词的有无、介词与其他词的固定搭配的考查尤为频繁。高考研究介词是英语中比较活跃的词，中学阶段所学的介词有40多个。它与名词、形容词、副词和动词等构成搭配时用法灵活，意义丰富。搭配比较活跃的介词主要有in，on，off，to，from，for，over，with等。高考介词的考查将以介词的固定短语和介词辨析为主。在学习介词时，应重点掌握介词的基本用法，同时注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法。
介词的分类
1. 从结构上分，可分为：简单介词（如：at, in, on, for, over, up）、合成介词（如：inside, outside, within, without）、以-ing结尾的介词（如：concerning, including, excluding, following）和短语介词（如：according to, because of, apart from, in case of）。
2. 从含义上分，可分为表示时间（如：at, in, on, before, between）、地点（如：at, in, on, under, behind）、趋向（如：to / towards, across, off, up）、原因（如：for, with, due to）、让步（如：despite, in spite of）和条件（如：in case of, without, but for）等的介词。
一 几组常见介词的辨析
意义 短语
at 表示某个时间点、时刻等 at midnight“在半夜”；
at sunrise/sunset“在日出/日落”
on 表示在具体的日子或具体的某一天的上午、下午、晚上 on a rainy night“在一个雨夜”；
on Christmas Eve“在平安夜”
in 表示在某段较长的时间内(如世纪、年代、月份等)或泛指上午、下午、晚上等 in December“在十二月”；
in the morning“在上午”
意义 比较
in 表示“在……时间之内/之后”，所在的句中必须表示将来。 He will be back in an hour.
他一小时后就回来。
He came back after an hour.
他一小时后回来了。
after 表示“在……时间之后”，通常“after＋时间段”与过去时连用，“after＋时间点”与将来时连用。 Tips:
1、in 表示“在……时间之后”，必须满足两个条件。（1）所修饰的动词必须表过去将来或者现在将来
（2）后面必须是一段时间。否则用after/ later.
My father will be back in three days.
My father will be back after 3 o’clock.
My father came back here after 3 days/ 3 days after/ 3 days later.
(2) 当时间名词前面被 this, that, last, next, some, every, one…等词限定时，通常不用任何介词。
(3) for + 时间段，用与表示一个动作或行为状态持续了多久。（并不一定用完成时）
(4) 时间段+ ago/ before
(5)since + 时间点/时间段; from+时间点
(6) over/during + 名词（a coffee/his stay）
意义 短语
through 表示“从……的内部穿过” through the forest“从森林穿过”
across 表示“从……表面穿过” across the desert“穿过沙漠”
over 表示“从……的上面越过” jump over the fence“跨过篱笆墙”
意义 比较
in 表示 “在……范围内” Japan lies to the east of China.
日本位于中国东部。(在……范围外)
Beijing lies in the north of China.
北京位于中国北部。(在……范围内)
Mongolia, which lies on/to the north of China, is a beautiful country.
位于中国北部的蒙古，是一个美丽的国 家。(毗邻，接壤/在……范围外)
on 表示“毗 邻，接壤” to 表示 “在……范围外” Tips：
表示“动向，位置”的介词
Tips：in front of，in the front of
两个介词短语皆有“在前面”的意思，区别是:
in front of通常相对于某物体的外部来说，指某人或某物位于该物前面，意为“在……前面”；
in the front of通常相对于空间而言，指某人或某物位于某个空间的内部，意为“在……的前部”。
Tips：near，beside，by
beside和near都有“靠近”的意思，
beside强调“在……旁边(＝at the side of)”，指两者的位置关系，多用于人；
near意为“在……附近(＝at a short distance from)”，表示两者之间的距离，多用于场所，另外near还可表示时间或程度等。
by表示“在……旁边”时含有“倚，凭，靠，沿着”等意。
Tips：along，across，through，by
along意为“沿着”，和动态动词连用，也可以和静态动词连用，表示“在空间的某一点上，在某一段空间里”。
across的含义与on有关，表示动作是在某一物体的表面进行的，指从一端到另一端或成十字交叉穿过。
across可以表示“在……对面或另一边”，相当于opposite。
through的含义与in有关，表示动作从物体中间穿过，这个动作是在三维空间进行的。
by表示从某物或某人的旁边经过。
意义 短语
by 后可直接跟涉及和不涉及交通工具的名词，名词前不加冠词 by sea, by air, by bike, by car, by train (on foot)
on/in 后跟交通工具时，名词前应有冠词、物主代词、指示代词等修饰语 on one's bike, in one's car, on a horse
意义 比较
against 意为“反对”，此外还表示“倚靠着；逆着；以……为背景”等 Are you for the proposal or against it
你支持这项提议还是反对？
for 表示“支持，赞成”，还可表示原因、目的等 意义 比较
between 表示两者之间 The secret is only between you and me.
We will visit a town among
mountains.
among 指在三者或三者以上之间 Tips:
有时between之后也可能出现3个或3个以上的宾语， 但这时强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系。此外，当句中出现divide，share这类词时，如果后面跟着几个单数可数名词，则用between；如果后面是复数名词，则两者都可以。
e.g.: From the top of the tree, the boy saw guns between the trees.
He divided his money between John, Helen and his nephew.
between classes
(8) with, by, in 译为“用”
① with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前，其后的名词多被冠词，物主代词等修饰。
They are digging with a spade.
We see with our eyes, hear with our ears and walk with our legs.
② by, in , on, over, through 等多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。
by hand(手工), in ink, on the telephone/Internet/air（in the air）, over /on the radio(by radio), through the telescope…
③ 使用语言，原料，材料时用 in
in English、in blue ink、in a low voice、in a word…
④ “用……方法、方式”: in this way; by means of; with this methods
⑤ by 表示使用某种交通工具，且前面不加冠词
e.g.: by air/ bus/ sea
besides, except, except for, but, but for
besides 指“除了……还有，再加上”，也可用in addition to。
except 指“除了，减去……”，不能放在句首。
but 与except意思近似，表示“除了……外”，经常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything等和其他疑问词后面。
e.g.: I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper. 除了报纸之外，我从来没见过他读过什么。
except for表示“如无……就，只是”，表明具体原因。
e.g.: His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.除了少量拼写错误外，他的日记其他方面都很好。
Tips：
other than：意为“除……之外”，后可接名词、代词、动名词和动词原形，并且可以与but，except互换；但当except后接副词、介词短语和when从句等时，but/other than不可替换except。
apart from：既可以表示besides，又可以表示except或者except for，还可以表示without的意思。
Tips：
用于否定句时，besides，except与but可相互替换。
No other students passed the difficult math exam except/besides/but Lin Tao and Wu Dong.
除林涛和吴东外，其他的学生都没有通过那次很难的数学考试。
(11) as, like
as, like两者都可表示“如，像”。
as表示“如，像”时，可以用作介词，也可用作连词。
like表示“如，像”时，通常用作介词，但是在口语中也可用作连词。like含有“好像是”之意，意指“实际上不是”。
e.g.: I long to fly like a bird in the sky. 我渴望像只小鸟一样在天空飞翔。
e.g.: He works as a doctor in the hospital. 他在这家医院当医生。
(12) because of/on account of, due to, thanks to, for，out of
because of/on account of 意思是“因为，由于”，引起的介词短语通常作状语，可以放于句首或句中。
e.g.: He didn't attend the meeting because of the heavy rain. 因为这场大雨他没有参加会议。
due to 意思是“因为，由于”，通常只作表语，作状语时不用于句首。
e.g.: His illness was due to smoking and drinking. 他生病是因为吸烟和喝酒。
thanks to 意思是“因为，由于，多亏了”，多用于句首。
e.g.: Thanks to his timely help, we finished the task in time. 多亏了他及时的帮助，我们按时完成任务了。
for 意思是“因为”，常表示为了某一目的、事业的原因，而but for表示“如果不是因为”。
e.g.: He gave up smoking for his bad health. 因为身体不好他戒烟了。
(13) before，by，until，till
before：早于；在……之前
by： 表示“不迟于……，在(某时)前”。
until：是比较正式的用法。在肯定句中和持续性动词连用，表示动作一直持续到until后面的时间为止；在否定句中和瞬间性动词连用，表示该动作直到until后面的时间才开始。
till：意义与until相同。
We should not judge a person ________ his appearance but people make that mistake from time to time.
It suddenly occurred ________ him that he should adopt the homeless child.
This music is too old-fashioned to appeal ________ young people any longer.
All the approaches ________ the airport were blocked by the police.
Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill _______ which school education depends.
The boy has made great progress _____________his teacher’s help.
You should attach enough importance ________ your English.
In the experiment class, we were told that these are the wires ___________ which different machines are connected.
Without a good command ___ (1) ___ major body languages, we are likely ____ (2) ___(have) misunderstanding when communicating.
Nancy is gifted for writing, which makes her well known at home and abroad.
The Internet has made a great difference in people all over the world.
He looked blank when he was informed his dismissal.
The hotel manager will arrange a babysitter to look after the baby.
The jokes the naughty boy played to the old people made many people angry.
He made some comments to the recent development of computer science.
Jack is only five years senior than me, but he behaves as if he were my father.
I sincerely hope that my suggestions will make a great difference on your future life and career.
To my surprise, she smiled and waved at me. All of a sudden, my heart was filled with warm.
Reading can benefit from us teenagers a great deal.
Besides, it has been proved that tea is beneficial of people’s health.
二 其他常见的介词
(1) with的主要含义有：(表示关系)和……一起；(表示状态)具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着；(表示方式)用……；凭借……；(表示原因)由于，因为
Would you like to go to the theater with me
你愿意和我一起去剧院吗？
With time going by, they have grown into big boys and big girls.
随着时间的流逝，他们都长成大小伙子和大姑娘了。
(2) beyond的主要含义有：(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处；(表示程度)超出，非……所能及
The small village is 20 miles beyond the town.这个小村庄离城镇二十英里。
Everybody was touched beyond words after they heard her moving story.听了她感人的故事后，每个人都被感动得无以言表。
常用短语：
beyond words/description/imagination/belief/one’s reach/one’s control“无法用语言形容、无法用语言描述、想象不出来、不能相信、够不着、管不了”。
“I came to thank you，”she said, surprising me beyond speech. “我是来感谢你的。”她说。(听到这)让我惊讶地说不出话来。
(3) over的主要含义有：(表示位置)在……的正上方，在……的上面；(表示方向)越过；(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过；(表示时间或过程)在……期间
The airplane flew over the mountains and disappeared in the distance.
I'm sorry I didn't phone you, but I've been very busy over the past couple of weeks.
Cover her over with a blanket.(adv.)
（4）against有“违背，违逆；反对；对……不利；倚；靠；碰撞；预防；衬托;与…相比”之意。
Vacations help us perform better at work, improve our sleep quality and cushion us against depression.假期能帮助我们在工作中表现得更好，提高我们的睡眠质量和缓解忧愁。
We are playing against the league champions next week.
Are you for or against the death penalty
Put the piano there, against the wall.
His red clothes stood out clearly against the snow.
The love story unfolds against a background of civil war.
You must weigh the benefits against the cost.
（6）by可表示“程度或增减的幅度”，还可作“按；以……计；依据”; “不迟于…,在…之前”；“经过”；讲。
As far as I know, workers are generally paid by the month(by time).
Come and sit by me.
He walked by me without speaking.
by check/ letter/e-mail/air
I’ll have it done by tomorrow.
By my watch it is two o’clock.
I took him by the hand.
（7） for有“就……而言；从……来看；意思是…; 达，计；为……;因为…;持续…”之意。
The biggest concern for most of us is the quality of public education.
She was really small for her age of 12. 就她12岁的年龄来说，她的身材真很小。
I took her classes for her while she was sick.
Shaking your head for “no” is not universal.
I’m all for people having fun.
He got an award for bravery.
Is this bus for Chicago
The road went on for miles and miles.
（8）off 有“在离……不远处；在沿海的海面”之意。
The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place off the main road at the far end of the lake.
威尔饭店坐落于湖尽头的主干道附近一个非常安静的地方。
The picture fell off from the wall.
Don’t leave the toothpaste with the top off.
The water is off.
She’s off today.
All shirts are 10% off.
（9）across有“横跨”之意。
It can run across water for a distance of several meters, avoiding getting wet by rapidly hitting the water’s surface with its feet.
它可以在水面上跑数米的距离，通过用脚快速拍打水面避免弄湿全身。
（10）on/upon有”…”;“刚……就；一……就”之意，后接名词或动词 ing形式。
Rose received a big hug from her mother on her stepping out of the train.
罗丝一下火车，她妈妈就给了她一个大大的拥抱。
a picture on a wall
Try lying on your back.
on the plane/ bus/ my bike/ a horse
A book on Chinese traditional culture
Have you got any money on you
on the left/ right; on a diet; on duty
on the phone/ Internet; on TV/ Channel 4
You can get me on 15887….
(11) within可表示范围、程度，意为“在……之内”。
The government was doing everything within its power to help the victims.
政府正尽其所能地帮助那些受害者。
三 介词短语
5. 与out of 搭配的常用短语
out of date/time 过时、过期
out of question 毫无疑问
out of the question 没门、绝不可能
out of shape 变形
out of fashion 不流行
out of order 出了故障
out of reach 遥不可及
Tips：
the key/answer/
approach/
entrance/visit to
介词的固定搭配
1. 介词短语:
on average 平均　　 in favor of支持
with regard to 关于 rather than而不是
in case of 如果, 假使 in detail详细地
in vain 徒劳地 on purpose故意地
in turn 依次 in general一般来说
on the contrary 相反 in advance提前
at the cost of 以…的成本、代价
apart from 除……之外
in addition to 除……之外
instead of 代替
in need 急需, 在危难中
in spite of 不管, 不顾
regardless of 不管, 不顾
in charge of 负责, 主管
in exchange of 作为交换
in return for 作为回报
out of sight 在视野之外
out of question 不成问题
out of order 出故障, 混乱
other than 除了, 不同于
beyond description 难以描述地
by means of 依靠, 借助于
in terms of 就……而言
in honor of 为了纪念, 向……表示敬意
for the benefit of 为了……利益
by accident/by chance 偶然, 意外地
2. 介词在动词短语中的固定搭配用法:
lead to 导致　　　feel like 想要　　　
go against 违背 call for 需要, 要求agree with 同意, 赞同
care about关心, 介意　apply to 适用于
contribute to 贡献, 有助于, 促成
appeal to 呼吁, 上诉, 对……感兴趣
remind sb. of sth. 提醒某人某事
inform sb. of sth. 通知某人某事
convince sb. of sth. 使某人确信某事
3. 介词与形容词形成的固定搭配用法:
be crazy about 着迷于, 热衷于
be absorbed in 全神贯注于
be popular with 受……欢迎
be enthusiastic about 热衷于
be afraid of 对……感到害怕的
be proud of 对……感到自豪的
be particular about 对……挑剔的
be bored with 对……感到厌倦的
be strict with 对……要求严格的
介词与某些词类的搭配
1．形容词与介词的固定搭配
形容词＋at
形容词＋of
形容词＋with
angry，mad，good，bad，clever，surprised，excited，disappointed等
afraid，frightened，ashamed，aware，convinced，short，full，fond，proud等
angry，connected，content，familiar,patient,
pleased，popular，satisfied，strict等
形容词＋in
形容词＋to
形容词＋for
形容词＋about
weak，different，rich，interested，successful，absorbed，disappointed，experienced，confident等
good，polite，kind，cruel，rude，close，similar，familiar等
sorry，famous，fit，unfit，eager，anxious，hungry，responsible等
sorry，anxious，careless，certain，curious，enthusiastic，particular，optimistic等
2.名词与介词的固定搭配
名词＋to
名词＋in
名词＋on
key，answer，visit，apology，introduction，attitude，monument，devotion等
interest，expert等
congratulations，effect等
3.动词与介词的固定搭配
动词＋about
动词＋for
动词＋at
动词＋from
speak，talk，think，worry等
answer，call，apply，beg，care，charge，hunt，hope，wish，long，search，seek等
aim，call，glare，glance，knock，laugh，point，stare等
date，die，differ，hear，keep，stop，prevent，learn，protect，result，separate，suffer等
动词＋of
动词＋on
动词＋in
动词＋into
动词＋to
approve，complain，consist，die，dream，think等
call，carry，depend，feed，insist，pass，try，rely等
break，call，cut，drop，fill，get，hand，join，persist，result，succeed等
burst，change，divide等
agree，attend，belong，compare，devote，get，lead，object，point，refer，reply，see等
二、高频介词短语荟萃
1．表示“状态”的介词短语
at a loss不知所措　　　　　at dinner在吃晚餐
at peace处于和平状态 at war在战争中
at work在工作 in high spirits情绪高昂
in need处于困难中 in order整齐
in rags穿着破烂 in surprise吃惊
in trouble在困难中 on business因公出差
on duty在值班 on holiday/vacation
在度假
on sale在出售 on show在展出
on strike在罢工 on the way在途中
out of balance失去平衡 out of control失去控制
out of danger脱离危险 out of date过期
out of order出故障 out of work失业
2.表示“方式”的介词短语
by accident偶然地 by chance偶然地
by hand手工地 by mistake错误地
by nature天生地 by the month按月算
by turns轮流 by weight按重量
in cash用现金支付 in detail详细地
in size在大小上 with ease轻易地
with joy高兴地 with pleasure愉快地
3．表示“超出……；难以……”含义的介词短语
beyond compare 无与伦比
beyond comprehension 难以理解
beyond control 失控
beyond description 难以描述
beyond expression 难以表达
beyond reach 够不到
4．其他高频介词短语
against nature 违背自然
at dawn 在黎明
at the cost of 以……的代价
at the mercy of 任凭……的摆布
at the sight of 一看到……就
at the age of 在……岁时
in (the) face of 面对，面临
in addition to 另外
in case of 万一
in charge of 负责，主管
in exchange of 作为交换
in favor of 赞成，支持
in honor of 为了纪念
in need of 需要
in a hurry 匆忙
in the hope of 带着……的希望
in no way 决不
in preparation for 为……作准备
in response to 作为回应
in return for 作为回报
in spite of 尽管，虽然
in the charge of 在……的管理之下
in the possession of 被……拥有
on account of 因为
on behalf of 代表
on condition that 在……的条件下
9. The mother continued to care for the young panda ________ more than two years.
10. I hate it when she calls me at work
— I'm always too busy to carry ________ a conversation with her.
11. Tony saw a toy ______ a shop window.
12. My uncles immediately jumped up and shot their arrows ______ the bird.
for
on
in
at
13. You should eat more fruit and vegetables, which are rich of vitamins.
14. Please help with me and give me some advice.
15. My soccer coach retired in last week.
16. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside.
17. If we could show concern to others in need, the world would be a better place to live.
of 改为in
去掉with
去掉in
在wait 后加for
在live后加in
18. Global warming is having a great effect at hundreds of plant and animal species around the world, changing some living patterns.
19．Modern science has given clear evidence that smoking can lead many diseases.
20．The book I'm reading of talks about afternoon tea in Britain. It is said to have started in the early 1800's.
at 改为 on
lead后加 to
去掉of

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