2024年初中英语专项语法学习之情态动词与助动词

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2024年初中英语专项语法学习之情态动词与助动词

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2024年初中英语专项语法学习之情态动词与助动词
情态动词的用法
情态动词是一类用于表达情态或语气的动词,如can、could、may、might、shall、should、will、would、must等。这些情态动词在使用时容易混淆,需要注意它们的使用场景和含义。
例如,can表示能力,通常用于描述能够做某事;could则表示可能性,通常用于描述可能会发生的情况;may表示许可,通常用于请求或允许某人做某事;might表示可能性,通常用于推测某事情的可能性;shall表示建议,通常用于征求对方的意见;should表示义务或责任,通常用于表达某种义务或责任;will表示意愿或决心,通常用于表达未来的意愿或决心;would表示愿望或情感,通常用于表达某种愿望或情感;must表示必然性,通常用于表达某种必然性或必要性。
  ⑴can(could):
①表示“能力”,意思是“能;会”,其否定形式为can’t/cannot。如:She can speak a little English. I can’t swim very well. Can you come and play football
②用在疑问句中,表示“征求意见”,could比can的语气更委婉、客气。如:Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the North Street Hospital
③在口语中,can可以代替may表示“允许”。如:You can keep the book for two weeks.
④can只有过去式could,其他时态一般用be able to表示(can有时也可表示将来的意义)。如:I couldn’t swim until I was ten. He will be able to sing English songs.
  ⑵may:
①表示“请求许可”,意思是“可能;可以”,其否定形式为may not或mustn’t(表示“不许可;不应该”)。如:—May I open the window —No, you mustn’t.
②表示“可能”,意思是“也许”。如:He may know the answer.
  ⑶must:
①表示“必要”,意思是“必须”,其否定形式为needn’t(不必)。如:—Must he finish the homework now —Yes, he mustn’t./ No, he needn’t.
②表示“义务”,意思是“应该”,其否定形式为mustn’t(不应该)。如:You mustn’t take the book out of the library.
③表示“推测”,意思是“一定;准是”,其否定形式为can’t(不可能)。如:The ticket must be in your inside pocket.
④通常表示现在时,表示说话人的主观看法。如:I must go now. You must leave as soon as possible.
⑤其他时态可用have to的相应形式来表示(have to表示客观需要做的事,意思是“不得不”)。如:I have to wash all my clothes. —Did she have to go —Yes, she did./ No, she didn’t.
  ⑷need:
①表示“需要”,多见于否定句。如:He needn’t worry about it.
②否定形式needn’t意思是“不必”,其反义词一般为must(必须)。如:—Must I finish homework now —No, you needn’t.
③也可用作行为动词,后跟动词不定式作宾语。如:I’m very tired and I need to have a rest.
助动词的用法
  ⑴be(am/is/are, was/were):①跟动词的现在分词一起构成进行时态。如:We are having an English lesson. She was writing when I left. ②跟动词的过去分词一起构成被动语态。如:English is spoken by many people. This factory was opened in 2002.
  ⑵do/does/did):①构成一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句和否定句。如:Do you often get up early He didn’t go to school yesterday. ②构成否定的祈使句(do) 。如:Don’t play football in the street.
  ⑶have/has/had:跟动词的过去分词一起构成完成时态。如:He has gone to America. She said she had had the book for two weeks.
  ⑷will/shall:跟动词的原形一起构成一般将来时。如:What shall we do tomorrow I will go fishing next Sunday.
⑸would/should:跟动词的原形一起构成过去将来时。如:I didn’t know if she would come. I wondered if I should go.
助动词的用法总结
  do用作助动词的三种用法  
  一、用于构成疑问句、否定句或倒装句  
  1. 构成疑问句  
Where do I pay 我在哪儿付钱   
When do you start 你何时动身   
How did you do it 你是怎么做的   
How do you feel today 你今天感觉如何   
Why do you keep on smiling 你怎么老是笑   
How does the story end up 这故事结局如何   
How does she stay so young 她怎么能永葆青春呢   
When did you realise that the money was missing 你什么时候发觉钱丢了   
  2. 构成否定句  
I don’t like football. 我不喜欢足球。  
Please don’t annoy me. 请不要打搅我。  
I didn’t arrive at the station early enough. 我到达车站不够早。  
I don’t care how expensive it is. 我不在乎这件东西有多贵。  
I didn’t meet either Jane or her husband. 简或是她的丈夫我都没遇见。  
He washed the car. He didn’t polish it. 他冲洗了汽车。他没有擦拭它。  
  3. 构成倒装句  
Never did he speak about his own merits. 他从不讲自己的功绩。  
Very rarely did she receive letters from her brother. 她很少收到她兄弟的信。  
Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他一到家,她就抱怨起来。  
Never did he think the book would be finished so soon. 他可没想到这本书会这么快看完。  
Seldom has a devoted teacher been so splendidly rewarded. 一位忠诚的教师很少受到如此丰厚的报答。  
  二、加在动词前,表示强调  
She does like dogs. 她真的喜欢狗。  
Do have another cup of coffee. 请再喝杯咖啡吧。  
Do be careful with that vase! 务必小心那个花瓶!  
I do hope you’ll get better soon. 我真希望你早日康复。  
He did come but soon went back. 他是来了,但很快就回去了。
三、用来表示刚提到的动作,以避免重复  
“She likes cakes.” “She really does.”“她喜欢吃蛋糕。”“她的确喜欢。”  
Watch that man—I want to know everything he does. 盯住那个人——我要了解他的一切活动。  
I always eat peas with honey. My wife never does. 我总是就着蜂蜜吃豌豆。我的妻子从来不这样吃。  
She paid them a generous wage for the little they did. 她为他们的那么一点工作付了很高的工资。  
Some parents did it only once a week, some said they never did. 一些父母每周仅做一次,一些父母则说他们从来不做。 

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