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阅读理解之科学研究/科普类文章专练(C/D篇主要文章类型)
科研报告类文章属于说明文,主要介绍科研领域某一项研究的结论、方法和过程等。由于这类文章高级词汇多,长难句多,再加上话题涉及考生可能不太熟悉的科学研究领域,所以文章难度较大,因此出题人通常把该类文章放在C/D篇。
其实,科研类文章出题很有规律,基本围绕研究的结论、方法和过程展开。
与研究结论有关的题目(基本必考)
考查形式：★研究发现 ★最佳标题。
解答关键：研究结论通常在某些固定句型之后,比如：
Specilists/Experts/Scientists/Doctors/Researchers say/reported/have found/claimed/noted/pointed out/announced that ... 专家/科学家/教授/研究人员 报告/发现/声称/表明/指出/宣布…
The researchs/fingdings/outcomes/data/ figures found /shows/indicates that ... 研究/研究结果/数据表明/显示
[例]In one study, Dr. Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys（调查研究）. “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were high in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.”
34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids？
A. They appeared to be aggressive. B. They tended to be more adaptable.
C. They enjoyed the highest status. D. They performed well academically.
与研究目的有关的题目
解答关键：
★因为在英语中表目的经常用动词不定式,定位体干在原文位置,再找不定式,包括to do, in order to
do, so as to do等;
★或者找出原文表示目的的句型/短语：The purpose / aim/attempt/intention/original goal is to...
on the purpose/aim/attempt/... of , xx is designed/intended for/to do设计用来干什么....
[例] To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device.
33. Why did Bobbitt’s team conduct the research？
A. To reduce the cost of minerals. B. To test the life cycle of a product.
C. To update consumers on new technology. D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.
[例5] The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are.
32. What is the purpose of the DriveLAB？
A. To explore new means of transport. B. To design new types of cars.
C. To find out older drivers problems. D. To teach people traffic rules.
与研究方法和过程有关的题目
这类题目属于细节题。解题的关键在于带着题干中的关键词在文中快速定位,找到答案依据。
[例] Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined— or added — the symbols to get the reward.
Hers how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment： In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers — 17 in this example.
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them？
A. They fed them. B. They named them. C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment？
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
对研究或者研究结果的观点态度的推断(推理判断题)
常见发问句式
1.What’s the author’s attitude toward…
2. The author probably feels __________about the research.
3. The author probably _________ the perspectives/views of...
A oppose/object/resist B in favor of/approve of/agree C.not mentioned
常考的表示观点态度的词汇：
表示支持或肯定：approving赞成的；positive积极乐观的；supportive支持的optimistic乐观的；concerned关切的； sympathetic同情的 appreciate欣赏的；favorable赞同的；promising有前景的
表示中立：uninterested/indifferent/carefree/unconcerned不感兴趣的；uncaring冷漠的；indifferent不感兴趣的，漠不关心的；objective客观的；cautious谨慎的；neutral中立的；unconcerned不关心的 uncertain不确定的；ambiguous模棱两可的；
表示反对或否定：disapproving/opposed/resistent不赞成的；critical批评的；negative否定的，passive消极的；suspicious/skeptical/doubtful怀疑的；worried/cocncerned担忧的；pessimistic悲观的；depressed沮丧的 disappointed失望的；ironic讽刺的； gloomy悲观的
[例] 1. As the railroads and the highways shaped the American West in the past centuries, a new electrical generating (发电) and transmission (输送) system for the 21st century will leave a lasting mark on the West, for better or worse. Much of the real significance of railroads and highways is not in their direct physical effect on the scenery, but in the ways that they affect the surrounding community. The same is true of big solar plants and the power lines that will be laid down to move electricity around.
2. The 19th century saw land grants (政府拨地) offered to railroad companies to build the transcontinental railroads, leaving public land in between privately owned land. In much of the West, some of the railroad sections were developed while others remained undeveloped, and in both cases the landownership has presented unique challenges to land management. With the completion of the interstate highway system, many of the small towns, which sprang up as railway stops and developed well, have lost their lifeblood and died.
3. Big solar plants and their power lines will also have effects far beyond their direct footprint in the West. This is not an argument against building them. We need alternative energy badly, and to really take advantage of it we need to be able to move electricity around far more readily than we can now.
4. So trade-offs will have to be made. Some scenic spots will be sacrificed. Some species (物种) will be forced to move, or will be carefully moved to special accommodations. Deals will be struck to reduce the immediate effects.
5. The lasting effects of these trade-offs are another matter. The 21st century development of the American West as an ideal place for alternative energy is going to throw off a lot of power and money in the region. There are chances for that power and money to do a lot of good. But it is just as likely that they will be spent wastefully and will leave new problems behind, just like the railroads and the highways.
6. The money set aside in negotiated trade-offs and the institutions that control it will shape the West far beyond the immediate footprint of power plants and transmission lines. So let’s remember the effects of the railroads and the highways as we construct these new power plants in the West.
69. What is the author’s attitude towards building solar plants
A. Cautious B. Approving C. Doubtful D. Disapproving
实操演练
A
After COVID- 19, the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts that while the number of nurses has increased in the past three years, the U.S.still experiences a shortage of registered nurses, and that there will be over one million unfilled nursing jobs.So what's the solution Robots.
Japan is ahead of the curve when it comes to this trend.Toyohashi University of Technology has developed Terapio, a robotic medical cart that can make hospital rounds, deliver medications and other items, and retrieve records. This type of robot will likely be one of the first to be implemented in hospital.
Robots capable of social engagement help with loneliness as well as cognitive functioning, but the robot itself doesn't have to engage directly — it can serve as a mediator for human communication.Telepresence robots such as MantaroBot,Vgo, and Giraff can be controlled through a computer, smartphone, or tablet, allowing family members or doctors to remotely monitor patients or Skype them.If you can't get to the nursing home to visit grandma, you can use a telepresence robot to hang out with her.
A robot's appearance affects its ability to successfully interact with humans, which is why the Human-Interactive Robot Research decided to develop a robotic nurse that looks like a huge teddy bear. RIBA, also known as "Robear,"can help patients into and out of wheelchairs and beds with its strong arms.
On the less cute and more scary side there is Actroid F, which has such resilient skin and natural hair color that some patients may not know the difference. This conversational robot companion has cameras in its eyes, which allow it to track patients and use appropriate facial expressions and body language in its interactions.
It's important to note that robotic nurses don't decide courses of treatment or make diagnoses.Instead, they perform routine and laborious tasks, freeing nurses up to attend to patients with immediate needs.This
is one industry where it seems the integration of robots will lead to cooperation, not replacement.
1.What does the underlined part in paragraph 2 mean
A.Take the lead. B. Reach the standard. C.Set a record. D. Miss a turn.
2.Telepresence robots may serve their right purposes in hospital when
A.they collect medical records for patients B.they deliver food to clinical doctors
C.they move the mobility-disabled patients D. they assist doctors with long-distance diagnoses
3. What is the distinctive attraction of Actroid F
A.Its scary arm strength. B.Its adorable appearance.
C.Its human-like voice. D. Its proper interactive response.
4. What is the suitable title for the passage
A. Robots — the future replacement of nurses B. Robots — the earth-shaking reform in hospitals
C. Robots —a good supplement to nurses D. Robots — a new way to treat patients
B
While teenagers who are at risk of depression with risky behaviors — drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and cutting classes often alert parents and teachers that serious problems are brewing, a new study finds that there's another group of adolescents who are in nearly as much danger of experiencing the same mental symptoms.
These teens use tons of media, get insufficient sleep and have a sedentary(不爱活动的)lifestyle. Of course, that may sound like a description of every teenager on the planet. But the study warns that it is teenagers who engage in all three of these practices in the extreme that are truly in a dangerous position. Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been called the “invisible risk" group by the study's authors.
The study's authors surveyed 15,395 students and analyzed nine risk behaviors, including excessive alcohol use, illegal drug use, heavy smoking and high media use.Their aim was to determine the relationship between these risk behaviors and mental health issues in teenagers. The group that scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors was most likely to show symptoms of depression; in all, nearly 15% of this group reported being depressed, compared with just 4% of the low-risk group.But the invisible group wasn't far behind the high-risk set, with more than 13% of them exhibiting depression.
The findings caught Carli off guard."We didn't expect that,"he says."The high-risk group and low-risk group are obvious, but this third group was not only unexpected. It was so distinct and so larger — nearly one third of our sample —that it became a key finding of the study."
Carli says that one of the most significant things about his study is that it provides new early warning signs for parents, teachers and mental health-care providers. And early identifications, support and treatment for mental health issues, he says, are the best ways to keep them from turning into full-blown disorders.
5. Which teenager probably belongs to the "invisible group""
A.A teenager who drinks frequently. B. A teenager who exercises regularly.
C.A teenager who skips school. D.A teenager who suffers from a lack of sleep.
6.What can we know about the new study
A.It was conducted by analyzing and comparing the previous data.
B.It was intended to dig into the reasons for depression.
C.It revealed an alarming rate of the invisible group suffering depression.
D. Its findings were under expectation of the research team.
7. What is Carli's attitude toward the findings
A.Unclear. B.Positive. C.Doubtful. D.Indifferent
8. The author wrote this passage to .
A. introduce a new therapy for teens'mental disorder B. warn about the unobserved signals for teens' mental problems
C. share a novel psychological experiment with teens D. caution teens against developing unhealthy habits
C
Including a joke in the title of a paper could pay off in terms of citations ( 引 用 ) ,according to a study. The finding — which has not been proved by peers — suggests that researchers could gain citations by
giving their papers amusing titles while some say the evidence is too weak to support the conclusion.
Jokes sometimes find their way into academic papers."One place where we often see humor is in titles, but there's a very small amount of literature about whether this is reasonable," says lead author Stephen Heard, an evolutionary ecologist.
To investigate whether having a funny title could boost a paper's readership and citations, Heard and his colleagues asked volunteers to score the titles of 2,439 papers according to how amusing they were. The scorers assessed humor on a seven-point scale, from zero (serious titles) to six (extremely funny). The researchers then looked for a link between papers' humor scores and the number of citations they had received, including self-citations by their own authors.
Papers with funny titles were cited slightly less often than those with more serious or straightforward titles. However, papers with more amusing titles also tended to have fewer self-citations, which led Heard's team to infer that scientists might give funnier titles to less important papers."Our assumption is that authors don'tcite their own papers subsequently because they don't think that those are their most important papers," Heard says.
After controlling for self-citations as a measure of a paper's importance, the researchers found that articles with funny titles are in fact cited more than those with serious titles. For example, papers with titles that got a score of six had nearly twice as many citations on average as those whose titles got a humor score of four.But some researchers argued that self-citations might not be a good criterion for a paper's importance.
9.The finding of the study can be best described as according to the first paragraph.
A.a widely accepted belief. B.something surprising. C.a wholly resisted opinion. D. something still in debate.
10. How did the researchers carry out the first stage of the study
A.By enquiring about volunteers'attitudes toward funny titles.
B. By asking participants to divide those titles into seven ranks.
C. By matching the papers'scores with the volunteers'likes.
D. By digitalizing the citations into various scores of humor.
11. Which of the following statements will Heard most probably agree with
A. Including a joke in an essay is by no means a good attempt.
B.Self-citations don't serve as a good standard for the research.
C. Articles with fewer self-citations tend to be unimportant to the authors.
D. Scientists should stop their self-citations to guarantee academic fairness.
12.Which of the following is the best title of the passage
A. One Cites Himself: A Rise To Fame B. Funny Or Serious: It Serves Your Choice
C.Are You Joking: Funny Titles Are Good D. Joking Paper Titles: Fewer Citations Or More
D
Expecting the worst to avoid feeling bad later is known as "bracing". It may help them prepare for emotionally challenging situations, particularly in the moments before these situations occur. People brace for the worst while waiting for potentially negative outcomes. Someone might also brace for the worst in anticipation of stressful events like giving a presentation at work.
Some psychological theories suggest that bracing should help. For example,"decision affect theory"
proposes that how we feel about a situation is determined partly by comparing what actually happened with what could have happened. Based on this, people should be happy when an event goes beyond their expectations, and disappointed when an event falls behind. Therefore, by anticipating the worst, one can safeguard themselves against future disappointment, as any result is likely to surpass their expectations.
But other psychological theories undermine the idea that bracing will be helpful. It has been theorized and scientifically established- that expectations can powerfully influence reality. There are two key ways that expectations can shape reality.
First, people may behave in ways that fit with their expectations. If you expect to fail an upcoming test or interview, then you might not invest efforts in preparation, which in turn reduces your chances of doing well. Second, people may interpret a situation in line with their expectations. Imagine you believe you are insufficiently qualified for a job you've applied for. During the job interview, you're likely to interpret blank expressions from the interviewer in line with this belief, which could negatively affect your performance. In fact, the interviewer did not want to give anything away.
Drawing together the scientific studies, it seems that expecting the worst is anything but a wise way to prepare for upcoming news or results. It might be better to hold positive expectations than to brace for the worst.
13.What is the second paragraph mainly about
A. The logic of preparing for the worst. B.The theory of comparing past and future.
C.The conflict between people's expectation and reality. D. The emotions hidden behind anticipating the worst.
14.What does the underlined word "undermine"in paragraph 3 mean
A.Strengthen. B.Determine. C.Oppose. D.Justify.
15. How can negative expectations probably affect people's performance in reality
A.By resulting in unnecessary time waste. B.By promoting people's ambition and motivation.
C. By giving weight to people's potential of excellence. D.By causing less preparation and some misinterpretations.
16.What is the author's attitude toward bracing for the worst
A.Unclear. B.Objective C.Negative. D.Approving.
E
"I like pigs," Winston Churchill supposedly once said."Dogs look up to us. Cats look down on us. Pigs treat us as equals." Whether Churchill's contemporary George Orwell also liked pigs is less clear. But he, too, surely saw something in them that was lacking in many domestic(驯养的)animals, for it was they who ended up running the show in his novel, Animal Farm. Pigs, then, are intelligent social creatures.
And, like all animals, they sometimes fight. Some pigs tend to be attackers; others tend to be victims. Who is what depends largely on weight. Among pigs, pounds mean power. The attacker might bite, kick or push the victim. Most conflicts end in seconds, but some last a minute or two.
In most animal species fights would be like that.However, many of the conflicts among pigs Dr Norscia, a biologist, observed had interested parties beyond the fighters. He therefore wanted to understand the role of these bystanders in solving conflicts——and what this says about pigs'cognitive (认知的) abilities.
Since there was usually not enough time for a bystander pig to become involved in the heat of a conflict, though this did occur, Dr Norscia looked at what happened in the three minutes immediately following a fight. Sometimes, he found, the fighters reconciled with each other on their own. The more distantly related the fighters were, the more frequently this happened. Dr Norscia guessed that relations between close relatives are more secure to start with, so rebuilding friendly relations rapidly is less necessary for them.
On other occasions, however, a third pig stepped in.Sometimes this bystander interacted with the attacker, which reduced the number of attacks coming after. Sometimes, the bystander interacted with the victim. This appeared to calm the victim down, for it reduced anxiety-related behavior.
Social intelligence need not, though, be entirely selfless. Pigs are more likely to step in after a conflict if they are closely related to either the attacker or the victim. This is probably an example of kin selection (亲属选择), which favors the development of behavior.
17.Why are Churchill and Orwell mentioned at the beginning
A. To show their preference for pigs. B.To add some related backgrounds.
C. To introduce the topic of the text. D. To present their attitude to animals.
18.What is special about pigs' fights
A.They aim to show power. B. They have audiences. C.They last a little bit longer. D.They happen more often.
19.What does the underlined word "reconciled" probably mean in paragraph 4
A.Caught up. B. Kept in touch. C. Made up. D. Changed in tune.
20.Which of the following reflects pigs'social intelligence
A. Offering comfort to victim pigs. B. Forming special bonds with strangers.
C. Sticking to their behavior. D. Caring for others with selfless devotion.
答案
【A】 1-4 ADDC 【B】 5-8 DCBB
【C】 9-12.DBCD 【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文,主要探讨了学术论文标题中包含笑话是否会增加引用次数的 一项研究。
9.D 细节理解题。根据第一段内容,这项研究的发现并未被同行证实,有些同行认为证据不足,因而研究成果还存在争议,故选D。
10.B 细节理解题。根据第三段内容,研究者在研究的起始阶段让志愿者对论文标题的趣味性 进行评分,故选B。
11.C 推理判断题。根据文章第四段, Heard 的团队推断,科学家可能会给不太重要的论文起 更有趣的标题,因为这些论文的自我引用次数较少。这表明, Heard 可能会同意自我引用次数 较少的文章对作者来说可能不太重要,故选C。
12.D 主旨大意题。文章主要讨论了一项研究,该研究发现,带有趣标题的论文在控制了自我 引用次数后,实际上被引用的次数更多, D 项更能概括文章的整体内容。
【D】 13-14.ACDC【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文,主要介绍了人们对未来可能发生的负面情况进行预期的行为, 即“做最坏打算”的心理学概念,探讨了相关的理论和研究,并认为持有积极的期望可能比预 期最坏情况更加有益。
13.A 推理判断题。第二段讨论了"决策影响理论",并解释了它如何支持准备最坏的想法。
它解释了人们为什么会在事件超出他们的低期望时感到更快乐,而在事件落后于期望时感到失 望的内在逻辑。故选 A。
14.C 词义猜测题。根据文章上下文,可推断出此处表示意思的转折,即其他心理学理论“颠 覆”(“反对”)这种看法,故选C。
15.D 细节理解题。文章第四段解释了负面期望如何引起不良效应, 一是对事件的准备会减少
(比如对你预期会失败的测试不去学习)和对客观情况的主观误解(比如在工作面试中将面无 表情解读为负面内容),故选D。
16.C 观点态度题。文章最后一段指出“作最坏的打算”可能绝不是一个明智的选择,面对最 坏的情况我们应当抱有积极的期待,所以作者对“作最坏的打算”的态度应该是反对的,故选C
【E】 17-20 CBCA本文是说明文,主题语境是“人与自然”。本文介绍了 Norscia 博士在对作为旁观者的猪在解决冲突中发挥的作用进行观察研究时发现猪是聪明的社会性动物。
28.C 推断题。本题问的是“为什么开头提到丘吉尔和奥威尔”。第一段中首先提到了丘吉尔对猪的喜爱,接着又提到并不清楚奥威尔是否也喜欢猪,但他也肯定在猪的身上看到了其他家畜所缺乏的东西, 因为在他的小说《动物庄园》中,正是猪最终主导了一切,并由此点出猪是聪明的社会性动物。再 根据下文中提到的观察结果可知,开头提到丘吉尔和奥威尔是为了引出文章的主题。 C 项"为了引出文章的主题”正确。
29.B 推断题。根据第二段中的"Some pigs.Who is what depends largely on weight… power"表明,有
些猪是攻击者,其他的往往是受害者。谁是什么角色很大程度上取决于它们的体重,体重意味着力 量。这只是在说明猪发生冲突时,体重决定力量,并不是说它们的冲突是为了展示力量。 A 错误； 根据第三段中的"In most animal species..had interested parties beyond the fighters"可知,和其他动物的 冲突不同的是,猪之间的冲突会吸引除参与打斗者外的观众的注意,即猪在发生冲突时是有旁观者 或者观众的, B 正确；根据第二段中的"Most conflicts end in seconds, but some last a minute or two"可 知,大多数冲突在几秒钟内结束,但也有一些持续了一两分钟。但这只是在说就猪之间的冲突来说, 有些持续的时间较长,文中并未说明是否比其他动物的冲突持续时间长, C 错误；文中只提到其他
动物也会像猪一样发生冲突,但并未说明猪发生冲突的频率是否比其他动物高, D 错误。
30.C 理解词汇题。根据画线词下文的内容可知,两只发生冲突的猪的关系越远,这种情况发生得就 越频繁。 Norscia博士推测,近亲猪之间的关系从一开始就更加稳定,所以迅速重新建立友好关系对 它们来说并不是那么必要。由此可推知,画线词所在句表示他发现,发生冲突的猪有时会自己和解。 也就是说猪有时会自行化解冲突,重归于好。画线词的含义是“使和解,使和好”,make up“言归于 好"与之相近,故选C。
31.A 推断题。本题问的是“下列哪一项能反映出猪的社交智商”。
根据倒数第二段中的"Sometimes,the bystander interacted with the victim. This appeared to calm the victim down, for it reduced anxiety-related behavior"可知,有时旁观者会与受害者互动,这似乎能使受 害者平静下来,因为受害者减少了与焦虑相关的行为。也就是说旁观的猪会安慰受害的猪。 A 项“安 慰受害的猪”正确。

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