资源简介

阅读理解
一、高考原题
1.【2023年新高考全国I卷】
Bike Rental Guided Tours
Welcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.
Why MacBike
MacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake（刹车）, bikes with hand brake and gears（排挡）, bikes with child seats, and children's bikes.
Prices
Hand Brake, Three Gears Foot Brake, No Gears
1 hour ?7.50 ?5.00
3 hours ?11.00 ?7.50
1 day （24 hours） ?14.75 ?9.75
Each additional day ?8.00 ?6.00
Guided City Tours
The 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.
1.What is an advantage of MacBike
A. It gives children a discount. B. It offers many types of bikes.
C. It organizes free cycle tours. D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.
2.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days
A. ?15.75. B. ?19.50. C. ?22.75. D. ?29.50.
3.Where does the guided city tour start
A. The Gooyer, Windmill. B. The Skinny Bridge.
C. Heineken Brewery. D. Dam Square.
2. 【2023年新高考全国I卷】
When John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.
After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌) Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.
The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.
He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.
Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.
"Ecological design" is the name John gives to what he does. "Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor," he says. "You put organisms in new relationships and observe what's happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair."
1.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs
A. He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.
C. He had an inquiring mind. D. He longed to be a doctor.
2.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks
A. To feed the animals. B. To build an ecosystem.
C. To protect the plants. D. To test the eco-machine.
3.What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou
A. To review John's research plans. B. To show an application of John's idea.
C. To compare John's different jobs. D. To erase doubts about John's invention.
4.What is the basis for John's work
A. Nature can repair itself. B. Organisms need water to survive.
C. Life on Earth is diverse. D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.
3.【2023年新高考全国II卷】
As cities balloon with growth, access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find. If you’re lucky, there might be a pocket park near where you live, but it’s unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild.
Past research has found health and wellness benefits of nature for humans, but a new study shows that wildness in urban areas is extremely important for human well-being.
The research team focused on a large urban park. They surveyed several hundred park-goers, asking them to submit a written summary online of a meaningful interaction they had with nature in the park. The researchers then examined these submissions, coding(编码) experiences into different categories. For example, one participant’s experience of "We sat and listened to the waves at the beach for a while" was assigned the categories “sitting at beach” and “listening to waves.”
Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories the researchers call a “nature language” began to emerge. After the coding of all submissions, half a dozen categories were noted most often as important to visitors. These include encountering wildlife, walking along the edge of water, and following an established trail.
Naming each nature experience creates a usable language, which helps people recognize and take part in the activities that are most satisfying and meaningful to them. For example, the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying for a young professional on a weekend hike in the park. Back downtown during a workday, they can enjoy a more domestic form of this interaction by walking along a fountain on their lunch break.
"We’re trying to generate a language that helps bring the human-nature interactions back into our daily lives. And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it," said Peter Kahn, a senior author of the study.
1.What phenomenon does the author describe at the beginning of the text
A. Pocket parks are now popular. B. Wild nature is hard to find in cities.
C. Many cities are overpopulated. D. People enjoy living close to nature.
2.Why did the researchers code participant submissions into categories
A. To compare different types of park-goers. B. To explain why the park attracts tourists.
C. To analyze the main features of the park. D. To find patterns in the visitors’ summaries.
3.What can we learn from the example given in paragraph 5
A. Walking is the best way to gain access to nature.
B. Young people are too busy to interact with nature.
C. The same nature experience takes different forms.
D. The nature language enhances work performance.
4.What should be done before we can interact with nature according to Kahn
A. Language study. B. Environmental conservation.
C. Public education. D. Intercultural communication.
二、考情分析
I 社会文化类
文化类文章的选材一般以中西方文化差异或者社会文化现象为重点，如礼仪、语言、生活习惯，价值观等，题材涉及社会、文化、教育、体育等方面的内容。体裁以议论文、记叙文居多，但是也有说明文。而且往往一篇文章表达一个主题。
文化类阅读理解的设题一般都是以考查文章的细节为主，兼顾考查考生推理判断的能力。因此，考生答题时要能准确定位，根据试题要求到文章中去寻找相应的答案。做这类题时，考生的英语语言知识和社会常识都发挥着重要的作用，遇到熟悉的题材时，若对题目把握不准，考生可以在立足文章内容的基础上结合社会常识来解答此类题。
对英语语言、社会、文化的了解是一个长期的过程，在复习时要注意：
1.增加英语词汇量、掌握语法和习惯用法。
在复习过程中加强对语言基础知识的掌握。普通中学毕业生应具备2000~3500的词汇量，并掌握其词类、意思和基本用法。掌握句子结构和句子成分之间的关系。熟悉固定词组、固定搭配等约定俗成的语法项目。
2.扩大知识面，认真研读历届高考题。
从近年的高考题看，阅读内容的社会实用性越来越强，更重视语言和文化的关系，阅读材料会更多地涉及社会文化背景知识，因此，要阅读更多关于社会文化背景知识的内容，通过阅读丰富自己的知识。同时，要认真研读近五年的高考篇目，增加语言经验，适应选材特点，熟悉题材和体裁，了解设问形式，感悟设问特点。
II 科普知识类
从文章的体裁看，这类文章一般都是说明文，通过对某种自然现象、某项科学研究、某个最新发现等的详细描述，让大家认识、了解某方面的科学知识，并学会在生活中运用这种知识。有时候科普知识类文章的体裁也可能为记叙文，通常叙述与某项发明或发现相关的人物及事件。
科普知识类文章的设题一般都以考查文章的细节为主。因此，答题时，只要抓住主要信息，仔细比较题目与原文信息的异同，一般便可以作出正确选择。不过，这类题目的文章往往专业性较强，专业术语多，阅读起来较为困难，但是，这类题目的命题一般都很简单，且生词不会影响考生做题。因此，做题时要学会“跳读”，即要跳过有些不影响做题和理解文章内容的生词，只要抓住核心词句即可。
III 人物故事类
这类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类。人物传记主要涉及某人的生平事迹、趣闻轶事、生活背景、个性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的发展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描述的是某一件具体事情的发生、发展或结局有人物、时间、地点和事件。
人物故事类文章一般较长，题目多为细节理解题和推理判断题。考生在做此类阅读理解题时往往有材料看得懂但题目不好做的感觉。因此，考生在阅读文章时要把重点放在事情发展的过程和结果进程及人物之间的关系、细节与主题的关系及用以说明人物性格特点的事实、作者的态度等，这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点。掌握了这些内容，考生在做推理判断题时，就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进行合乎逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于细节理解题的解答，考生切忌想当然或者凭印象，一定要找到文章中的原句和题干进行比较，再做出正确选择。
IV 应用广告类
高考广告类短文贴近学生生活，如学习、旅游、保健、购物、招生、招聘、餐饮、网络交流等，这类短文有以下几个特点：
（1）篇幅短小，形式灵活，信息量大。无论整篇广告还是数则广告，都很短小精悍，但其中的信息可能较多甚至较为纷繁。（2）用词和句法简练。广告用词筒单，句法以简单句为主，目的是让读者一目了然，很快捕捉到信息。（3）专有名词和缩略词多。广告涉及的商品和活动以及人物等经常以专有名词出现，而时间、地点等经常以缩略词出现。（4）生词多。广告涉及领城众多、涉及面广，因此会有生词，但往往不影响阅读。
广告类短文的试题多是以获取信息为主的细节理解题，即考查考生对广告具体细节的了解、分析和概括等能力。阅读此类短文需要考生具备较好的 skimming（略读）和 scanning（细查）的阅读技能，即快速读懂文章大意和寻找目标信息。
1.题干定位法：先阅读题干，然后根据问题按照题目顺序有针对性地结合题干中的关键词到文中定位，阅读相关部分并快速寻找有效信息，再将原文和选项进行比较。当问题与原文材料相同的时候，对号入座；如果问题与原文不同，则可以同义替换、归纳事实等。
2.补全成分法：省略词和省略句在应用文中大量出现。对于影响语境理解的省略情况，应将省略句补全，从而更加准确地理解其意思。
3.信息再加工法：主要用于词义或句意推测题以及涉及数字转换的推理判断题。需要对原文相关信息作正确理解，并通过推理判断或计算对信息进行再加工。
V 生态环保类
高考题中，常见的热门题材主要有：人与自然的和谐发展，人与自然的生态现状和未来发展，环保的生活方式，生态旅游，生态农业等。
考生在平时学习中要有关注热点环保题材的意识，把握环保新潮流，留心相关题材的文章特点，这样在做这类题时才会得心应手。
VI 史地常识类
史地常识类文章通常介绍历史事件、异域风光等。在选材方面，多选择说英语的国家的主要名胜历史事件等。在设题方面，通常以细节题为主，同时也有一定的主观推断题。命题的形式通常多样，可能涉及图表题、数字计算题、排序题、表格题等。
对此类试题，要特别注意积累与西方社会的风土人情、社交活动、风俗习惯及历史事件有关的专业英语常识。平时养成读书看报的习惯，勤于积累，提高文化素质，掌握已经考过的英语常识试题，在此基础上，进一步丰富常识。此外，要掌握必要的解题技巧，考生可运用英语学科知识，联系有关的历史地理知识，从材料中抓住关键词，获取和解读有效信息，分析历史、地理试题的内涵和外延，并结合选项进行甄别、筛选，做出综合思考和理性的判断，从而选出最符合题意要求的选项。
VII 新闻报道类
新闻报道类文章都具有时代性，材料反映当代社会的某个方面。新闻报道类文章要点突出，主题鲜明；一般来说，看文章的首段或者首句便可知全文的主要内容，如时间、地点、人物等；新闻报道类文章清楚地告知读者when，where，who，what，how等内容。
1.泛读各类文章，积累背景知识。做阅读时，背景知识对阅读理解水平有着重要的影响。因此，考生对文章内容的熟悉程度有时要比其本身的语言水平更重要。所以考生在复习迎考时，要有针对性地选读一些有关各学科知识的文章，留意各类评论性文章，增加一些背景知识，有意识地强化记忆有关词汇，以便能理解考试中将会遇到的各种内容的文章，从而达到事半功倍的效果。
2.重视文章的首段、首句。一般来说，根据文章第一段或者仅仅根据第一句话便可知全文的主要内容，如事件、时间、地点、人物等。
3.在阅读中要忽略人名、地名，不要被这些专有名词弄乱自己的思路和情绪，但要理清地点的位置及人物之间的关系
4.做题时要先读问题，再读文章，之后再回归问题。
三、变式训练
1.
Tiger Conservation Safari: India
December 2022—6 days
Register now at tours @ and we will contact you soon with full tour details.
Visit the protected areas of Tadoba in search of the Bengal tiger, putting yourself in forest life.
Day 1: Arrive in Delhi
You will be met on arrival and sent to the 5-star Roseate Hotel. You can spend the day in its rooftop pool overlooking Delhi or explore the city, which may be one of the world’ s largest cities, but building wonders — new and old — fill the city. Mughal treasures, including the Red Fort and Jama Masjid, are added by more recent additions (添加物) to Delhi’s traditional buildings, such as the Lotus and Akshardham Temples.
Day 2: Journey to Tadoba
Take the early morning flight to Nagpur. On arrival into Nagpur, you will be met by our local guide, who will take you to Tadoba National Park. Part of the park contains Tadoba Andhari Tiger Reserve (保护区), one of India’s most exciting and best-protected tiger reserves.
For the next 4 nights, you will be staying at Bamboo Forest Safari Lodge. Later this evening there will be a welcome dinner.
Days 3-5: Safari Drives
The next three clays will follow a similar schedule, as you head into Tadoba National Park searching for India’s tigers as well as the park’s many other wildlife species and birdlife.
The day starts early, usually before sunrise, as this is when the wildlife is at its most active. Mornings begin with tea in bed. Breakfast will normally be taken in the park.
Day 6: Departure
Go to Nagpur airport for your flight back to Delhi and your journey home. We can make extra days sightseeing with a private guide covering the Golden Triangle of Delhi, Jaipur and Agra, including the Amber Fort and The Taj Mahal. Please ask for more details.
1.What does the author say about Delhi
A. It is the largest city in the world.
B. It is a place with many 5-star hotels.
C. It has both ancient and modern buildings.
D. It has the best-protected tiger reserve in India.
2.What will you do first on the second day
A. Take a plane. B. Meet your guide.
C. Go to the park. D. Drink tea in the hotel.
3.When will you go to search for birds
A. Day 1. B. Day 2. C. Day 6. D. Days 3-5.
2.
A new study shows human activity is changing the sound of the Earth's oceans and seas. Scientists say the sound changes of our oceans, seas, and other waterways affect many marine(海洋的) animals—from very small shrimps to huge whales.
"Sound travels very far under water," Francis Juanes, an ecologist at the University of Victoria in Canada, told The Associated Press. For fish, he explained, sound is probably a better way to sense their environment than light. Sound helps fish and other marine animals communicate with each other. Sound also helps some ocean animals find food and avoid their hunters.
However, increasing noise from humans is making it harder for these animals to hear each other. The noise is coming from shipping traffic, underwater exploration, and other noisy human activities. For many marine animals, their attempts to communicate are being masked(遮蔽)by sound that humans have produced. Experts explain that masking happens when one or more noises in the water block sound important to a marine animal's living. The overall number of marine animals has gone down by about half since 1970. Some studies show the stress from human noise might also affect the immune(免疫的) system as well as reproductive health or behavior. "Imagine having to raise your kids in a place that's noisy all the time," said Joe Roman, a marine ecologist at the University of Vermont.
When people think of problems facing the ocean, we often think of climate change, plastics and overfishing. But noise pollution is another thing we need pay attention to. "Sound pollution may be easier to deal with than other ocean problems," scientist Juanes said. "If we make something for the ocean, think about how to make it quieter."
4.Why is sound underwater important to ocean animals
A.It changes with light.
B.It travels very fast.
C.It helps them judge and contact each other.
D.It guides fishermen to finding where they are.
5.What does Paragraph 3 mainly tell us
A.Underwater exploration must be stopped.
B.Kids should experience noise to be healthy.
C.Human noise brings stress to marine animals.
D.Marine animals have got used to sound changes.
6.What is the author's purpose in writing the text
A.To introduce the benefits of sound.
B.To show the effects of climate change.
C.To draw attention to sound pollution.
D.To share a method of studying the ocean
7.What will the author probably tell us in the following paragraph
A.How to deal with overfishing.
B.What is the main cause of climate change.
C.How to keep the number of marine animals.
D.What should be done to reduce sound pollution.
3.
When I was a senior high school student, mathematics looked like a big barrier(障碍) for me and several of my classmates. Mr Iyer, a strict maths teacher, was also our class teacher. He always stuck to his discipline. We had to arrive on time, and pay undivided attention to his lectures, and dared not forget any of his homework.
Even so, as our class teacher, we got to know him better. Noticing some of us couldn't sit still and seemed anxious one day as the mid-term exams were coming, he stopped solving a mathematical problem to ask us why. “There's too much to do," we sighed. "We're frightened that we'll never manage to finish revising before the exam." "Nothing is impossible," Mr Iyer told us. "This classroom is on the second floor. Do you have problems reaching here " We replied with blank stares(面无表情的凝视).
"No, you don't!" he said, answering his own question. "You have a staircase to help you climb up to this level. No one expects you to make it in two giant leaps(大跨步). You simply take one step at a time. Any problem can be solved if you concentrate on the immediate action to be taken. The rest will take care of itself if you keep at it. One step at a time. That's the secret." Then he wrote down an old motto that left a deep impression on me on the blackboard—the longest journey starts with a single step. Having heard his staircase analogy(比拟), we understood why he asked us the question and we saw him in a new light.
At last, most of my classmates scored highly in maths. And I went on to become an English teacher. To this day, whenever I pass on Mr Iyer's invaluable advice to my own students, they brighten up at the prospect of a lighter academic burden.
8.What is the main idea of the first paragraph
A.The way Mr Iyer taught his students maths.
B.The reason why maths was hard for the author.
C.The students' points of view on Mr Iyer's character.
D.The brief introduction of the author's maths teacher, Mr Iyer.
9.Why did Mr Iyer stop solving a mathematical problem in class
A.Mr Iyer was a little tired and wanted to have a rest.
B.Some students made trouble and affected the class.
C.The mathematical problem was rather puzzling.
D.Some students seemed impatient and upset.
10.What is the secret of reaching one's goal according to Mr Iyer
A.There is only one step between success and failure.
B.Take action quickly and make progress little by little.
C.It is important to make use of a good opportunity.
D.Don't hesitate to ask for help when meeting with barriers.
11.How does the author like Mr Iyer's advice
A.Strange and impractical. B.Incorrect and misleading.
C.Meaningful and valuable. D.Simple and uninteresting.
4.
Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a "keyhole" in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped "keys" to choose from. Inserting the correct "key" would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes. This ability to recognize that a shape will need to be turned in a specific direction before it will fit is called an "allocentric frame of reference". In the experiment, Goffin's cockatoos were able to select the right tool for the job, in most cases, by visual recognition alone. Where trial-and-error was used, the cockatoos did better than monkeys in similar tests. This indicates that Goffin's cockatoos do indeed possess an allocentric frame of reference when moving objects in space, similar to two-year-old babies.
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
12.How did the cockatoos get the nut from the box in the experiment
A. By following instructions. B. By using a tool.
C. By turning the box around. D. By removing the lid.
13.Which task can human one-year-olds most likely complete according to the text
A. Using a key to unlock a door. B. Telling parrots from other birds.
C. Putting a ball into a round hole. D. Grouping toys of different shapes.
14.What does the follow-up test aim to find out about the cockatoos
A. How far they are able to see.
B. How they track moving objects.
C. Whether they are smarter than monkeys.
D. Whether they use a sense of touch in the test.
15.Which can be a suitable title for the text
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers
B. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers
D. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorters
5.
Have you ever noticed there is some difference between city trees and forest trees A new study finds city trees grow faster but die younger than trees in rural forestry.
As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without carbon dioxide. However, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as heat. That makes temperatures near the ground rise. Human activities, especially the widespread burning of fossil fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases in to the air. This has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe.
Studies had shown forests readily absorb carbon dioxide, but there hadn’t been much data on whether city trees grow, die and absorb carbon dioxide at the same rate as forest trees do. So some researchers decided to find out.
To figure out how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree’s diameter increases as it grows, just as a person’s waist size increases as they gain weight. The research has shown about half the weight of a tree is carbon, while most of the rest is water. Over the nine years’ tracking, the researchers found city trees absorbed four times as much carbon dioxide from the air as forest trees. However, they were twice as likely to die. So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more carbon dioxide.
City trees grew faster because they have less competition for light from their neighbors. In a forest, trees tend to grow close together, shading their neighbors. Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen (氮) in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen. Later, rainwater may wash much of it to the ground. Some street trees may also have better access to water than trees in the country because the underground water pipes can leak.
16.What is Paragraph 2 mainly about
A.The greenhouse gas does harm to the earth.
B.Carbon dioxide plays apart in keeping the earth’s temperature.
C.Carbon dioxide can heat the earth.
D.Only human activities make the temperature rise.
17.What information can a tree diameter tell
A.How a tree is transplanted. B.How long a tree is.
C.How old a tree is. D.How much water a tree contains.
18.How do city trees differ from forest trees of the same type over the lifetime in the research
A.They could live twice longer than forest trees.
B.They took in less carbon dioxide than forest trees.
C.They could absorb more carbon dioxide than forest trees.
D.They weighted heavier than forest trees.
19.What advantage do city trees have
A.They have no competition. B.They grow closer together.
C.They get more nutrition like nitrogen. D.They have better access to rainwater.
答案以及解析
一、
1、
1.答案：B
解析：理解具体信息 根据第二段尾句"We offer the newest bicycles...with child seats, and children's bikes"可知，MacBike公司的一个优势是能提供各种各样的自行车，包括带脚刹的最基本的自行车、带手刹和排挡的自行车、带儿童座椅的自行车以及儿童自行车。故选B。
2.答案：C
解析：理解具体信息根据Prices部分所列表格的内容可知，带手刹的三挡自行车的日租金为14.75欧元，每多一天收8欧元，故租两天为22.75欧元。故选C。
3.答案：D
解析：理解具体信息根据尾段倒数第二句"The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day"可知，有导游的城市观光每天下午一点开始，每小时整点从Dam Square出发。故选D。
2、
1.答案：C
解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"observing how nature solved problems"和"When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"和第二段中的"John went back to observing nature and asking questions"以及第二段中的两个问题可以看出，John是一个喜欢刨根问底、喜欢探索的人。故选C。
2.答案：D
解析：根据第三段中的"The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥)... placed them in the tanks"可知，John 修建水箱是为了清理污泥中的有害物质，为此，他在水箱里放了一些动植物。第四段中的"all that was left was pure water"表明了将污泥放入水箱之后的变化。据此可以推断，John在水箱里放入污泥是为了检验他的生态机器的效果，故选D。
3.答案：B
解析：推断上文讲到了John的发明成功了，根据第五段的中心句"Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs"可知,多年来,John做了很多重大的工作。本段提到净化福州的运河水是为了举例说明John的发明及其理念在实践中的应用，故B项正确。A"为了回顾John的研究计划"；B"为了展示John的理念的实际应用"；C"为了比较John的不同工作"；D"为了消除对John的发明的怀疑"。 故选B。
4.答案：A
解析：本文主要围绕John的疑问"A dirty stream，for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived... if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making"展开，即一条肮脏的溪流在穿过植物和流过微生物居住的岩石后，往往会变得清澈，这个过程是否可以用来清理人们制造的脏乱呢？正是在这个疑问的指引下，John发明了"生态设计"，因此，John发明的根源就在于自然的自我修复能力，且最后一段中的"Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair"也印证了John的工作依据就在于"自我修复"这一理念。故选A。
3、1.答案：B
解析：理解具体信息题干问的是在文章开头作者描述的是什么现象。根据第一段中的"access to nature for people living in urban areas is becoming harder to find" (城市居民越来越难以接触大自然）以及"it's unusual to find places in a city that are relatively wild"(在一个城市里找到相对天然的地方是罕见的)可知，在城市里很难接触大自然。故选B。
2.答案：D
解析：推断题干问的是研究人员将参与者提交的文件分类的原因。根据第四段第一句话"Across the 320 submissions, a pattern of categories...began to emerge"(在320份提交的材料中,一种被研究人员称为"自然语言"的类别模式开始出现)可知，研究人员这样做是为了从访客的总结材料中找出类别规律。故选D。
3.答案：C
解析：推断题干问的是我们从第五段所举的例子中可以学到什么。根据第五段所举的例子"the experience of walking along the edge of water might be satisfying...a fountain on their lunch break"可知,年轻的职业人土周末可以在公园徒步旅行，周内可以沿着喷泉散步，用不同的形式去体验自然，即同样的与自然的互动体验会有不同的表现形式。故选C。
4.答案：B
解析：理解具体信息题干问的是在我们与大自然互动之前，我们应该做些什么。根据最后一段Kahn的话"And for that to happen, we also need to protect nature so that we can interact with it"(为了实现这一点，我们还需要保护自然，以便与之互动）可知，我们在与大自然互动以前需要保护自然。故选B。
三、
1、
1.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据 Day 1: Arrive in Delhi 中的“You can spend the day in its rooftop pool overlooking Delhi or explore the city, which may be one of the world5 s largest cities, but building wonders —new and old—fill the city. ”可知，Delhi既有古代建筑也有现代建筑。
2.答案：A
解析：细节理解题。根据 Day 2: Journey to Tadoba 中的“Take the early morning flight to Nagpur. ”可知，第二天你首先要坐飞机。
3.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据Days 3-5: Tour Drives中的“The next three days will follow a similar schedule, as you head into Tadoba National Park searching for India’s tigers as well as the park’s many other wildlife species and birdlife.”可知,你可以在第3-5天路程中去找鸟。
2、
4.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据第二段的最后两句“Sound helps fish...avoid their hunters.(声音帮助鱼类和其他海洋动物相互交流。声音还可以帮助一些海洋动物寻找食物,躲避捕猎者。)”可知,声音可以帮助海洋动物判断和联系彼此。
5.答案：C
解析：主旨大意题。根据第三段段首中心句“However, increasing noise...each other.(然而,越来越多的来自人类的噪声正使这些动物更难听到彼此。)”和后文中的“the stress from human noise might also affect..”可知,本段主要介绍了来自人类的噪声给海洋动物带来了压力。
6.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。根据文章最后一段中的“But noise pollution is another thing we need pay attention to.”以及科学家Juanes说的话可知,作者写这篇文章是为了引起人们对噪声污染的注意。
7.答案：D
解析：推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“If we make something for the ocean, think about how to make it quieter.(如果我们要为海洋做些什么,想想如何让它更安静吧)”可推知,文章接下来可能会介绍应该做些什么来减少噪声污染。
3、
8.答案：D
解析：主旨大意题。第一段第一句“当我还是一名高中生时,对我和我的一些同学来说数学似乎是一个很大的障碍。”引出了下文对数学老师的介绍:Iyer老师是一位严格的数学老师,也是我们的班主任。他总是坚持他的纪律。我们必须准时到达,专心听课,不敢忘记他的任何作业。由此可知,第一段简略介绍了作者的数学老师Iyer,故选D。
9.答案：D
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第二段中的“Noticing some of us couldn't sit still and seemed anxious”和“he stopped solving a mathematical problem to ask us why”可知,Iyer老师看到学生坐立不安,所以停止了教学,学生坐立不安与D项中的“impatient and upset”的意思一致,故选D。
10.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中Iyer老师的话“You simply take one step at a time. Any problem can be solved if you concentrate on the immediate action to betaken...That's the secret.(你只需一步一个脚印。如果你专注于立即采取的行动,任何问题都可以解决……那就是秘诀。)”可知,Iyer老师认为达到目标的秘诀是立即行动并逐步取得进步,故选B。
11.答案：C
解析：推理判断题。由最后一段最后一句“To this day, whenever I pass on Mr Iyer's invaluable advice to my own students, they brighten up at the prospect of a lighter academic burden.(时至今日,每当我向自己的学生传授Iyer老师的宝贵的建议时,他们都会因减轻学业负担的可能性而高兴起来。)”可知,作者认为Iyer老师的建议是有意义的、宝贵的,故选C。
4、
12.答案：B
解析：理解具体信息。根据第一段中的"Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skillful at tool use"可知, 实验中凤头鹦鹉通过使用工具拿到了盒子里的果仁, 故选B项。
13.答案：C
解析：推断。根据第二段首句"In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age"可知, 在大约一岁时, 婴儿就能将圆形物体放入圆孔中, 由此可推知C项正确。
14.答案：D
解析：理解具体信息。根据最后一段信息可知, 研究人员下一步将查明凤头鹦鹉是否完全依靠视觉线索还是也需要使用触觉来对物体的形状作出选择。
15.答案：D
解析：理解文章主旨要义。综观全文, 尤其是根据文章首句"Goffin's cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old"可知, 文章主要讲述凤头鹦鹉出色的形状识别能力。故D项作文章标题最佳。
5、
16.答案：B
解析：主旨大意题。根据文章第二段全段As we all know, the earth would be freezing or burning hot without carbon dioxide. However, carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it traps energy from the sun as heat. That makes temperatures near the ground rise. Human activities, especially the widespread burning of fossil fuels, have been sending extra greenhouse gases in to the air. This has led to a rise in average temperatures across the globe.可知,我们都知道,如果没有二氧化碳,地球会变得冰冷或灼热。然而,二氧化碳是一种温室气体,意味着它以热量的形式吸收来自太阳的能量。这使得地面附近的温度上升。人类活动,特别是化石燃料的广泛燃烧,已经向空气中排放了额外的温室气体。这导致了全球平均气温的上升。因此可知文章第二段主要论述了二氧化碳在保持地球温度方面起着重要作用。B项意为“二氧化碳在保持地球温度方面起着重要作用”。符合题意,故B项正确。A项,“温室气体对地球有害”;C项,“二氧化碳可以使地球变暖”;D项,“只有人类活动才会使气温上升”,均不符合文意。故正确答案为B。
17.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段第一、二句To figure out how quickly trees were growing, researchers tracked their diameters (the width of their trunks) between 2005 and 2014. A tree's diameter increases as it grows, just as a person's waist size increases as they gain weight.可知,为了弄清楚树木生长得有多快,研究人员在2005年至2014年间追踪了它们的直径(树干的宽度)。一棵树的直径会随着它的成长而增大,就像人的腰围会随着体重的增加而增大一样。因此可知树木的直径能告诉我们一棵树的年龄。故正确答案为C。
18.答案：B
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第四段最后一句So over the lifetime of each type of tree, forest trees actually absorbed more carbon dioxide.可知,所以在每一种树木的一生中,森林中的树木实际上吸收了更多的二氧化碳。因此可知在研究中,城市树木与同一类型的森林树木在一生中的不同是它们吸收的二氧化碳比森林树木要少。故正确答案为B。
19.答案：C
解析：细节理解题。根据文章第五段第三、四、五句Street trees also benefit from higher levels of nitrogen(氮) in rainwater. Nitrogen helps plants grow. Waste gases from gas-burning cars also contain nitrogen, thus enriching city air with nitrogen.可知,街道树木也受益于雨水中较高的氮含量。氮有助于植物生长。燃气汽车排放的废气中也含有氮,从而使城市空气中富含氮。因此可知城市树木的优势是它们能得到更多的营养,比如氮。故正确答案为C。

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