2024年初中英语语法复习之系动词和助动词

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2024年初中英语语法复习之系动词和助动词

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2024年初中英语语法复习之系动词和助动词
系动词
  常见的连系动词可分为如下五类:
  1.表示“是”的系动词“be”。它用来表示主语的特征、状态或性质。
  She is a teacher.
  她是一名教师。
  We are in the classroom.
  我们在教室里。
  2.表示保持一种状态或态度的连系动词有:keep, remain, stay等。
  Though it is spring now, it remains cold in this city.
  尽管现在是春天了,但这座城市仍然很冷。
  We should keep our classroom tidy every day.
  我们应当每天保持我们的教室整洁。
  This bar often stays open till twelve at night.
  这家酒吧经常一直营业到晚上12点。
  3.表示从一种状态转变为另一种状态的连系动词有:become, get, grow, turn, go等。
  I became a teacher when I grew up.
  我长大后成为了一名教师。
  The weather gets warmer and warmer.
  天气变得越来越暖和了。
  In the autumn, the leaves on the trees turn yellow and red.
  在秋天,树上的叶子变黄,变红了。
  Food can go bad easily in summer.
  食物在夏天很容易变坏。
  It was growing dark.
  天渐渐变暗了。
  4.表示“看起来”的连系动词有:look,seem ,appear。
  She looked very happy today.
  她今天看起来很高兴。
  His father seems a serious man.
  他的父亲似乎是个严肃的人。
  Everybody appears well prepared.
  看来大家都准备好了。
  5.表示感官感觉的系动词有:feel (摸起来),smell (闻起来),taste (尝起来),sound (听起来)。
  Silk feels soft.
  丝摸起来很柔软。
  The flowers smell very sweet.
  这些花闻起来很香。
  It tastes fine.
  它吃起来很好。
  The idea sounds quite all right.
  这个主意听起来挺不错。
  特别提示:
  1.连系动词没有被动语态。
  中文:他保持安静。
  (误)He is kept quiet.
  (正)He keeps quiet.
  2.除表示状态变化的情况以外,连系动词通常没有进行时。
  The days are getting longer and longer.
  白天越来越长。
  (误)He is remaining silent.
  (正)He remains silent. 他仍然保持沉默。
  连系动词的固定搭配:
  look like 看起来像
  look the same 看起来一样
  feel like 想要
  sound like 听起来像
  come true 实现,成为现实
  fall asleep 入睡
  3.be,get, grow, look, smell, taste, turn等,除了作连系动词以外,还可以作助动词或实义动词。 
  They are working. (助动词)
  他们正在工作。
  Please look at the blackboard. (实义动词)
  请看黑板。
  I am sure I smell gas. (实义动词)
我肯定闻到了汽油味道。
助动词
  1.助动词be的用法
  (1)与现在分词构成进行时态
  He is singing.
  他在唱歌。
  They were having a meeting at ten yesterday morning.
  他们昨天上午十点正在开会。
  (2)与过去分词构成被动语态
  This kind of car is made in Beijing.
  这种汽车是北京制造的。
  Were the kids taken good care of
  孩子们被照顾好了吗?
  He is being carried.
  他正被抬着。
  (3)“be +不定式”表示未来的计划或安排,还可表示命令或约定。
  The train is to leave at ten.
  火车10点钟开。
  You are to explain this.
  对此你要做出解释。
  2.助动词have 的基本用法
  (1)与过去分词构成完成时态
  I have finished my homework.
  我已经完成我的作业了。
  The train had left before he got to the station.
  在他到达车站之前火车已经开走了。
  (2)与“been + 现在分词”构成完成进行时态
  It has been raining the whole morning.
  整个上午都在下雨。 
  (3)与“been +过去分词”构成完成时态的被动语态
  The story has been told in China for many years.
  这个故事在中国已经流传多年了。
  3.助动词do 的基本用法
  (1)在一般现在时和一般过去时中构成疑问式及其回答。
  Do you usually go to school on foot Yes, I do.
  你通常步行上学吗?是的。
  What did he do yesterday
  他昨天干什么了?
  (2)在一般现在时和一般过去时中构成否定式。
  He doesn't like playing football.
  他不喜欢踢足球。
  They didn't come here this morning.
  他们今天上午没有来这儿。
  (3)在肯定句的谓语动词前表示强调。
  Do come here tomorrow.
  明天务必要来这。
  Do be quiet! 请安静!
  (4)在so, neither, nor开头的句子中构成倒装句。
  He didn't go to the party. Neither did I.
  他没有去参加晚会,我也没去。
  She likes pop music. So do I .
  她喜欢音乐,我也是。
  说明:其他助动词也可以和do 一样构成倒装句:
  My mother will come. So will I.
  我妈妈要来。我也要来。
  4.助动词shall (should) 和will (would) 的基本用法
  (1)will 和shall 作为助动词可以和动词原形一起构成将来时态。shall 只用于第一人称,而will 用于第一、二、三人称。
  I shall go home .
  我要回家了。
  Will they have anything to do this evening
  他们今晚有事吗?
  (2)should 和would分别是shall和will 的过去式,通常用来构成过去将来时。should只用于第一人称,would用于第一、二、三人称 。
  I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do the next day.
  我昨天打电话问他我第二天该做什么。
  She said she would come .
  她说她将会来。
  特别提示:
  几乎所有的助动词都可用于反意疑问句的附加问句中。
  You often write to her, don't you
  你经常写信给她,是吗?
  He is a teacher, isn't he
  他是一个老师,是吗?
  They have been to Hainan, haven't they
  他们去过海南,是吗?
  Let's go home,shall we
  让我们回家吧,好吗?

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