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(共71张PPT)
动词精讲
动词是用来表示主语做什么（即行为动词） ，或表示主语是什么或怎么样（即状态动词）的词。
The boy runs fast. (runs 表示主语的行为)
He is a boy. (is 与后面的表语 a boy 表示主语的状态)
动词的定义
行为动词
助动词
连系动词
情态动词
动词的分类
Part 01
行为动词
行为动词（实义动词）是表示行为、动作或状态的词。它的词义完整，可以单独作谓语。行为动词可以分为及物动词(vt.)与不及物动词(vi.)。
I live in Beijing with my mother.
He has a round face.
1. 行为动词的定义
2. 行为动词的分类
(1) 及物动词
(2) 不及物动词
transitive verb
intransitive verb
所谓“及物”，就是后面可直接加宾语的动词，有被动形式。可以用于：“主＋谓＋宾”；“主＋谓＋双宾”；“主＋谓＋宾＋宾补”结构
If you have any questions, you can raise your hands.
The whole village was invited to the party.
Who will answer this question
（1）及物动词
（1）不及物动词
后面不能跟宾语，意思已完整。不及物动词有时可以加上副词或介词，构成短语动词，相当于一个及物动词。只能用于：“主＋谓”结构。不及物动词没有被动语态。
Please look at the blackboard and listen to me.
The students work very hard
He agreed with my suggestion.
Part 02
连系动词
系动词亦称连系动词（Link Verb），作为系动词，它本身有词义，后边必须跟表语构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。系动词没有进行时，无被动
1. 系动词的定义
He is a teacher.
All he wants is to go home
系动词分类
持续系动词
终止系动词
变化系动词
感官系动词
表象系动词
状态系动词
用来表示主语状态，只有be一词
He is a teacher.
He was a soldier two years ago.
We are Chinese.
They are boys.
(1) 状态系动词
用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, stand
(2)持续系动词
He always keeps silent at meeting.
This matter remains a mystery
The people stayed loyal to their country.
The classroom stands empty during the holiday.
这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run等
(3)变化系动词
His face turns white.
He grew old.
Her wish came true.
The radio has gone wrong.
(1) become 和get主要指一个人暂时性的身心变化或永久性的自然变化
become/get angry 生气 become/get famous 成名 become/get fat 发胖 become/get ill 得病 become/get old 变老 become/get deaf 变聋
注意
1. become 和 get 的用法
His eyesight is getting worse and worse.
When he stopped taking medicine, his body gradually became weak.
(2) become 和 get 还可用于指天气的变化和社会的趋势
It’s becoming/getting cold .
Online shopping is becoming/getting more common.
Self driving travel has become popular in recent years.
become 和 get 的用法
2. come 和 go 的用法
(1) go 和come表示变化时, go主要指一种由强到弱或由好到坏的变化(可用于人或事物)，come则主要指向好的方面变化。
The meat has gone bad.
Everything came right.
His wish to become a driver has come true.　
The poor boy went blind at the age of three.
(2)另外，go 还可用于人或事物颜色的变色，与turn用法相同
She went /turned blue with cold.
The rotten meat went/turned green.
After taking the medicine, his face went/turned white.
用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look等
(4)表像系动词
It looks beautiful.
It appears that the two leaders are holding secret talks.
It seemed like a good idea at the time.
You seem to have a high opinion of yourself.
感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste
(5)感官系动词
The soup tastes terrible.
Great! The flowers smell nice.
This kind of cloth feels very soft.
It sounds like a good idea, but I don't think it will work practically.
表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，
The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。
The search proved difficult. 搜查证实很难。
His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。
（turn out表终止性）
(6)终止系动词
( )1. My teacher’s voice _____ sweet. We all like her songs.
A.feels B. smells C. looks D. sounds
( )2. On hearing the news, his face red with anger
A.turned B. sounded C. go D. gets
( )3. His voice____ as if he has a cold.　　
A. sounds B. listens C. hears D. seems
( )4. When I went home yesterday, it was ____ dark.　　
A. going B. getting C. running D. coming
D
A
B
A
助动词
Part 03
协助主要动词构成谓语的词叫助动词，也叫辅助动词,被协助的动词称作主要动词。 助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和别的动词一起构成谓语动词，表示时态、语态、语气等特征。帮助构成否定、疑问、强调、省略等
主要的助动词有be, do, have, shall, will等
How do you come to school (助动词为do, 主要动词为come)
They didn’t know each other.
1. 助动词的定义
be动词
01
03
02
04
助动词do
助动词have
shall / will
2.助动词的分类
(1)be动词的用法
主要变化形式：am, is, are, was, were, been, being
① be+现在分词，构成进行时态。
English is becoming more and more important.
He is watering these flowers now.
They are watching a football match on the sofa.
②be+过去分词，构成被动语态。
The window was broken by Tom.
The house was painted purple.
This apple was bitten.
Her wallet was stolen by a thief.
(2)动词 do 的用法
主要变化形式：do, did, does, done, doing
① 构成疑问句
Do you want to go shopping with me？
Did you study German
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he
What time did you get here
② do + not 构成否定句
I do not want to be criticized.　
He doesn't like to study.　
In the past, many students did not know the importance of English.
③构成否定祈使句，
Don't go there.　
Don't lean on that shelf!
说明： 构成否定祈使句只用do.
④放在动词原形前，加强该动词的语气，
Do come to my birthday party please.　
I did go there.　
I do love this country.
⑤ 用于倒装句中。 引导倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only等
Never did I hear of such a thing.　
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance of English.
⑥do 本身也是实义动词。表示“做，办”
He does his homework everyday.
He doesn’t do his homework everyday.
- Do you like Beijing
-Yes, I do.　（do用作代动词，代替like Beijing.）
(3)动词 have的用法
主要变化形式：have, has, had,
①构成完成时态
（have/has/had+动词过去分词）
She hasn't bought a new pair of shoes since 1996.
By the time I got to the amusement park, they had already taken the roller coaster. (roller coster 过山车)
Have a try!
I have already had my lunch.
He has something important to do.
Most of the questions had nothing to do with his lessons.
I had my hair cut.
②自身有各种含义和用法。
(3)动词 shall/will
主要变化形式: shall, should, will, would
① shall/will +动词原形构成一般将来时
I shall study harder at English.　
He will go to Shanghai.　
说明：shall用于第一人称，will 只用于第二、第三人称。
注意：Shall的用法
(A) Shall作为助动词，一般用于第一人称Ⅰ和We，表示一个将来的动作，构成将来时态。Shall后面接动词原形。
I shall think it over and Let you know my idea.
We shall have a good time in the park.
(B) Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示
Shall I turn on the light 要开灯吗
Shall he come to see you 他要不要来看你
(C)Shall在陈述句中用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）
He shall be punished. （威胁）
②should和would的用法
(A)should无词义，只是shall的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，只用于第一人称
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
(B)would也无词义，是will的过去形式，与动词原形构成过去将来时，用于第一、第二、第三人称
He said he would come.　
We would have finished our paper if we had been given five more minutes.
情态动词
Part 04
情态动词本身有一定的词义，表示语气的单词。但是情态动词不能独立作谓语，只能和动词原形一起构成谓语。情态动词用在行为动词前，表示说话人对这一动作或状态的看法或主观设想。 常见的情态动词有： can (could), may (might), must, need, ought to, dare (dared), shall (should), will (would)
1.情态动词的定义
We should pay more attention to what is said above.
2. 情态动词的用法分类
can与could
dare与need
should 与 ought to
must与have to
may与 might
will 与would
(1)can/ could的用法
① 表具备某种能力 “能够，可以”
can 只有一般现在时和一般过去时 (could), 而 be able to 则有更多的时态形式，be able to 可以代替can 和 could
(A) Can表示现在的能力
I can speak a little Japanese.
(B) Could表示过去能力
She couldn’t speak Chinese when she came to our school last month.
②can和could 表允许
(A)表示现在的允许时，若是请求别人允许自己做某事，两者均可用，但用could 语气更委婉；若是自己允许别人做某事，一般只用 can，而不用 could。
Can /Could I come in
You can use my computer.
----“Could /Can I use your pen ”
---- “Yes, of course you can. / No, I'm afraid not.
(B)表示过去的允许时，若表示过去一般性允许（即表示某人随时都可以做某事），用could；若表示在过去某一特定情况下允许进行某一特定的活动，则不用 could。
When I lived at home, I could watch TV whenever I wanted to.
I was allowed to see the film yesterday evening.
③can和could 表推测 (表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度。)
(A)对现在或将来的推测，两者均可用。
can表推测时，通常用于否定句，疑问句和惊叹句中，一般不用于肯定句；
could表推测时, 可用于肯定句、否定句和疑问句；
Can/Could this be true (疑问句)
He couldn't be a bad man. （否定句）
How can you be so careless! （惊叹句）
(B)对过去的推测，应在 can,could 之后接动词的完成式，且此时can仍只用于否定句或疑问句，不用于肯定句；而could 则可用于各种句型。
Where can/could he have gone
She can’t/couldn’t have left so soon.
He could have gone home.
(2) may与might的用法
① 表示许可
might 除表示 may 的过去式外 ，在口语中还常代替 may, 在口语中还常代替 may, 表示非常委婉的请示或实现的可能性较小, might比may的语气更委婉一些。这时 might 和 may 没有时间上的差异。
You may drive the car.
The doctor may allow her to return to work next week.
May I take your order
用May I ... 征询对方许可在文体上比较正式，在口气上比较客气。在日常口语中，用Can I ... 征询对方意见在现代口语中更为常见。
----Might I use your pen
----No,you mustn't.
否定回答时（口语中常用） no, you can't 或者yes,please 用mustn't表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”之意（具有强烈禁止的意思）
② 用于祈使句中表示祝愿。
May you succeed! 祝你成功！
③ 表示推测、可能（疑问句不能用于此意）。
He may be very busy now.
She may need your help with some business matters.
④“may(might) + have + 过去分词”表示对过去发生的行为的推测。
He may not have finished the work.
(3) must与have to的用法
① 表示必须、必要。
must 表示说话人的主观意志，表示义务、命令或必要、应当和必须等。现在式与过去式同形
You must come in time.
I must go to the bank and get some money.
We must think of the cost.
回答must引出的问句时，如果是否定的回答，不能用mustn't，而要用needn't或don't have to。
— Must we hand in our exercise books today
— Yes,you must. (No, you don’t have to.)
mustn't意思为“不许、不准”，表示禁止。
—You mustn't play football in the street.
② “must be + 表语”的结构表示对现在或将来的推测，“一定是 ”、“准是 ”它的否定或疑问式用can代替must。
This must be your pen.
They must be very tired. Let them have a rest.
He can’t be the killer. (他肯定不是凶手)
This can't be what he said.(这肯定不是他说的)
③“must + have + 过去分词”的结构常用在肯定句中，表示对过去发生的行为的推测。
He must have been to Shanghai.
That car must have cost a lot.
He must have known what she wanted.
He must have made a mistake.
① must表示的是说话人的主观看法，而have to则往往强调客观需要。
I have to give up smoking.
(可能是由于身体或其它原因等不得不戒烟）
I must give up smoking.
(自己觉得有必要戒烟)
I have to go to hospital for an operation.
have to的用法
② must一般只表现在一般现在时，have则有更多的时态形式。
The doctor said I had to stay in bed.
She had to face the fact that her life had changed forever.
She has to work late tomorrow.
③ 二者的否定意义不大相同。
You mustn't say things like that. 你千万别说那样的话。
You don't have to say things like that. 你没必要那么说。
（4）dare与need的用法
①need表示“需要”或“必须”，作情态动词时，仅用于否定句或疑问句中，在肯定句中一般用must,have to,ought to，或should代替。
You needn’t come so early.
— Need I finish the work today
— Yes,you must.
注意：needn't + 现在完成式“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。
You needn't have waited for me.
He needn't have gone to hospital, but he went just to reassure himself.
We needn't have spent a lot of money.
② Dare作情态动词时，主要用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中，一般不用在肯定句中。
How dare you say I'm unfair？
He daren't speak English before such a crowd,dare he
Don't you dare tell her what I said!
How dare you talk to me like that
③ Dare和need常用作实义动词，有时态、人称和数的变化，所不同的是，作实义动词时，在肯定句中，dare后面通常接带to的不定式，在否定和疑问句中，dare后面可接带to或不带to的不定式。
I dare to swim across this river.
Don't you dare (to) touch it!
I wondered he dare (to) say that.
He needs to finish it this evening.
①need作实义动词，表示“需要、要求”，常用结构：need＋n./to do sth.
She needs a key to open the door.
Before I decide, I need time to reflect.
②当主语是sth.且与need后的动词形成被动意义时，其结构为：sth. needs doing/to be done.
This car needs to be repaired.
This shirt needs to be washed.
This room needs cleaning up.
注意： need 作实义动词的用法
(5).shall 与 should
(1)Shall的用法
① 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意愿。
②Shall用于第一、第三人称疑问句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。
③Shall用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁。
You shall fail if you don't work harder. （警告）
He shall have the book when I finish reading. （允诺）
He shall be punished. （威胁）
Shall we begin our lesson
(1)Should（“应该”）的用法：
① Should表示命令、义务、责任、劝告、建议，其同义词是ought to；在疑问句中，通常用should代替ought to。
You should go to class right now.
Should I open the window
You should hand in the exercise book.
I should tell you the truth.
情态动词should用于第一人称时可以表示说话人的一种谦逊、客气、委婉的语气。
②Should还可以用在if引导的条件从句，表示一件事听起来可能性很小，但也不是完全没有可能。相当于“万一”的意思。从句谓语由should加动词原形构成虚拟语气
Ask her to ring me up if you should see her.
If you should change your mind,please let us know.
If I should be free tomorrow I will come.
③ Why(or How) + should结构表示说话人对某事不能理解，感到意外、惊异等意思。意为“竟会”。
Why should you be so late today
— Where is Betty living
— How should I know
I don't know why you should think that I did it.
She should have finished it.
I should have helped her,but I never could.
You should have come earlier.
We shouldn’t have trusted him.
④“should + have + 过去分词”结构一般表示义务，表示本应该做到而实际上没有做到，并包含一种埋怨、责备的口气。
① 表示请求、建议等，would比will委婉客气。
Would you pass me the book
Would you like to come with us
Would you mind waiting outside for a moment
② 表示意志、愿望和决心。
I will never do that again.
They asked if we would do that again.
(6)will和would
③ 用“will be”和“will(would) + have + 过去分词”的结构表示推测，主要用于第二、三人称。前者表示对目前情况的推测，后者表示对已经完成的动作或事态的推测。
This will be the book you want.
He will have arrived by now.
The guests would have arrived by that time.
I thought you would have finished this by now.
④will表示习惯、请求，固有性质等。
Everyday he will sit here hour after hour doing nothing.（习惯）
Will you help me with my English （请求）
The door won't open. （固有性质）
⑤ 表料想或猜想。
It would be about ten when he left home.
What would she be doing there
I thought he would have told you all about it
must have done sth. 一定做过某事
can/could have done sth. 本来能够做某事，而实际上未做
can't/couldn't have done sth. 不可能做过某事
ought to/should have done sth. 过去本应该做某事而实际上并没有做
练习：她本应该在公交站等我
情态动词+have done的用法
他本来能帮我打扫房间的
She should have waited for me at the bus stop.
He must have forgotten to buy some books.
他肯定忘了买书
He could have helped me clean the room,
练习：在下列选项中选出正确答案
( )1. The lights in the room are on, he have woken up.
A. must B. must be C. should D. shall
( )2. —Must I leave here now
—No, you _____.
A.mustn't B.can't C.needn't D.may not
( )3. —What's the first rule
—We must _____ on time for class.
A.am B.is C.are D.be
A
D
C
( ) 4. 一_____ you sing the English song
一Yes, I can. But only a little.
A. Can B.May C.Must D.Need
( ) 5. Jason is good at running. He _____ run 100 meters in 11 seconds.
A.must B.should C.need D.can
( ) 6. —Whose cap is this Is it Amy's
—It _____ be hers. Don't you remember she didn't even come to the party？
A.can't B.might C.shouldn't D.must
D
A
A

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