资源简介

(共45张PPT)
主谓一致
Subject-Verb Agreement
谓语与主语在人称和数上保持一致
定义
语法一致
意义一致
就近原则
Notional Concord
Principle of Proximity
Gramatical Concord
语法一致
主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语必须采取复数形式。
A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language.
Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language.
语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则。
例：
语法一致
1. 除可数名词单数形式外，其他名词性结构（不可数名词、动名词、不定式、从句等）作主语，谓语动词都用单数形式。
Much milk is offered to him.
Reading aloud is very important in learning English.
To nod one’s head means agreement.
What they said is true.
The girl who is standing in front of the bank is my sister.
例：
agreement n.意见一致，同意 amusement
假的：false fake
(1)当and连接的两个主语表示的是不同 的人、物或概念时谓语动词用复数。
1. 并列结构作主语时的主谓一致
语法一致
My dog and my cat are running in the garden.
Roy and Jack have just finished their homework.
Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel.
Reading and writing are very important.
当and, both...and..., 连接两个或多个单数可数名词、不可数名词或代词作主语时，需要根据意义和概念来确定谓语动词是用单数还是复数。
(2)当and连接的两个主语表示的是相同人、物或概念时谓语动词用单数。
The professor and writer is giving a speech to the college students.
A journalist and author lives on the second floor.
His lawyer and best friend was with him on his trip to Europe.
句子分析：
同一个人的两种身份
注意：
指同一个人或物时，并列主语前只用一个冠词，指不同的需要分别加冠词，但两个名词有分别对立的意思时，只需要一个定冠词。
区分： ① The writer and the doctor are going to visit our school.
② A boy and girl are playing tennis.
(3)并列主语前each, every, many a, no 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数。
Each doctor and (each) nurse working in the hospital was asked to help patients.
Every man, woman and child is entiled to take part in the activity.
Many a boy and (many a) girl has made the same mistake.
No students and no teachers is living in that building.
注意：many a ，more than one+单数名词构成的短语，尽管意义上是复数，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。
(4)并列主语为不可分的整体时，谓语动词用单数形式。
The knife and fork has been washed.
刀叉已经洗过了。
A law and rule about protecting enviornment has been drawn up.
一项关于保护环境的法律和规则已经制定。
War and peace is a constant theme in history.
战争与和平是历史上一个的永恒的主题。
a cup and saucer 一副杯碟
the star and stripes 星条旗
fish and chips 炸鱼与炸薯条
注意：常被视为主体的结构
a knife and fork 一副刀叉
a law and rule 法规
a house and cart 马车
a needle and thread 一套针线
(5).一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数。但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数。
Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying.
古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程.
The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.
14课是最后一课也是最难的一课.
Good and bad meat have been sold out in that supermaket.
优质的肉类与劣等肉都会被卖出去。
2. 表示国家，机构，事件，作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数形式。
① One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore .
《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多神秘的民间传说.
② The United Nations plays an important role in the international affairs .
联合国在国际事务中起着重要作用.
③The United States is leading the world in science and technology .
美国常在世界科技方面领先.
3. a series of, a kind of, the number of +名词构成名词短语作主语时看作单数，谓语动词用单数。
① A series of high technology products has been laid out in the exhibition.
许多高科技产品在展会展出。
② A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.
花园里的这种玫瑰闻起来心旷神怡。
③ The number of students in our school is 3000.
我们学校的学生数量是3000人。
注意：a number of 与 the number of的区别
① a number of意思为“许多，一些”，后面跟名词复数形式，当做主语时，谓语动词用复数。number 可以用large或者small修饰。
A. A number of priceless works of art were stolen from the gallery.
B. A large number of students are going abroad to study.
② the number of意思为“......的数量”，后面跟名词复数形式，当做主语时，谓语动词用单数。
The number of pages in this book is two hundred.
4. 由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语，或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数。
Both of us are fond of watching football games . 我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.
许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。
A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.
Some / Several /Few / Many people believe that everyone should be responsible for what they did.
一些/几个/很少/许多人认为每个人应该为自己的行为负责。
5. 有些短语，如：a lot of, most of, any of, half of, percent of, some of, none of, the rest of, all of 等后接不可数名词，或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数，谓语动词用复数.
① A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday when the electricity was suddenly cut off.
② A lot of books about Investment Fund have been published recently.
③ All (of) the money is mine.
④ All (of) his friends are rich.
注意
all作主语表示人时，谓语动词用复数；表示物时，谓语动词用单数。
① All is well that ends well.
② All are eager to reach an agreement.
人
物
6. 当百分数，分数后面加名词或代词时，要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如果是复数名词或代词，谓语动词用复数；如果是单数名词（或不可数名词）或代词，谓语动词用单数。
① Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.
②Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
③Seventy percent of people have known about the truth.
意义一致
意义一致是指从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数，但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1. 当主语后面接由as well as, as much as, accompanied by, including, in addition to, more than, no less than, rather than, together with, with, besides, along with等引导的词组来链接名词时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定。
① The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.
② He, as well as you, is very honest
③ As well as the suitcase, the missing things have been found and returned
to the owner.
(1)The warehouse, with all its stockings, （was/were）burned last night.
(2)E-mail, as well as telephones, （play/plays）an important role in our daily life.
(3)The students, together with their teacher, (are/ is)going to have a picnic this weekend.
was
plays
are
（2）表示时间，金钱，距离，体积，重量，面积，数字等词语作主语时，
其意义若是被看作整体时，谓语动词用单数；
但如果其意义强调个体时， 那么谓语动词用复数。
① Four weeks are often approximately regarded as one month.
②Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life.
③Twenty years have passed since they got married.
(3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.
① The young often think of the old conservative.
② In many stories, the good are well rewarded and the bad are doomed to unfortunate.
③ The rich are required to take more responsibility in that small village.
(4) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义。
主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数。
集体名词常见的有：army, audience, cattle, class, club, committee, crowd, family, government, group, majority, minority, part, people, police, public, staff, team等等，其中cattle, people, police 一般看成复数形式，当他们做主语时，谓语动词用复数形式。
① His family are all fond of football. (家庭里的成员个体)
② The family is the tiniest cell of the society. (整体)
③ The target audience for this advertisement was mainly teenagers.（整体）
④ Staff have been trained to use the new technology. （员工个体）
⑤ The army was forced to retreat after suffering heavy losses. （整体）
⑥The police have been opened an investigation into the death.
⑦The people that I work with are great.
⑨The club welcomes all new members regardless of age.
① My family （don’t, doesn’t ）like eating broccoli.
② The army (were, was ) cut off from its base.
③ Staff (were, was ) encouraged to read books to improve
professional skills.
④ The cattle (were/was)swinging their tails to disperse the flies.
don’t
was
were
were
5. 表示"全体","部分"等意义的词作主语时的主谓一致
(1). 当主语是most, the rest, the last, the remainder 等时，其谓语一般应遵循意义一致的原则：如果后面的名词是单数，谓语动词则用单数；如果后面的名词表示复数，谓语动词则用复数。
①Three of us will go, the rest are to stay here.
②After the big fire, the remainder is nothing.
(2). 当town, school, village 等分别表示总称的"镇民", "全校师生", "村民"时，谓语动词可以用单数，也可以用复数。有时可用the 或加形容词whole修饰。
①The whole school were / was sorry when she left.
②The whole town is / are in agreement about the plan.
就近原则
这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。
1) 当主语后面接由as well as,as much as,accompanied by,including,in addition to,more than,no less than,rather than,together with等引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式要依主语的单复数而定.在这样的句子里，这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单，复数形式，它们在句子里其实是状语.也就是说，我们完全可以将这些词组搬到句首或是放到句末去.从表面上我们也可以看出，它们与主语之间有","隔开.
(1) 在there be句型当中，be动词的单复数形式需要根据距离be动词最近的主语单复数形式来确定。
There is an apple and four pears on the table.
There were twenty students and a teacher in the classroom.
(2) 以or，either...or(不是......就是......)，neither...nor(既不......也不......)，not only...but also(不仅......而且......), not...but...(不是......而是......) 等连接的名词（代词）作主语时，谓语动词的单复数应根据就近一致的原则。
例：
① Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
②Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.
③ Not only she but also her friends are keen on concerts.
④Neither his students nor he knows anything about it.
练习：
① Not only your brother but also you (are, is) handsome.
②Not you but your father (are，is) to blame.　
are
is
(1)表示时间，距离，金额，重量，计量，空间，体积等意义的复数名词作主语，谓语
动词常用单数形式.如：
Eight hours of sleep is enough.
(2) 以数字作主语的词或短语，有时可以看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式.如：
Thirty-six from forty-five leaves nine.
注：两数相加或两数相乘，谓语动词既可用单数形式也可用复数形式。
Six times seven are / is forty-two.
1. 形式为复数，意义为单数的名词作主语时的主谓一致
重点补充
(3)一些形式为复数，意思为单数的名词，如：trousers, pants, shorts, glasses, scissors等作主语时，谓语动词用复数.
① Her glasses are new.
② John’s new pants are the same as mine.
但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时，谓语动词应用单数
①This pair of scissors is made in Hangzhou.
②There is a pair of blue shorts on the sofa.
(4). 当maths(mathematics), politics, physics等学科名词作主语时，谓语用单数，但前有物主代词修饰指某人的某方面时，谓语用复数。
Mathematics was never my strong points.
(5) 以-s结尾的专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。
New York Times has a wide circulation.
(6) 群岛，山脉，瀑布等专有名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数形式
Niagara Falls are a splendid scene.
(2). 在 "the only one of +复数名词+定语从句" 结构中，定语从句的谓语动词应用单数
Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who plays in the band.
(1). 在 "one of +复数名词+定语从句" 结构中，定语从句中谓语动词的单复数应由它修饰的先行词的数来决定。
This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.
2. "one of +复数名词+定语从句" 结构中的主谓一致
3. 从句，动词不定式，-ing形式作主语时的主谓一致
(1). 在 "主系表"结构中，如果以what从句作主语，表语又是单数，主句的谓语动词一般用单数；如果表语是复数，主句的谓语动词一般用复数。若动词不定式，动词-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。
①What caused the accident is a complete mystery.
②What his father left him are a few English books.
③To learn English well is difficult.
(2). 当what从句具有两个或两个以上的动词，是表示复数意义的并列结构时，主句中的谓语动词多用复数形式。
What I say and think are none of your business.
(3). 以who, why, how, whether或that引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数。
① Why she did this is not known.
② Who is the first one means nothing to me.
③How to improve my English speaking is what I really care about.
注意
由how and why, when, where引导的从句作主语时，谓语动词仍用单数
① How and why he had come to our country is a story of success and sadness.
② When he arrives at the company depends on which kind of transportation he chooses.
(4). And连接的两个名词性从句作主语，如果表示两件事情，其谓语动词常用复数形式。
What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.

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