2024年初中英语专项语法学习之动词及动词短语

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2024年初中英语专项语法学习之动词及动词短语

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2024年初中英语专项语法学习之动词及动词短语
动词的时态构成及变化规律
⑴一般现在时:
①表示经常的或习惯性的动作或状态;
②表示客观事实或普遍真理;
③在条件或时间状语从句中表示一般将来时;
④表示明确的计划时,可用来表示一般将来时谓语形式是do/does。常用时间状语有always, often, sometimes, once a week, every day, every morning, usually, in the morning, on Sunday, at times, on weekends等。
⑵一般过去时:
①表示过去某个时间发生的某个动作或存在的状态;
②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作(可以和often, always等表示频率的时间副词连用)。谓语形式是did,常用时间状语有yesterday, yesterday afternoon, two days ago, last week, in 1998, a moment ago, just now, when he was ten等。
⑶一般将来时:
①表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态;
②表示将来经常或反复发生的动作;
③表示打算、计划、决定要做某事。谓语形式是will/shall +do,be going to +do,常用时间状语有next week, this Sunday, next time, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, from now on, in a minute, some day, right now等。
⑷现在进行时:
①表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作;
②表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作;
③表示即将发生的未来计划或打算。谓语形式是am/is/are+ doing,常用时间状语有now, these days等。
⑸过去进行时:表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。谓语形式是was/were + doing,常用时间状语有at eight yesterday, at nine last night, at that time, just then, this time yesterday, when he came in…等。
⑹现在完成时:
①表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成;
②表示过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态;
③表示过去已经发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响和结果。谓语形式是have/has + done,常用时间状语有already, ever, never, yet, just, so far, ever since, these years, for two days, since 1999等。
注意:
1.现在完成时和一般过去时都可表示过去发生的动作,但现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果或持续到现在,强调的是现在的情况;而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去,不和现在发生关系。
2.终止性动词在现在完成时中不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。
⑺过去完成时:
①表示在过去某一时间以前已经发生或完成了的动作;
②表示过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作;
③表示从过去某一时间开始持续到过去另一时间的动作或状态。谓语形式是had + done,常用时间状语有by the end of last month, before last week, by then, before she entered the film industry…等。
⑻过去将来时:表示从过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语形式是would/should +do,was/were going to +do,常用时间状语有常用在宾语从句中,和主句过去时态相呼应等。
规则动词的过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成方法
⑴一般情况:加-ed构成过去式、过去分词;加-ing构成现在分词。如:ask-asked-asked-asking
⑵以e结尾:①以e结尾的加-d构成过去式、过去分词;去e加-ing构成现在分词。如:live-lived-lived-living ②以ie结尾的加-d构成过去式、过去分词;变ie为y,再加-ing构成现在分词。如:die-died-died-dying
⑶以y结尾:①辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i,再加-ed构成过去式、过去分词;加-ing构成现在分词。如:try-tried-tried-trying ②元音字母加y结尾的加 -ed构成过去式、过去分词;加-ing构成现在分词。如:play-played-played-playing
⑷以重读闭音节结尾,词尾只有一个辅音字母:双写辅音字母,再加-ed构成过去式、过去分词;双写辅音字母,再加-ing构成现在分词。如:stop – stopped – stopped - stopping.
动词短语分类
  ⑴动词+副词:①相当于及物动词,必须接宾语,宾语位于副词之前或之后,人称代词宾语必须放在副词之前。如:put on, try on, turn on, write down, take off, turn off, turn up, turn down, send up, wake up等。②相当于不及物动词,不接宾语。如:look up(仰望), go on, get in, get up, wake up等。
  ⑵动词+介词:相当于及物动词,必须接宾语,宾语位于介词之后。如:fall off, get off, get on, call on, go over(复习), operate on等。
  ⑶动词+副词+介词:相当于及物动词,必须接宾语,宾语一般位于介词之后。如:go on with, keep up with等。
  ⑷动词+名词+介词:相当于及物动词,必须接宾语,宾语一般位于介词之后。如:take care of, catch hold of等。
短语动词和动词短语的区别及用法
  动词短语
(1)含be/连系动词(be/feel、look……+形容词/v-ed+介词)
be open to 对……开放 be interested in 对……感兴趣 be glad to meet you 见到你很高兴 be/get used to smoking 习惯于吸烟
(2)动词+v-ing/to v/普通名词
enjoy doing sth 喜欢干某事 finish doing sth 干完某事
want to leave 想要离开 plan to do sth 计划看某事
drink wine 喝酒 walk the dog 遛狗
(3)动词+介词
look at 看着 listen to 听 stick to 坚持
(4)动词+副词
put up 举起,张贴 put on 穿上
put down 放下 put away放好,收拾好
give up 放弃,戒掉 give away 捐出,放出 give back 归还
(5)动词+副词+介词
look forward to 盼望,期望 look down upon 轻视,看不起
(6)动词+宾语+介词
spend …… on 把时间/金钱花在……上 pay ……for 花钱买……
pay attention to 重视,注意 make contributions to 为……做贡献 devote oneself to 投身于……
(7)动词+宾语+补语
make the school beautiful 使学校美丽 find a seat to sit on 找个座位坐 find it important to learn English well 发现学好英语很重要
双宾语动词
双宾语动词to和for的区别
  有些及物动词可以接两个宾语:直接宾语和间接宾语,前者常指物,表示动作的承受者或结果;后者常指人,表示动作的执行者或对象。
⑴结构:
①动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 (do + sb. + sth.)。如:Please pass me the cheese.
②动词+直接宾语+介词(to/for)+间接宾语 (do + sth. + to/for + sb.)。如:Please pass the cheese to me.
⑵用法:
①当直接宾语为人称代词时,用结构2。如:There is a pen on the desk. Please pass it to me.
②当直接宾语比间接宾语短时,常用结构2。如:Lei Feng always gave his seat to an older person or a person with a baby.
③当强调间接宾语时,多用结构2。如:Dad bought the book for me, not for you.
④在give, pass, show, hand, lend, return, sell, send, take, bring等动词后用to表示“给”,强调动作的对象。如:I’m sorry I’ve lent the book to Kate.
⑤在buy, get, make, choose, cook, do, find, sing等动词之后用for表示“为;替”,强调动作的目的。如:Please get two kilos of eggs for me.
  常用双宾语动词for 和to
1 award sb. sth. = award sth. to sb.颁奖给某人
2 book sb. sth. = book sth. for sb.为某人预定某物
3 bring sb. sth. = bring sth. to sb.把某物带给某人
4 buy sb. sth. = buy sth. for sb.为某人买某物
5 choose sb. sth. = choose sth. for sb.为某人选某
6 cook sb. sth. = cook sth. for sb.为某人煮某物
7 draw sb. sth. = draw sth. for sb.为某人画某物
8 fetch sb. sth. = fetch sth. for sb.为某人去取某物
9 find sb. sth. = find sth. for sb.为某人找到某物
10 fix sb. sth. = fix sth. for sb.为某人准备某物
11 fine sb for sth/ doing sth 处,,,以罚金
12 get sb. sth. = get sth. for sb.为某人弄到某物
13 give sb. sth = give sth to sb.给某人某物
14 hand sb. sth. =hand sth. to sb.把某物递给某人
15 kiss sb good-bye/ say good-bye to sb.吻别某人/同某人告别
16 leave sb sth.= leave sth for sb给某人递交某物
17 leave sb sth =leave sth to sb 遗留给sb 某物
18 loan sb sth =loan sth to sb 贷出…钱给某人
19 lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.把某物借给某人
20 mail sb. sth. = mail sth. to sb.把某物寄给某人
21 make sb. sth. = make sth. for sb
22 offer sb. sth. = offer sth. to sb.将某物给某人
23 order sb. sth. = order sth. for sb.为某人订购某物
24 owe sb. sth. = owe sth. to sb.欠某人某物
25 pass sb. sth. = pass sth. to sb.把某物递给某人
26 pay sb. sth. = pay sth. to sb.付给某人某物(钱)
27 paint sb sth=paint sth for sb 为某人画什么
28 pick sb. sth. = pick sth. for sb.为某人采摘某物
29 post sb. sth. = post sth. to sb.把某物寄给某人
30 prepare sb. sth. = prepare sth. for sb.为某人
31 read sb. sth. = read sth. to sb.把某物读给某人听
32 return sb. sth. = return sth. to sb.把某物还给某人
33 save sb. sth. = save sth. for sb.为某人留某物
34 sell sb. sth. = sell sth. to sb.把某物卖给某人
35 send sb. sth. = send sth. to sb.把某物送给某人
36 serve sb. sth. = serve sth. to sb.拿某物招待某人
37 show sb. sth. = show sth. to sb.拿某物给某人看
38 sing sb. sth. = sing sth. for sb.为某人唱某物(歌)
39 spare sb. sth. = spare sth. for sb.为某人匀出某物
40 steal sb. sth. = steal sth. for sb.为某人偷某物
41 take sb. sth. = take sth. to sb.把某物拿给某人
42 teach sb. sth. = teach sth. to sb.教某人某物
43 tell sb. sth. = tell sth. to sb.告诉某人某情况
44 throw sb. sth. = throw sth. to sb.把某物扔给某人
45 write sb. sth. = write sth. to sb.给某人写信

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