2024届高三英语二轮复习非谓语知识梳理素材

资源下载
  1. 二一教育资源

2024届高三英语二轮复习非谓语知识梳理素材

资源简介

非谓语动词知识点梳理
一. 非谓语动词概念:在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词,它不受人称和数的限制。
二. 非谓语动词使用条件
一个句子当中,已经存在一个主句(谓语),又没有连词的情况下,还有其他的动词出现时。
eg. The national park has a large collection of wildlife, and________ (ranges) from butterflies to elephants.
The national park has a large collection of wildlife, ________ (ranges) from butterflies to elephants. (2017 北京)
三. 非谓语动词句法成分
成分 形式 to do V-ing V-ed
主语
宾语
表语
定语
状语
补语
形式 主动 被动 否定
to do 一般式
完成式
进行式
V-ing 一般式
完成式
V-ed
1. 作主语
(1)动词不定式:常位于句首;一般可用 it 作形式主语,而将作主语的动词不定式置于句末,eg. It is good to help each other.
(2)V-ing 形式: Seeing is believing.
注意:①V-ing作主语和宾语,常被叫作动名词。
②单一的V-ing和动词不定式作主语,句子的谓语动词常用单数。
③it作形式主语,真正的主语是V-ing和动词不定式,常见于下列句式中:
It is +adj. +of/for sb to do sth.
It is no use/good doing sth.
It is worth doing sth.
2. 作宾语
(1)动词不定式
①常见的接动词不定式作宾语的动词: decide, determine, wish, refuse, plan, desire, pretend, intend等。eg. She wishes to be a musician.
②作某些形容词的宾语:glad, sorry, afraid, pleased, determined, willing, eager, anxious, ready, sure 等,eg. I am determined to give up smoking.
③tell, show, understand, know, explain等词常接“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。
eg. Can you tell me what to do next
(2)V-ing 形式
①常见的接V-ing 形式作宾语的动词有:admit, appreciate, risk, resist, consider等。
eg. She likes drawing very much.
②作某些短语动词的宾语。eg. Mary is thinking of going back to New York.
③ do+限定词(my, some, any, the 等)+ V-ing,表示“做…事”之意。eg. We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon.
④作介词的宾语。eg. Her sister is good at learning physics.
3. 作表语
(1)动词不定式
不定式作表语可以表示主语的具体内容、目的等。从时态的角度看,一般多是将要发生的。
eg. His dream is to be a lawyer.
(2)V-ing &V-ed
①现在分词作表语和过去分词作表语基本都是已经形容词化的,V-ing形式或V-ed形式。现在分词通常表示主语主动发出的动作说明主语具有何等性质,通常译为“使人…的;令人…的”;而V-ed作表语通常表示主语是动作的承受者,译为“感到……的”。
②作表语的过去分词与被动语态中的过去分词的区别。这两种不同语法功能的句子在形式上是样的,都是由“系动词be+过去分词”构成的,有时容易混淆,区别如下:被动语态表示主语的动作。而作表语的分词表示主语所处的状态。
The window was broken by Tom.(被动语态,表示动作) 这扇窗户是Tom打碎的。
The window is broken.(系表结构,表示主语the window所处的状态broken) 这扇窗户碎了。
4. 作定语
(1)动词不定式
①被修饰的词为decision, ability, time, place, determination, chance, opportunity等抽象名词时一般用不定式做定语。
eg. The time to fight back has come.
②序数词、最高级以及the only, the last, the right等或由这类词修饰的名词后面。
eg. He has become the first to go abroad in our town.
③不定式做定语表示该动作尚未发生。
The airport to be completed next year will help promote tourism in this area.
④如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词,后面通常要加上适当的介词。
eg. He wanted to find a house to live in.
(2)V-ing &V-ed
分词作定语时,如果这个分词是一个单词,就位于其修饰的名词之前,如果是分词短语,就位于其修饰的名词之后。当被修饰的名词和非谓语动词为主动关系且表示正在进行时,用V-ing;当被修饰的名词和非谓语动词为被动关系且表示已经完成时,用V-ed。
① the sleeping bag (动名词)表达用途和功能
②The sleeping child is only five years old. 表达动作正在进行
③The stolen car was found by the police last week.
5. 作状语
(1)动词不定式
①做目的状语,可以位于句首或者句尾,有时为了突出和强调,也可在不定式前加上in order或so as。
eg. She reads China Daily every day in order to (so as to) improve her English.
②结果状语 only to,表示意外的或事与愿违的结果;还可用于such/so as to(如此…以至于), …enough to(足够…能), too…to(太…以至于不能)等结构中。
eg. She returned only to find that no one was at home.
③原因状语,一般修饰表示心理活动或情绪的词(happy, glad, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry等),说明产生这种情绪的原因。
eg. She burst into laughter to see his funny action.
④一些常见结构用来表明说话者的观点和态度:to be honest(说实话), to be frank(坦白说), to be exact(确切地说)等。
eg. To be honest, I don’t like pop music.
(2)V-ing &V-ed
分词作状语,可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、行为方式、伴随状况等。为了强调,还可以while, when, once, if, useless等词连用。现在分词表示动作是主动和进行,过去分词表示动作是被动和完成。
eg. ①While walking the dog, you were careless and it got loose and was hit by a car. (时间)
②Separated from other continents for millions of years, Australia has many plants and animals not found in other country in the world. (原因)
③Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(条件) ④He glanced at her,noticing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(结果)
⑤Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.(让步)
⑥The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.(伴随)
6. 作补足语
(1)动词不定式
不定式可以作宾语补足语,有些动词后用不带to的不定式,有些动词后用带to的不定式,还有的带不带to都可以。句子由主动语态变为被动语态,宾语补足语相应变为主语补足语。①能接带to的不定式作宾语补足语和主语补足语的动词有:ask, advise, tell, force, get, allow, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, intend, expect, encourage, persuade, permit, request, order, warn, cause, consider, prove, think, know, feel, suppose, discover, imagine, find表示宾语或主语执行不定式的动作(具有“主动”的意义),而且不定式的动作多发生在句子的谓语动作之后(具有“将来”的意义)。
eg. The teacher encouraged us to write an article every week.
The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.
②使役动词,感官动词能接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语,常见的使役动词有make, let, have等; 感官动词有see, hear, watch, observe, notice, feel以及look at, listen to等。
eg. I saw him go into the room just now.
These pictures made me think of my childhood.
(2)V-ing &V-ed
V-ing形式作宾语补足语时,句中的宾语往往是其逻辑主语,该动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系。V-ing形式作宾语补足语强调正在进行的主动的动作。可以带有这种复合宾语的有see, watch, hear, observe, feel, find, have, keep等。
eg. Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help
V-ed形式做宾补时,句中的宾语往往就是其逻辑宾语,该动词与宾语之间存在着动宾关系。eg. He is a humorous man and he always keeps us amused with his jokes.
(3)非谓语动词作感官动词和使役动词的宾补
①感官动词see, watch, observe, hear, notice等的宾补(以see为例)
see + 宾语+ doing sth 看见…正在做
do sth 看见…做了(省to不定式)
done 看见…被做
Back from his two year medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken good care of at home.
② 使役动词have / make/ let+宾语+宾补
have +宾语+ do 让…做某事 make +宾语+ do 让…做某事
doing 让…持续做某事 done让…被做
done 让…被做
He had his wallet stolen on his way home.
He tried to make himself understood.
四. 非谓语动词特殊用法
1. 疑问词加动词不定式结构
疑问词 ( http: / / baike. / item / %E7%96%91%E9%97%AE%E8%AF%8D" \t "_blank )who,what, which, when, where, whether, how后可接不定式构成不定式短语 ( http: / / baike. / item / %E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E5%BC%8F%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" \t "_blank ),在句中
作主语、宾语、表 语等。如:
①When to leave for London has not been decided yet. (做主语)
②Mr. Smith didn't know whether to leave or stay there. (做宾语)
③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. (做直接宾语 ( http: / / baike. / item / %E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E5%AE%BE%E8%AF%AD" \t "_blank ))
④The question was where to get the medicine needed. (做表语 ( http: / / baike. / item / %E8%A1%A8%E8%AF%AD" \t "_blank ))
以上例句中疑问词 ( http: / / baike. / item / %E7%96%91%E9%97%AE%E8%AF%8D" \t "_blank )+不定式部分,均可转换为相应的从句 ( http: / / baike. / item / %E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5" \t "_blank )形式。如:
①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn……
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有:
consider, decide, discover, explain, find out, forget, hear, know, learn, observe, understand, wonder等。
不定式的主动形式表示被动意义
(1)在“主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语 + to do ”结构中,动词不定式与宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,句子的主语与动词不定式又有逻辑上的主谓关系。因此,用动词不定式的主动形式可以表示被动意义。例如:
She has a meeting to attend. 她有一个会议要参加。
(2)在“主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 + to do ”结构中,动词不定式与直接宾语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。因此,也可以用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
I'll give him some books to read. 我要给他一些书看看。
(3)在“主语 + 谓语(及物动词) + 宾语 + 宾补 + to do ”结构中,宾语是动词不定式的逻辑宾语,而句子的主语可能是动词不定式的逻辑主语,也可能不是。此时,也用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
I found the fellow hard to get along with. 我发现那家伙很难相处。
He made his lessons easy to understand. 他的课让人容易理解
(4)在“主语 + 谓语(系动词) + 表语(形容词) + to do ”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting, pleasant, nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous, cheap, fit, heavy等。例如:
Good novels are interesting to read. 好的小说读起来有意思。
This question is easy to answer.这个问题容易回答。
(5)动词不定式前面可以加上疑问代词构成“疑问代词 + to do ”结构。在这个结构中,尽管动词不定式与疑问代词之间存在着逻辑上的动宾关系,却用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
The question is what to do next.问题是下一步做什么。
I don't know what measures to take to solve this difficult problem.我不知道该采取什么措施来解决这一难题。
(6) 在“ There be ”句型中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某事时,用动词不定式的主动形式。如果强调事情本身必须要做时,则用动词不定式的被动形式。例如:
There is a lot of work to do.有许多工作要(人)去做。(需要人去做工作)
There is a lot of work to be done.有许多工作要做。(工作需要被做)
(7) 在“It/ This/That is + a/an+adj.+ 名词 + to do ”结构中,如果动词不定式与名词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系,则用动词不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。例如:
This is a hard question to answer.这是一个很难回答的问题。
That is a nice place to visit. 那是一个很好的参观地点。
(8)某些动词, 如be to rent, be to blame (责备), be to seek(寻找)用主动式表被动意义。
例如: The house is to rent. 这房子要出租。
Who is to blame for it 这得怪谁
The reason is not far to seek. 这理由不难找到。
3. 独立主格结构
非谓语动词作状语时,其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,并在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构。
1.独立主格结构的特点:
①独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在;
②独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词或不定式是逻辑上的主动或被动关系;
③一般用逗号把独立主格结构与句子主干分开。
2.独立主格结构的构成:
①名词/代词+分词;
②名词/代词+不定式;
③with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式。
The test finished( =When the test was finished), we began our holiday.
The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated), the whole country was in deep sorrow.
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.
I stood before her with my heart beating fast.
So in the afternoon, with nothing to do, I went on a round of the bookshops.
3

展开更多......

收起↑

资源预览