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高三英语阅读专题之 主旨大意
命题方式
1. 主题类
2. 标题类
3. 目的类
The main idea of the passage is …
What is the passage mainly about
Which of the following is the best title for this passage
The purpose of this article is to …
The author intends to...
...
设问方式
1) 主旨大意题
解题方法
主题句定位法
高频词（关键词））
How to find the topic sentences
Features：
1).相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括性；
2).主题句一般结构简单；
3).段落中其他句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展相互题句所表达的思想的。
1
Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals.
(1) 主题句在文首
开头主题+论证性细节。
应用文 书信 说明文 科技文献 新闻报道
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
解题方法
2
Some people like reading, and some people like swimming. I have many hobbies, such as reading, skating, and traveling. In fact, different people have different hobbies. My friend Ann studies very hard. So her hobby is reading all kinds of books. Tony loves working withher hands, and his hobby is gardening.
（2）主题句在文中
例子 / 问题（铺垫）-- 主题提出-- 进一步解释说明
说明文 科技文献 研究报告
提示词
1) 转折关系的词---- 后
but, yet, however, in fact,actually, indeed,...
2) 总结性，结论性的词 ---- 后
in brief，in short, after all, all in all, to sum up,
in conclusion, in a word，so, therefore ...
3) 表研究成果的词---- 内容
show, indicate, suggest, according to...
4）举例子的词---- 前
for example, for instance, take ... as an example, ...
提示词
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
主题句在文中
解题方法
3
When you are poor, you can also say you are very happy, because you have something else that can' t be bought with money. When you meet with difficulties, you can say loudly you are very happy, because you have more chances to challenge yourself. So you should always say you are happy.
（3）主题句在文末
事实依据----层层推理----得出结论(主题)
广告类 哲理性故事
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
主题句在文中
主题句在文末
解题方法
4
Everyone can experience anger sometimes. But not everyone can control it properly.
To some people, controlling anger seems like the hardest thing in the world to do. Control these by talking to yourself in your own mind,when you experience unwanted feeling. By talking it over in your own head you can work out how you will best deal with the situation.
Anger control can also be achieved by communicating with others with honesty. You can effectively train yourself to respond to situations without getting annoyed about things. It is important to remember it is possible for everyone to get angry and therefore. Controling it is the real challenge.
(5) 高频词
围绕某个主题展开的---反复出现的中心词即高频词，也叫做主题词
1) 主旨大意题 主题句定位法
主题句在文首
主题句在文中
主题句在文末
无明显主题句 高频词(关键词)
解题方法
2020全国I卷 D
According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), it's the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.
To test the effect of social influence on eating habits, the researchers conducted two experiments. In the first, 95 undergraduate women were individually invited into a lab to ostensibly(表面上)participate in a study about movie viewership. ..
For the second test, in one case the thin actor took two pieces of candy from the snack bowls. In the other case, she took 30 pieces. The results were similar to the first test: the participants followed suit but took significantly more candy when the thin actor took 30 pieces...
The tests show that the social environment is extremely influential when we're making decisions. If this fellow participant is going to eat more, so will I. Call it the “I’ll have what she's having” effect...
32．What is the recent study mainly about
A．Food safety. B．Movie viewership. C．Consumer demand. D．Eating behavior.
2021全国乙说明文 B
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying landline(座机)
These days you'd be hard pressed to find anyone in Australa over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 5 percent ofAustralians have a landline phone at home and only just over aquarter(29%)rely on their smartphones according to a survey(调查). ...
What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones？
A. Their target users B. Their wide popularity.
C.Their maior functions D. Their complex design
2) 标题类
解题方法
Tips
避免以下三种错误：
1.概括不够（部分代替整体）
2.过度概括（人为扩大范围）
3.以事实、细节代替抽象概括的大意
B
Goffin’s cockatoos, a kind of small parrot native to Australasia, have been shown to have similar shape-recognition abilities to a human two-year-old. Though not known to use tools in the wild, the birds have proved skilful at tool use while kept in the cage. In a recent experiment, cockatoos were presented with a box with a nut inside it. The clear front of the box had a “keyhole” in a geometric shape, and the birds were given five differently shaped “keys” to choose from. Inserting the correct “key” would let out the nut.
In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age, but it will be another year before they are able to do the same with less symmetrical (对称的) shapes...
The next step, according to the researchers, is to try and work out whether the cockatoos rely entirely on visual clues (线索), or also use a sense of touch in making their shape selections.
2022年全国甲卷 说明文
27．Which can be a suitable title for the text
A.Cockatoos: Quick Error Checkers B.Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C.Cockatoos: Clever Signal-Readers D.Cockatoos: Skillful Shape-Sorters
关键词
2022年全国乙卷 C
Can a small group of drones (无人机) guarantee the safety and reliability of railways and, at the same time, help railway operators save billions of euros each year That is the very likely future of applying today’s “eyes in the sky” technology to make sure that the millions of kilometres of rail tracks and infrastructure (基础设施) worldwide are safe for trains on a 24/7 basis.
Drones are already being used to examine high-tension electrical lines. They could do precisely the same thing to inspect railway lines and other vital aspects of rail infrastructure such as the correct position of railway tracks and switching points. ...
By using the latest technologies, drones could also start providing higher-value services for railways, detecting faults in the rail or switches, before they can cause any safety problems. To perform these tasks, drones for rail don’t need to be flying overhead. Engineers are now working on a new concept: the rail drones of the future. ...
31．Which is the most suitable title for the text
A．What Faults Can Be Detected with Drones
B．How Production of Drones Can Be Expanded
C．What Difficulty Drone Development Will Face
D．How Drones Will Change the Future of Railways
关键词
3) 目的类
解题方法
主旨推断法
文体推断法
1.记叙文 ---- tell a story or lesson;
entertain readers; share an experience;show
something
2. 说明文 、 新闻 ---- inform; introduce
3.议论文 ---- argue; persuade;
4.应用文 ---- provide some information or advice
5.广告 ---- advertise; attract readers
文体推断法
2020新高考I B
In the mid-1990s,Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan ....A few years later, still attracted to the country,he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that.Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia,which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, ....
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes.... As the author explains,this is neither a travel nor a history book or even a piece of reportage. ...
What is the purpose of this text
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer D. To recommend a travel destination
关键词
Exercises
高考真题
语篇类型 题型 年份
说明文 主旨大意类 标题类 目的类 1.2023新Ⅰ32；2. 2022新Ⅰ34；3.2021全
国乙24
1.2022全国乙 31；2.2022全国甲 27 3.2022新Ⅱ
31；4.2021新Ⅰ31；5. 2021全国乙31
1. 2022新Ⅰ28
记叙文 主旨大意类 标题类 目的类
1.2023新Ⅱ27；2.2021新Ⅱ 31
1.2022全国甲 31
议论文 主旨大意类 标题类 1.2023全国乙 32；2.2022全国甲 32
1.2021全国甲 35

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