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2024年高考英语一轮基础复习之词类综合与名词知识精讲
一、词类:按照词的意义、句法作用和形式把词分成若干类,称为词类。英文通常有十类词:
名词 noun(n.) 表示人或物的名称 worker,desk 主、宾、表、定、补、同
代词 pronoun(pron.) 代替名词或数词等 1,they, some 主、宾、表、定、同
数词 numeral(num.) 表示数目或顺序 three, fourth 主、宾、表、定、同 be, want, study 谓语动词作谓语
动词 verb(v.) 表示动作或状态 to lean, learning 非谓语动词作主 learned 宾、表、定、补、状
形容词 adjective(adj.) 质和特征 表示人或事物的性 fine.small, bad 表、定、补、状
副词 adverb(adv.) 质状态特征 表示动作特征或性 quite, there, very 表、状
冠词 article(art.) 特指 表示名词的泛指或 a, an, the
介词 preposition(prep.)其他词的关系表示名词或代词与 on,in,about, of
连词 conjunction(conj)连接词与词、与短语、句子与句子短语 and,if,so, or
感叹词 interjection(interj)或语气表示说话时的感情 oh, aha, ouch
二、短语:本身有一定意义但不能构成一个句子的一组词称为短语。常见的有:
①介词短语:②不定式短语:③分词短语:④动名词短语:⑤形容词短语
三、句子成分:指各类词在句中的作用
1.主语:句子要说明的人或物,一般置句首。作主语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)和名词从句。
2.谓语:说明主语的动作或状态,一般置主语之后。谓语由动词担任。
3.宾语:及物动词或介词涉及到的人或物称为宾语。宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语。名词、代词宾格、数词、不定式、动名词、宾语从句等可作宾语。
4.宾语补足语(宾补):宾语后补充说明宾语的动作、性状的成分称宾补。可作宾补的有名词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词和副词等。
5.复合宾语:人们通常将宾语和它的补足语统称为复合宾语。
6.定语:指用来修饰名词或代词的成分。可作定语的有形容词、分词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定式、动名词、定语从句等。单词作定语一般前置,短语及从句作定语后置。
7.状语:指修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的成分。可作状语的有副词、介词短语、不定式、分词、状语从句等。
8.表语:指系动词后说明主语的身份、性质或状态的成分。可作表语的有:名词(短语)、代词、数词、分词、介词短语、不定式、动名词等。
9.同位语:指对前面的名词或代词作进一步说明的成分。名词、数词、代词或从句可作同位语
10.插入语:句中插入的一个与句义无直接关系而又对句子作一些解释的附加成分。一般用返号与主句隔开。
常用的有:1 think,you know,for example, to tell you the truth 等。
Maggie has been fortunate to find a job she loves and. B, she gets well paid for it.
A. sooner or later B.what's more C. as a result D. more or less
11.同源宾语有些不及物动词后可有一个与该动词意义相似的名词。这种名词叫做同源宾语。例如:①He died a worthy death,他死得有价值。②We live a happy life.我们过着幸福的生活。
12.独立成分与其类型句子中与句子其他成分无语法关系的单词、短语和短句,叫独立成分。独立成分常用退号、破折号或括号与句子其余部分分开。独立成分包括感叹词、肯定词(yes)和否定词(no)、呼语和插入语等。
四、句子的类型:
(一)按照句子使用的目的来分句子有四类:
1.陈述句:用来说明一个事实或陈述说话人的见解,句末用句号,常读降调。
2、疑问句:用来提出问题,句末用问号。包括:一般、特殊、选择和反意疑问句。
3.祈使句:用来表示命令、请求、号召等。谓语用动词原形，读降调,句末用感叹号或句号。祈使句的主语you常略，但如强调对方或表达某种情绪时可加主语或呼语。
You be quiet! 你给我安静点。
Alice, you feed the bird today, will you
感叹句:表示喜、怒、哀、乐等情绪。读降调,多用what或how引出。句末用感叹号。
(二)按照句子的结构来分有三类:
1、简单句:指句子中只有一个主谓结构的句子。可有多个并列的主语或谓语。 Tom, Peter and I got up and went out of the room.
2.并列句:指由并列连词and,or,but,so等连接的多个简单句。 He was too busy so he didn't come to help you.
3.复合句:指由一个主句和一个或多个从句构成的句子。 If he comes, I'll tell him what you have done
一、名词知识精讲
一、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两大类。
①不可数名词一般没有单复数之分,主要有专有名词、物质名词和抽象名词。常考的有: advice,news.progress,money, furniture, fun.weather, information, luck,housework, wood, rice, grass,soap,medicine.work,bread,meat,wealth,music 等。
②可数名词有单、复数之分,但下列名词常以复数形式出现。
manners(礼乾).goods(货物),sands(河滩),ashes(灰烬),glasses(眼镜),make preparations for(准备),congratulations(祝贺)drinks(饮料),works(工厂;著作),tears(眼泪),regards(问候),thanks(谢谢),trousers(裤子),clothes(衣服).sports(运动),plastics(塑料制品),means(方法;手段)
③部分词可教、不可数意义不同。如:a paper(报纸),paper(纸);word(消息),a word(词)。 He gained his wealth by printing works of famous writers.
④修饰可数名词常见的有:a number of,many a good/ great many, a few, quite a few
修饰不可数名词常用的有:a great deal of,a large amount of, much, a little, a bit, a litle bit
两者均可修饰的有:no,some,any, plenty of,a lot of, lots of,a variety of, a large quantity of.quantities of
二、抽象名词具体化，不可数名词与可数名词的转化也是高考常考知识点。
1部分抽象名词前有形容词修饰时,常加冠词。
a bright future,have a good / nice / wonderful time,a great help.a good education,a wonderful supper/lunch/dinner
2与动词同形的名词构成的短语常加冠词
have a look. go for a walk. have a smoke, make an answer.have a break
3.部分情绪或心理活动的情感名词,表示抽象概念时,不可数;表示具体的事时,可数
surprise (U)惊奇,诧异 in surprise
(C)令人惊奇的事 What a surprise!
pity (U)怜悯，同情 have pity on sb.
(C)可惜的事,憾事I'sapity
pleasure (U)愉快，高兴 with pleasure
(C)乐事、乐趣 It is a pleasure.
failure(失败) a failure(失败者)
success(成功) asuccess成功的人/事
experience(经验) an experience(经历)
wonder(惊奇) a wonder(奇迹)
must(必须) amust(必要的事)
beauty(美丽) a beauty(美人)
Oh,John. What a pleasant surprise you gave me!
Many people agree that a knowlege of English is a must in trade today
Jumping out of_C_ airplane at ten thousand feet is quite_ exciting experience.
A./;the B./; an C.an:an D.the; the
三、名词直接作定语与名词所有格作定语不一样，名词作定语主要有:
L表示类别:
coffee cup(咖啡杯) man doctor(男医生) girl friend(女朋友)
English lesson(英语课) Doctor Zhang(张医生) Nobel Prize(诺贝尔奖)
street light(路灯) college student(大学生) shoe store(鞋店)
2.表示原材料:
stone house(石头房子) straw hat(草帽) wood desk(木桌)
paper money(纸币)
3.表示用途:
lunch room(午餐室) sports field(运动场)
[注意]:
①名词作定语一般用单数,但某些名词作定语须用复数形式:
a clothes shop(服装店) a sports meeting(运动会) a sales girl(售货员)
a goods train(货物列车)
2man.woman通常与名词一起变复数:
men teachers(男教师) women drivers(女司机)
③所有格作定语与名词直接作定语意义不一样。 a man driver(男司机)aman’sdriver(男士的司机)四同义、近义名词的用法和区别也是常考点。
Chinese/China's/of China
①Chinese除“汉语;中国人”外可作形容词,作前置定语，说明中心词的性质、属性、起源。高英语语法精讲精练
即说明中华民族的特征风格、传统特色
Chinese words 汉字 Chinese meal 中餐 Chinese medicine 中药
Chinese green tea中国绿茶 the Chinese pcople/nation 中华民族
2Chinas表示与中心词的所属关系如主权、领属、拥有、所有等关系。 China's capitalChina's first railway Chinn's foothall tean3ofChina 一般作后置定语。
a map of China / the Great Wall of China (表所属关系)
the north of China / the whole of China(表局部与整体关系) the Country of China(同位关系)
④China 直接作定语通常为习惯搭配或表所属。
China grass 线麻 China ink 墨 China rose 月季花
China sea 中国海 China Unicom中国联通 China Mobile 中国移动
China Telecom 中国电信
五、be+of+名词
这一结构常用来描写一个人或一件物的特征，在向中做表语，也可以做定语。此句式常用于以下两种情况:
1.be+of+名词(size,shape, colour, length,width,depth, weight,height.kind. type,age 等)表示主语与其它事物的尺寸、年龄、体重、颜色等相同或不同,在这一句式中,名词前可用 different 或the same 修饰
They are of the same height.
I'm of your age. (=We are of the same age.
Coins are of different sizes, weights, shapes and of different metals.
2.be+of+抽象名词(importance,use,value.help,interest等)。在此句式中，抽象名词前可用 great,no, little,some,any, not much 等来修饰，表示不同的程度，此时of不能省略。of+抽象名词可转化为该名词的形容词形式Sports and games are of great importance.(=Sports and games are very important.
六、名词的所有格。
1在词尾加's表示“所属，所有”
D有生命的或被看作有生命的名词的所有格一般在该词尾加’s如 the worker's name, the govemment's plan.Women's Day
②表示国家、城市、时间、度量、天体、价值等无生命的名词的所有格加's。如:China's industry, the earth 's satellite, the Party's policy, today's newspaper, two miles’walk③表示某店铺、某人的家或省略上文提到的名词时，名词所有格后面的中心词常省略。如the Wangs' at my uncles' the barber's
He bought a bike at Black's. The book is Tom's.
④表示多人共同拥有的同一物,在最后一个词尾加's，表示多人各自拥有时，须分别加’ Mary and Jane'sroom.(共同拥有)
Li Hua's and Zhang Ying's bikes.(分别拥有)
⑤以s结尾的复数名词一般加…"以s结尾的专有名词加…”或“’s”。如:
the bovs' desks the teachers’book Engels's works/Engels’works Dickens’/ Dickens's book⑥复合名词、不定代词、相互代词或以整体形式出现的名词一般在最末单词后加“’s”如:my daughter-in-law's house somebody else's bike whose else car (=who else's car)
2.用of表示所有格
①无生命的名词一般用of表示所属关系。如:the lights of the street, the park's of the city, the新动力英语高中英语语法精讲精练
map of the country
②某些有生命的名词的所有格两者均可，但修饰语较长时，频用of表示。如
the son of the old man who lived in the country monkey's tail / the tail of the monkey
the story of the brave two sisters
3.双重所有格,由”of+名词+'s”或“of+名词性物主代词”构成。
①表示所属物的名词前有冠词、不定代词或数词时(如:a,some,no,the,any,one,few 等) a friend of her mother's = one of her mother's friends a photo of mine = one of my photos
Miss Smith is a friend of Mary's mother's.
②被修饰的名词前有指示代词时或用来表示赞扬或厌恶等感彩时。如: Everyone loves the little son of his sister's.
We all dislike thnt pride ofTom's.我们都讨厌汤姆那种骄傲态度。
巩固精练
()1.Oh.John.___ you gave us!
A. How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise
C.What a pleasant surprise D.What pleasant surprise
()2.____food you've cooked!
A. How a nice B. What a nice C.How nice D.What nice
()3.__terrible weather we've been having these days!
A.How a B.What a C.How D. What
()4.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into
A.fact B.reality C.practice D.deed
()5.Miss Smith is a friend of___.
A. Mary's mother's B.Mary's mother
C. mother's of Mary D.Mary mother's
()6. If these trousers are too big, buy a smaller__.
A. set B. one C.copy D.pair
()7.He dropped theand broke it.
A. cup of coffee B. coffee's cup C.cup coffee D.coffee cup
()8.-Hi,haven't seen you for ages. You look fine.
A. Great B.Thanks C. Oh, no D.Not at all
()9.He gained his____by printing_of famous writers.
A.wealth; work B.wealths; works C.wealths:work D.wealth;works
()10.I'll look into the matter as soon as possible. Just have a little_.
A.wait B.time C.patience D.rest
)11. If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask him to leave a_.
A. message B. letter C.sentenee D. notice
()12. You'll find this map of great___ in helping you to get round London.
A. price B.cost C.value D.usefulness
( )13.We all know that__ speak louder than words.
A.movements B.performanee C.operations D.actions
( )14.One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a highrise is that you can get a good
sight B.scene C.view D.look
( )15.The_is just around the corner and you won't miss it.
bicycle's shop B.bicycle shop C. bicycles shop D.bicycles’shop
( )16.No matter what you do, you should put your___ into it.
A. mind B.heart C. brain D.thought
()17.There are usually at least two_ of looking at every question.
A.means B.directions C.views D.ways
()18.The manager has got a good business___ so the company is doing well.
A.idea B.sense C.thought D.thinking
( )19.-I'm sorry I stepped outside for a smoke I was very tired.
-There is nofor this while you are on duty.
A.reason B.excuse C.cause D.explanation
()20.The face of four famous American presidents on Mout Rushmore can be seen from a__
of 60 miles.
A.length B.distance C.way D.space
()21. Don't leave matches or cigarettes one the table within__ of little children.
A.hand B.reach C. space D.distance
( )22.--Brad was Jane's brother!
he reminded me so much of Jane!
A. No doubt B. Above all C.No wonder D.Of course
()23. The environmentalists said wild goats’on the vast grasslands was a good indi-
cation of the better environment.
A. escape B.absence C.attendance D.appearance
()24.In dealing with public relations, we should make every effort to prevent the_ in perso
nality.
A.contact B.contrast C.connection D.conflict
( )25. Chinese arts have won the_of a lot of people outside China.
A.enjoyment B.appreciation C.entertainment D.reputation
)26. I keep medicines on the shelf, out of the children's_
A. reach B.hand C.hold D.place
()27._ with other countries, China has little natural resources, because__ population is
the biggest in the world.
A.Compared; Chinese B.Comparing; Chinese
C.Compared; China's D.Compare; China's
()28.The speaker spoke up so that we could hear his
A. sound B.voice C. noise D.cry
( )29. An animal usually has one stomach, but a cow has
A.four-stomach B.four-stomaches C. four stomaches D.four stomachs
( )30._____ work has been done to stop the pollution.
A.Many B.A great many
C. A large number of D. A great deal of
( )31. Before we moved into the new house, we bought many__
A.furniture B.furniture pieces
C.fumitures D. pieces of furniture
( )32. speak English and_speak German.
A.Englishman; German B.Englishmen; Germans
C.An Englishman;a German D.Englishmen; German
( )33. All thein the hospital got a present on the eighth of March.
A.women doctors B.woman doctors C. women doctor D.woman doctor
( )34. Ann has many friends. Alice is one of her
A. girls friends B.girl friends C.girl friend D. girls friend
( )35.-Where is your sister
-At__.
A.Mr Smith's B.Mr Smith C.the Mr Smith's D.the Mr Smith
()36.They go travelling because they'll have three___ holiday.
A.week B.week's C.weeks’ D.weeks
( )37. Tom and I are getting tired of.
A. that bad temper of him B. his that bad temper
C. that bad temper of his D. that his bad temper
( )38.-Whose book is it
-It'sbook.
A. somebody else's B.somebody else
C. somebody's else's D.somebody's else
( )39.Look! These are_.
A. mouse's tails B.mice tails C. mice's tails D. mice's tail
()40. I looked at the dictionary, but it wasn't really _..
A. much used B.able to use C.of useful D. of much use

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