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新概念英语第二册Lesson 77课堂笔记
A successful operation
一例成功的手术
First listen and then answer the question.
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Did the doctors find out how the woman died
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。
The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes.
这是曾在底比斯神殿里当过歌手的赛潘姆特的木乃伊。
As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy,
由于在给这个木乃伊拍摄的X光片子上有点奇怪的斑点，
doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease.
所以，医生们一直试图搞清这位妇女是否死于一种罕见的疾病。
The only way to do this was to operate.
搞清的唯一办法就是手术。
The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin.
手术持续了4个多小时，非常难做，因为皮肤上覆盖着一层硬硬的树脂。
The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory.
医生们从木乃伊身上取下一个切片，送去化验。
They also found something which the X-ray plates did not show: a small wax figure of the god Duamutef.
他们还发现了X光片所没有显示的东西：一个蜡制的杜瓦木特夫神小塑像。
This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed inside a mummy.
这种牛头人身的神像通常被放在木乃伊体内。
The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died.
医生们至今还未确定这位妇女的死因。
They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened.
他们曾担心在把木乃伊切开后，它会散成碎片，但幸运得很，这种情况并未发生。
The mummy successfully survived the operation.
这具木乃伊成功地经受了这次手术。
词汇学习 Word study
1．B.C.与A.D.
B.C.为Before Christ（公元前）的缩写，A.D.表示anno Domini (=in the year of the Lord或 since Christ was born),即“公元”。A.D.用来与B.C.形成对比，出现在正式的史书中，平时一般
不用。B.C.位于年代之后，A.D.在英国英语中位于年代之前：
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation.
死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了
一次手术。
The Romans invaded England in 55 B.C.
公元前55年罗马人入侵了英格兰。
George I died in A.D. 1727.
乔治一世死于公元1727年。
2．skin,leather与complexion
skin可用于指人体的“皮肤”，也可以指某人是什么颜色的皮肤。用于表示后一种意义时它与complexion（肤色）可以互换：
Hard resin covered the skin.
皮肤上覆盖着一层硬硬的树脂。
We are wet to the skin.
我们全身湿透了。
He has a dark skin/complexion.
他皮肤黝黑。
leather指“皮革”：
Shoes made of real leather have become very expensive.
真皮做的鞋子现在非常贵。
This sofa is made from real leather.
这沙发是真皮的。
3．wax与candle
wax指各种“蜡”，为不可数名词；candle指“蜡烛”，为可数名词：
Inside every mummy there is a small wax figure.
每个木乃伊体内都有一个蜡制的小塑像。
All the figures in this shop are made of wax.
这个店里所有的塑像都是蜡制的。
I keep a candle by my bed in case the lights go out suddenly.
我床边总放一枝蜡烛，以防突然停电。
语法讲解
本课主要是复习第4课、第28课和第52课所学的现在完成时与现在完成进行时的内容。
（一）现在完成时
1、构成方式
主语 + have/has done + 其他成分
如：
He has just left Shanghai.
2、基本用法
表示过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响或结果。如：
I have had lunch.
这句话的字面意思是“我已经吃过中饭了”，其中吃中饭的动作是过去发生的，但这句话的潜台词可能是“我已经饱了，或者不想再吃东西了”等。
试对比：
I had lunch just now.
这句话的意思是“我刚才吃了中饭”，是对过去事情的客观描述，不强调对现在的影响。
3、标志词
1）already/just/never/ever/yet
2）for+一段时间或since+具体时间/从句（过去式）
3）次数
4）recently/lately
5）so far / up to now
6）in the past/last +一段时间
如：
They have been to France twice.
Great changes have taken place in our town in the past five years.
（二）现在完成进行时
1、构成方式
sb. + have/has been doing + 其他成分
如：
He has been crying for ten minutes.
2、基本用法
表过去发生的事情持续到现在还在进行。如：
She has been sleeping for five hours.
3、标志词
与现在完成时的标志词基本相同，除了“already / just / never / ever / yet”。如：
We have been reading in the library for two hours.
She has been learning French since she was five.
（三）两者区别
现在完成时强调结果，现在完成进行时强调过程。如：
I have already read the novel. (看过小说)
I have been reading the novel for a week. (一直在看小说)

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