资源简介

概要写作专练
(一)
For the past decade，there have been heated debates about whether our planet is heating up and whose fault it is.Many scientists，politicians，journalists，and famous entertainers are all saying that our planet is in trouble and that human beings are the cause.They say we must act now to reduce our use of fossil fuels，such as coal and oil，before it is too late.In 1997，a group of scientists' ideas were used to write the Kyoto Protocol(《京都议定书》)，
an agreement that explained our role in the Earth's changing atmosphere and set international limits for gas emissions from 2008 to 2012.Some countries have decided to continue these reductions until 2020.
At the same time，a few governments and some scientists argue there is no evidence that humans are causing recent changes in climate and weather.These scientists don't think we really need to change our lifestyle；that is，we should continue to drive，fly and live normally.They present evidence that proves that the Earth is going through a normal heating and cooling cycle，as it did throughout its history.
So，is there a link between humans and the climate change or not？To reach an educated opinion，it is important to think about the people who make scientific claims and what their purpose may be.For example，some say the scientists who warn about global warming are trying to scare people in order to get attention and money for their research.And some of them get some money from companies that produce these fossil fuels.For example，ExxonMobil，one of the world's biggest oil companies，has spent millions of dollars to support the groups that discredit the idea of global warming.
Clearly，scientific information can be affected by the interests of individual scientists.When we hear reports on climate change，we must use good judgment and ask ourselves where the facts are coming from.We must interpret the research，make informed decisions，and most importantly，participate in the debate.
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With intense controversy over the origin of global warming，many people attribute it to human activities and appeal for immediate action.(要点1)On the contrary，in view of the lack of concrete proof，objectors deny the link between them and doubt the necessity of changing lifestyle.(要点2)With personal interests disturbing scientific objectivity，scientists' motivation strongly influences their academic preference.(要点3)Therefore，to have an objective judgment，it takes both our critical analysis of the research and active participation in the debate.(要点4)
(二)
Eighty five percent of the jobs that today's students will do in 2030 don't exist yet，the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the non mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager，app developer and cloud computing engineer，etc.What role should colleges and universities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing？Educational institutions are trying to answer that question.“We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10，20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it，”said Jenn Stringer，professor at the University of California，Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches they're taking.
Some experts argue that the four year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way.They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take a year or two off school，get a job，and then return to school a few years later，the education system would offer true life long learning and better adapt to changing technology.
Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago，largely as part of an effort to cut costs.To fill the job skills gap，some courses are offered as an add on to a student's main degree.For example，the courses may include data analysis，web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students，a degree aside，some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future.
Other institutions are trying to mimic(模仿)the workplace within the traditional classroom.Several colleges have partnered with private companies，such as the software company Adobe，to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the product for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and the “soft skills” such as teamwork and creativity.
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To help students better suit and reshape the ever shifting work landscape，colleges are taking various measures.(要点1)Firstly，life long and adaptive learning model is expected to replace the present 4 year one.(要点2) Besides，additional training programs beneficial to acquiring practical job skills are provided for college students.(要点3) Moreover，some colleges cooperate with enterprises to make classrooms more like workplaces and enhance students' all around capabilities.(要点4)
(三)
Architects have long had the feeling that the places we live in can affect our thoughts，feelings and behaviors.But now scientists are giving this feeling an empirical(实证的)basis.They are discovering how to design spaces that promote creativity，keep people focused and lead to relaxation.
Researches show that aspects of the physical environment can influence creativity.In 2007，Joan Meyers Levy at the University of Minnesota，reported that the height of a room's ceiling affects how people think.Her research indicates that higher ceilings encourage people to think more freely，which may lead them to make more abstract connections.Low ceilings，on the other hand，may inspire a more detailed outlook.
In addition to ceiling height，the view afforded by a building may influence a person's ability to concentrate.Nancy Wells and her colleagues at Cornell University found in their study that kids who experienced the greatest increase in greenness as a result of a family move made the most gains on a standard test of attention.According to another study at the University of Georgia，using nature to improve focus of attention seems to pay off academically.It found that students in classrooms with unblocked view of at least 50 feet outside the window had higher scores on tests of vocabulary，language arts and maths than did students whose classrooms primarily overlooked roads and parking lots.
A recent study on room lighting design suggests that dim(暗淡的)light helps people to loosen up.If that is true generally，keeping the light low during dinner or at parties could increase relaxation.Researchers of Harvard Medical School also discovered that furniture with rounded edges could help visitors relax.
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings.“We have a very limited number of studies，so we're almost looking at the problem through a straw，” architect David Allison says.“How do you take answers to very specific questions and make broad，generalized use of them？That's what we're all struggling with.”
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Scientists are studying how to design the living places to benefit us.(要点1)Researches show that the physical environment，like the height of ceilings，can affect people's creativity.(要点2)More greenness or broader vision can improve one's attention span，and then academic performance.(要点3)Dim light and round edged furniture bring people relaxation.(要点4)But so far，similar studies have been limited to a small scale.(要点5)
(四)
US psychotherapist(精神治疗师)Virginia Satir(1916－1988)once said，“We need four hugs a day for survival.We need eight hugs a day for maintenance.We need 12 hugs a day for growth.” She believed that hugging was necessary and important.Researchers have found scientific evidence that backs up her beliefs.According to a recent study published in the journal Psychological Science，receiving a hug can reduce stress and help protect us from illness.
In the study，researchers from Carnegie Mellon University (CMU)in the US invited 404 healthy adults to participate in interviews about how often they experienced conflicts in their daily lives，as well as how many hugs they received within a period of two weeks.These participants were intentionally exposed to cold viruses during the interview.
According to the research，people who received hugs on the same days when they experienced conflicts tended to report fewer negative feelings during the following days.They have also found that people who received hugs were less stressed out.The physical contact that we get through hugging，especially from loved ones，is a “marker of intimacy(亲密)and helps generate the feeling that others are there to help in the face of adversity(困境)”，according to Scientific American.People feel more comfortable and relaxed after hugging.
The researchers have also found that the more hugs people get，the less likely they are to catch colds，Science Daily noted.When people receive hugs，they release more oxytocin(后叶催产素)，which is also known as the “love hormone”．According to the researchers，this hormone can decrease one's heart rate and lower blood pressure.This can put people into a state of emotional well being.When people are in this state，their immune systems become stronger.
Of course，hugging is not the only way to comfort others.But physical contact like hugging can comfort people without “making any judgments(about right or wrong)”，Michael Murphy from CMU told Time.
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The necessity and significance of hugging is confirmed by a recent study.(要点1)In the study，participants were asked about their conflict experience and the hugs they received with exposure to cold viruses at the same time.(要点2)The study shows hugs help avoid negative feelings and relieve stress.(要点3)The study also finds hugging can strengthen people's immune systems，reducing the possibility to develop illnesses.(要点4)Surely hugging is an ideal way to give us comfort.(要点5)
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(一)
David knew the waterfall was coming.It wasn't his first visit to the river in central California.He figured he would hop out of his raft into the shallow water，rappel down the rocks(沿岩壁绕绳下降)on either side of the falls，and continue on his way，as he had on a previous trip.
But this year was different.Heavy snow and spring rains had turned the usually manageable falls into something fierce.And this year，instead of his friends，David's companions were his wife，Sara，and his 13 year old son，Hunter.As the three of them approached the falls late on the afternoon of the third day of their camping trip，David could tell from the increasing roar of water in the narrowing valley that they were in serious trouble.There was no way they'd be able to rappel down the rocks as planned.
They could wade(蹚水)to the shore，but would anyone find them there？They had no phone service，and they hadn't seen a single person in the past three days.And David knew they'd be sharing the ground there with snakes and mountain lions.
As he wondered what to do，David had a bit of luck—he heard voices coming from the other side of the falls.He yelled，but the sound of the rushing water drowned him out.
“We have to get these people a message，” David thought.He caught a stick and pulled out his pocketknife to carve “Help” in it.Then he tied a rope to it so the people would know it wasn't just any stick.He tried flying it over the falls，but it floated away in the wrong direction.
Then he spotted his green water bottle.David grabbed it and carved “Help！” on it.Sara also reminded him that he had a pen and paper，which she'd brought to play games with，in his backpack.
David knew it was just an attempt.But he wrote down “6 15 19 We are stuck here at the waterfall.Get help please” and pushed the note into the bottle.
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This time，his throw over the waterfall was perfect.______________________________
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The next morning，they heard a helicopter hovering(盘旋)above them.______________
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This time，his throw over the waterfall was perfect.“All right，that's all we can do，” David said.It took 30 minutes to navigate back upstream to the beach where they'd had lunch.They made a fire and as the evening wore on，they waited for rescue anxiously.By about 10：30 p．m.，they decided they probably weren't going to get rescued that night，so they pulled out their sleeping bags.Before turning in，Sara added more wood to the fire to keep the mountain lions away.
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The next morning，they heard a helicopter hovering(盘旋)above them.The three were waving and yelling when they saw the helicopter.After the pilot landed，they went aboard the helicopter.When chatting with the rescuers，the family learned more about the events saving them：Two men picked up the bottle and noticed the writing.Then they realized there was a note inside.After they read it，they went to the campground，turned the bottle in，and left without leaving their names.
(二)
A young and successful manager was traveling down a neighborhood street，going a bit too fast in his new Jaguar.He was watching for kids darting out(窜出)from between parked cars and slowed down when he thought he saw something.As his car passed，no children appeared.Instead，a brick hit violently into the Jaguar's side door！He stepped on the brakes and backed his Jaguar back to the spot where the brick had been thrown.
The angry driver then jumped out of the car，grabbed the nearest kid and pushed him up against a parked car shouting，“What was that all about and who are you？Just what the heck were you doing？That's a new car and that brick you threw is going to cost a lot of money.Why did you do it？”
The young boy was apologetic.“Please，mister...please.I'm sorry but I didn't know what else to do，” he explained.“I threw the brick because no one else would stop...” With tears rolling down his face and off his chin，the boy pointed to a spot just around a parked car.“It's my brother，” he said.“He rolled off the sidewalk and fell out of his wheelchair and I can't lift him up.” Now sobbing，the boy asked the astonished manager，“Would you please help me get him back into his wheelchair？He's hurt and he's too heavy for me.”
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Moved beyond words，the driver cooled his anger.
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The driver watched the boy push his wheelchair bound brother down the sidewalk toward their home.
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Moved beyond words，the driver cooled his anger.He hurriedly lifted the handicapped boy back into the wheelchair.On seeing the bleeding cuts，the man took out his white handkerchief and wiped the wound gently with great care.A quick look told him everything was going to be okay.When the driver was about to leave，the young brother stepped forward.“Thank you，” said the grateful child，tears filling his eyes.
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The driver watched the boy push his wheelchair bound brother down the sidewalk toward their home.Then he took a long，slow walk back to the Jaguar and continued his traveling down the neighborhood street.Even though the damage was very noticeable，the driver felt satisfied with the experience and never bothered to repair the damaged side door because it enabled him to realize the incredible significance of helping others.Moreover，he kept it there to remind him of this message: “Don't go through life so fast that someone has to throw a brick at you to get your attention！”
(三)
There was once a wonderful old man who loved everything：animals，spiders，insects and all sorts of living things.
One day while walking through the woods，the old man found a cocoon(茧)．He decided to take the cocoon home to watch its beautiful transformation from a little cocoon to a beautiful butterfly.
A few days later，the cocoon started to move.It moved frantically！He sat and watched it struggle and struggle for several hours.But it seemed not to make any progress.Then the old man felt sorry for the little butterfly inside，and rushed to its aid.With a pair of scissors and gently，he cut a little opening in the cocoon so the butterfly could come out.And then the butterfly came out of its cocoon.It had a swollen body and small，fragile wings，but it never was able to fly.
He was quite puzzled.Had he accidentally killed the little butterfly？No，it was still moving a little bit.Maybe it was sick.Then he decided that the best thing he could do for the butterfly was to place it gently back into its cocoon.He did so，and placed a drop of honey on it to seal the cocoon，leaving the butterfly to nestle(处在)in its natural state.
The next day he noticed that the cocoon was moving again.It struggled and struggled.Finally the butterfly broke free from its cocoon and stretched its wings out.Its beautiful wings were filled with wonderful colors！It took off！It was flying!
The wonderful butterfly flew and flew till it was almost out of the old man's sight.“What a joy，” he exclaimed！But then he started to think: what did I do wrong by trying to help that beautiful little butterfly out at first
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Finally the answer came out._________________________________________________
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Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life.__________________________
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Finally the answer came out.The butterfly has to struggle and struggle while inside the cocoon.That's how it gets its strength.That's just what the creature is designed to overcome in order to be strong and beautiful.Well，needless to say，the old man finally realized that sometimes appearances aren't what they seem to be.In fact，the seemingly hard time the butterfly was having was what brought the amazing transformation.
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Sometimes struggles are exactly what we need in our life.Life is full of ups and downs，and we're often confronted in daily life with unexpected problems and outcomes that can easily depress and even defeat us.Sometimes we fail to realize that it's out of the struggles of life that we gain strength and build character.If we were allowed to go through our life without any toughness，it would cripple us.We would not be as strong as what we could have been.And we could never fly.
(四)
I have kept a watch from my grandfather.When I was a schoolboy，the watch hung by my grandfather's bed.The face was marked with elegant Roman numerals and the case was gold.It was a splendid watch and I often stared at it longingly sitting with my grandfather.He would often ask about my progress at school.The day I told him my success in the examinations，he was overcome with pleasure.“You'll be going to a new school next.And then you'll go to university，will you？”he asked.“But you'll need plenty of patience.Patience and hard work.That's the way to succeed.”
He took off the watch and wound it.“It was given me for fifty years of faithful service with my firm，” he said proudly.Finally，he handed me the watch due to the progress in school.I held it，feeling its weight.As I was leaving him，he said，“And you'll not forget what I told you？” I was suddenly very moved.“No，Granddad，” I promised，“I'll not.”
Arriving home，my mother was to hold it in trust until she considered me old enough to look after it，but I protested so strongly that she finally agreed to hang it where I could always see it.The summer ended and it was time for me to enter the new school.I never made friends easily there.One boy，Crawley，was a well to do fellow whose way of impressing us was to show off his possessions.His bicycle was new；his boots were of the best hide；everything，in fact，was better than ours—until he brought a watch.Crawley said his watch was absolutely the finest watch.
“I have a better watch，” I announced.“Well，show it to us，”Crawley said sneeringly(讽刺地)．“I'll bring it this afternoon，” I said.“Then you'll see.” I rode my bike home，wondering how I would persuade my mother to let me take the watch.Luckily，she stepped outside and I slipped the watch into my pocket.
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I rode my bike fast to school after lunch，excitement through me.___________________
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When I said my mother couldn't let me bring the watch，they burst into laughter._______
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I rode my bike fast to school after lunch，excitement through me.Then suddenly a dog ran out into my path.I pulled at the brake so sharply that I fell over heavily to the ground with the handles over me.I picked myself up，put a trembling hand into my pocket，and brought out what was my grandfather's proudest possession.The glass was broken，and the pointers stopped turning.I put the watch back and rode slowly to school，numb with sorrow.
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When I said my mother couldn't let me bring the watch，they burst into laughter.“What a story！” Crawley said sneeringly.The others took up his cries.I nearly wept，for it was the saddest moment of my young life.As I sat quietly at my desk，a strange feeling stole over me.It was not shame at my classmates' laughing，nor was it fear of my mother's anger.All I could think of was my grandfather's words，“Patience and hard work.” The broken watch I kept was a good reminder.Since then，I have learned to be more patient and to work harder.
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