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Lesson 51 Reward for Virtue 对美德的奖赏
【New words and expressions】（10）
reward n. 报偿
virtue n. 美德
diet n. 节食
forbid v. 禁止
hurriedly adv. 匆忙地
embarrass v. 使尴尬
guiltily adv. 内疚地
strict adj. 严格的
reward v. 给奖赏
occasionally adv. 偶尔地
★reward n. 报偿；v. 给奖赏
（1）n. 报酬，奖赏，赏金
give sb. reward 给……报偿
reward sb. with sth. 用……奖赏...
reward sb. for sth. 因为……给某人奖赏
eg. He received a medal in reward for his bravery.
他因表现勇敢而获得一枚奖章。
He worked hard without any hope of reward.
他辛勤工作却不期待任何报酬。
（2）v. 给予报酬，报答
eg. Is this how you reward me for my help
你就这样报答我对你的帮助吗
I will reward you later. 我以后再报答你。
rewarding adj. 值得做的，有益的
eg. a rewarding experience 一次有益的经历
★virtue n. 美德
（1）美德，善，清高（反义词：vice恶行，缺
德行为）
eg. a man of virtue 有品德的人
Honesty is a virtue 诚实是一种美德
（2）优点，长处
= strongpoints n. 长处， merit n. 优点
shortpoints n. 短处， weak points 弱点
eg. My room has the virtue of being warm even in winter.
我的房间有个好处就是在冬天也很温暖。
virtual adj. 事实上的，实际上的
★diet n. 节食
（1）节食
go on a diet = be on a diet 实行节食
lose weight 减肥
put on weight = gain weight 长胖
（2）（日常的）饮食
a balanced diet 均衡的饮食
diet sheet (病人的)规定食谱
★forbid v. 禁止 （forbid forbade forbidden）
forbid + n./doing
forbid sb. to do sth. 禁止某人做某事
allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事
eg. Who can forbid our marriage 谁会禁止我们的婚姻呢？
Smoking is forbidden in this building. 吸烟在大楼里是禁止的。
forbidden adj.（被）禁止的
forbidden ground 禁区
the Forbidden City 故宫/紫禁城
eg. God forbid that we should have class tomorrow. 但愿明天不上课。
★hurriedly adv. 匆忙地，草率地
eg. speak hurriedly 匆忙地讲
hurried adj. 匆忙的，草率的
eg. a hurried trip 匆促的旅行
a hurried meal 匆匆忙忙的一顿饭
hurry v. 赶快，慌忙
eg. Don’t hurry. 别着急。
Hurry up. 快点。
He hurried to school. 他匆忙赶到学校。
He hurried home. 他匆忙赶回家。
He hurried back to his office. 他匆忙赶回办公室。
They hurried into the car. 他们匆忙赶到车里。
★embarrass v. 使尴尬
embarrassing adj. 令人尴尬地
embarrassed adj. 感到尴尬
embarrassment n. 尴尬
To my embarrassment，… 让我感到尴尬的是……
sth. embarrass sb. ……让……感到尴尬
You embarrassed me. 你让我感到尴尬
financially embarrassed 经济拮据，囊中羞涩
= short of money
★guiltily adv. 内疚地
eg. She smiled guiltily as she saw. 她看到我内疚地笑了。
guilty adj. 有罪的，不安的，内疚的
guiltless adj. 无罪的 (=innocent, clear)
eg. guilty conscience 问心有愧
clear conscience 问心无愧
guilt n.
(1) 责任，罪责，罪行，罪状
eg. Guilt was written all over her face. 显而易见，她有罪。
establish the suspect’s guilt 证实嫌疑犯有罪
He denied his guilt. 他否认自己有罪。
He confessed his guilt. 他承认自己有罪。
（2）不安，内疚
eg. felling of guilt 内疚感
★strict adj. 严格的
(1) adj. 严格的，严厉的
be strict with sb. 对某人严格
be strict in sth. 对某事严格
eg. a strict teacher 一个严格的老师
strict rules 严格的规章制度
First of all, you must be strict with yourself.
首先，你必须对自己要求严格。
（2）adj. 严密的，正确的
eg. the strict truth 确凿的事实
in the strict sense 严格来讲
strictly adv. 严格地，严厉地
eg. Strictly speaking, you are not fit for your job.
严格来讲，你不适合这份工作。
★occasionally adv. 偶尔地
= now and again = at times
occasional adj. 偶尔的
eg. occasional visits 偶尔的拜访
We’ll have occasional snow during the night. 晚上偶尔会下一阵雪。
occasion n. 时机，时刻
eg. on one occasion 一次
on another occasion 另一次
on this/that occasion 在这种/那种场合
【Text】
My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet. He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden. The list included most of the things Hugh loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate; and sweets. Yesterday I paid him a visit. I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever. He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk. It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk. He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally. Then he showed me the contents of the parcel. It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
参考译文
我的朋友休一直很胖, 但是近来情况变得越发糟糕, 以致他决定节食. 他是一星期前开始节食的. 首先, 他开列了一张长长的单子, 上面列了所有禁吃的食物. 这张单子上的大多数食物都是休喜欢吃的 : 黄油、土豆、米饭、啤酒、牛奶、巧克力和糖果. 昨天我去看望了他. 我按响了门铃. 当看到休仍和往常一样胖时, 我并不感到惊奇. 他把我领进屋, 慌忙把一个大包藏到了桌子下面. 显然他感到很尴尬. 当我问他正干什么时, 他内疚地笑了, 然后把那个大包拿到了桌上. 他解释说, 他的饮食控制得太严格了, 以致不得不偶尔奖赏自己一下. 接着他给我看了包里的东西. 里面装了5大块巧克力和3袋糖果!
【课文讲解】
1、My friend, Hugh, has always been fat, but things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.
My friend, Hugh 同位语
things（要用复数形式）可以表示“情况，情形，状况，形势”等含义
get作不及物动词时可以表示“变得”
so…that… 如此…以致于
eg. It’s so cold that the pond has frozen.天这么冷，以致于池塘结冰了。
so…as to do… 到…程度
eg. She was so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.
她非常善良，帮这个老太太下车。
decide to do sth. 决定做某事
go on a diet 进行节食
2、He began his diet a week ago. First of all, he wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.
first of all 首先, 首要 (许多事情中首要的, 即最重要的)
at first 首先（句型at first…, then… 起先……然后……)
write out 写出，开列出
a list of …的单子
list
n. 清单
eg. put a person’s name on the list 把…列入名单
take a person’s name off the list 把…除名
draw up list of members 编造会员名册
list price 标价
v. 记入名单
eg. My name is not listed in the telephone directory.
我的名字没有列入电话簿内。
which were forbidden定语从句修饰foods
food指食品、食物时是不可数名词，但表示特殊种类食物时是可数名词。
3、The list included most of the things Hugh loves: butter, potatoes, rice, beer, milk, chocolate; and sweets.
include v. 包括(include和contain都有“包含”的意思，但contain可以用于表示所包含的全部事物；include则只表示其中的一部分。contain一定是容器里面装，通常与there be结构互换，不能用于进行时态； include则含义更广，在这里不能用contain。)
eg. I included eggs in the list of things to buy.
我把鸡蛋列入购物清单。
Your duties include making the tea. 你的任务包括是沏茶这项。
Am I included in the team 我属于队里面吗？
That box contains old letters. 那个盒子里装了信。
= There are old letters in that box.
most of… 大部分……
potatoes, sweets 为可数名词
4、Yesterday I paid him a visit.
pay sb. a visit 拜访某人
= visit sb. = call on sb.
pay attention to… 对…注意
pay for 补偿，受到…报应；为…付款
pay back 偿还
5、I rang the bell and was not surprised to see that Hugh was still as fat as ever.
ring vi./vt.
eg. The telephone rang just now. （vi.）
I rang the bell. (vt.)
as…as ever 像往常一样，照旧，依然
原句：as fat as he ever was 状语从句
as clean as ever；as quiet as ever
be surprised to do sth. / be surprised at sth.
6、He led me into his room and hurriedly hid a large parcel under his desk.
lead v .给…指路，领路 = show the way
eg. He led the guest in to his study. 他把客人带进书房。
= He showed the guest into his study.
7、It was obvious that he was very embarrassed. When I asked him what he was doing, he smiled guiltily and then put the parcel on the desk.
that he was very embarrassed 中的that从句是真正的主语，it was obvious中的it是形式主语，为了避免头重脚轻现象。
what he was doing是个宾语从句 ，是陈述句语序。
8、He explained that his diet was so strict that he had to reward himself occasionally.
so…that 如此…以致于
9、Then he showed me the contents of the parcel.
show v. 显示，展示
eg. He showed me his photographs. 他给我看了他的照片。
10、It contained five large bars of chocolate and three bags of sweets!
bar n.
条 a bar of chocolate 一条巧克力
a bar of soap 一块肥皂
酒吧 barmaid 酒吧女服务员
barman/bartender 酒吧男服务员
sweet 餐后甜点（布丁、冰淇淋之类）= dessert(美)
sweets 糖果 = candy(美)
a piece of news = an item of news 一条新闻
a piece of work 一份工作
a burst of applause 一阵掌声
a fit of anger 一顿脾气
an item of truth 一点真理
an article of clothing 一件衣裳
an grain of rice 一粒米
a lump of sugar 一块糖
【Key structures】　
一般过去时
与一般过去时常用的两个词是once和recently，recently在表示“最近一段时期”时也可以与现在完成时连用。
一般过去时可以用于时间状语从句中，一般过去时可以用于与最近的打算比较时。
【Special difficulties】
Raise and Rise.
raise作动词时只能作及物动词，即它必须跟宾语。它可以表示“举起，往上提，使……升高”等含义：
Will those who agree with me please raise their hands
Why did they raise prices
Heavy rains have raised the level of the river this year.
rise作动词时通常为不及物动词，表示“起立，起床，（日、月等）升起”等含义：
You’re still in bed and the sun has already risen!
All the students rose when the teacher came into the classroom.
Lay and Lie.
lay（laid，laid） vt. 置，搁，铺，准备
I laid your clothes on the bed so you could put them away.
If you can’t cook the dinner, you can at least lay the table.
lie（lay，lain） vi. 躺，平卧
Are you going to spend the whole morning lying in bed
Beat and Win.
beat vt. 打败，战胜，胜过，超过
They beat their enemy, though they were fewer in number.
I beat you. 我打败了你。
表示一个球队打败另一个球队也用beat。
win vt. 在……获胜（成功），赢得，获得，夺得
Who won the race/ the war
beat后面接对手，win不能接对手。

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