2024年初中英语语法二轮复习之定语从句难点与误区

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2024年初中英语语法二轮复习之定语从句难点与误区

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2024年初中英语语法二轮复习之定语从句难点与误区
限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1. 基本区别
根据定语从句与先行词的关系,可将定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一般说来,限制性定语从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分,如果省略会影响全句的主要思想,这种定语从句前面一般不用逗号;而非限制性定语从句则只是主句的一种补充说明,即即使去掉,也不会影响全句的主要思想,这种定语从句前通常有逗号隔开。如:
This is the book that you want. 这就是你要的那本书。
句中的you want为限制性定语从句,如果去掉,意思就不清楚。
He bought me a book, which was very useful. 他给我买了一本书,非常有用。
句中的which was very useful为非限制性定语从句,如果去掉,句子意思仍是清楚的。
2. 关系词的区别
关系代词that和关系副词why通常只用于引导限制性定语从句,不用于引导非限制性定语从句。如:
她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。
误:She received an invitation from her boss, that came as a surprise.
正:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.
他失去工作的主要原因是他喝酒。
误:The main reason, why he lost his job, was that he drank.
正:The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.
另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系代词which用作宾语时,如果不是紧跟在介词之后,通常可以省略;但在非限制性定语从句中,不管在什么情况下均不可省略关系代词which。
3. 用法注意
当一个名词已由其他词语作了完整的表述,这个名词后则不宜再用限制限制性从句,而应改用非限制性定语从句。如:
我去看买的房子有一个很漂亮的花园。
误:My house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.
正:My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
若要用限制性定语从句,则应将物主代词my改为the,即说成:
The house which I bought last year has got a lovely garden.
4. 补充说明
非限制性定语从句有时形式上是从句,实质上其功用相当于一个并列的分句。如:
He said he had no money, which was not true. 他说他没有钱,这不是实话。(which相当于but it)
Then he met Mary, who invited him to a party. 后来他遇到玛丽,玛丽邀请他去参加晚会。(who相当于and she)
My father may have to go into hospital, in which case won’t be going on holiday. 我父亲可能需要住院,如果那样他就不去度假了。(in which case相当于and in that case)
分离型定语从句
所谓语分离型定语从句,主要指的是定语从句与它所修饰的先行词之间被其他词隔开的情形。分离型定语从句主要有以下两种类型:
1. 先行词与定语从句被状语隔开。如:
He found the dictionary there he was looking for. 他在那儿找到了他在找的词典。
I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。
2. 将定语从句置于句末。如:
Something was going to happen that was to change the world. 当时有件事就要发生,这件事将改变世界的面貌。
A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 明天要来一位新的老师教你们德语了。
The day will come when we will all have robots. 人人都有机器人的时代,总有一天会来临的。
注意,分离定语从句的使用主要是出于平衡句子结构或强调的原因,并且使用这类结构必须以句子不至于产生歧义为前提,否则就不要使用这类句子。如:
He hid the gun in the cellar which his wife found.
这个句子是有岐义的:如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the cellar,则句子意思为:他把枪藏在他妻子发现的地下室里。如果认为定语从句which his wife found是修饰the gun(属分离修饰),则句子意思为:他把妻子发现的枪藏在地下室里。
使用定语从句的几个误区(一)  
有的英语初学者在使用定语从句时,有时会在从句中误加与关系代词同义的人称代词,这是不对的。如:  
—This is the book that I have read __________ dozens of times.   
—But I have never read __________.   
A. it, × B. ×,it C. it, it D. ×,×  
此题应选B。容易误选C。本题第二句填代词 it, 这容易理解。而第一句不能填 it, 则是考生很容易忽视的。显然第一句中的 that I have read dozens of times 是修饰 the book 的定语从句,此句中的动词read不能再接用 it作宾语,因为它已有宾语that(也可省略)。  
在做有关定语从句的试题时,考生千万不要在定语从句中重复使用与关系词(或先行词)指代相同的人称代词。如:  
我们昨晚看的电影很精彩。  
误:The film we saw it last night was wonderful.   
正:The film we saw last night was wonderful.   
刚才同你讲话的那个人是谁   
误:Who’s the man you just talked to him   
正:Who’s the man you just talked to   
你昨天借给我的书很有趣。  
误:The book you lent it me yesterday was very interesting.   
正:The book you lent me yesterday was very interesting.   
他就是去年死了妻子的那个人。  
误:He is the man whosehis wife died last year.   
正:He is the man whose wife died last year.
使用定语从句的几个误区(二)  
初学者在使用定语从句时,有个经常犯的错误就是分不清是定语从句还是其他从句。请看下面的题目:  
—Is this room __________ he lived in last year   
—Is this the room __________ he lived in last year   
A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that  
此题应选D。容易误选A。为了便于分析,我们先将以上两句还原成陈述句(注意is的位置)。如:  
(1)This room is _________ he lived in last year.   
(2)This is the room ________he lived in last year.   
第(1)句填the one, 用作表语,其后的 (that) he lived in last year是用以修饰the one 的定语从句。此句若直接填that, 则不是定语从句(因为没有先行词),而是表语从句。  
但是由于引导表语从句的that不能充当句了成分,而其后的介词in又缺宾语,所以导致错误。  
第(2)句填 that, 它是关系代词,用以引导定语从句(he lived in last year)修饰the room。  
请做以下类例试题。如:  
(1)—Is this the book _________ you want to buy   
—Is this book _________ you want to buy   
A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that  
(2)—Is this room ___________ he lived in 5 years ago   
—Is this the room __________ he lived in 5 years ago   
A. that, that B. the one, the one C. that, the one D. the one, that  
答案:(1) C (2) D  
使用定语从句的几个误区(三)     
有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词,就认为一定要用关系副词,其实也不一定。在此情况下,还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分,若是用作状语,则用关系副词,若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词,而用关系代词。比较:  
This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)  
This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词,that用作visit的宾语)  
The reason why he can’t come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词,why在定语从句中用作状语)  
The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词,that在定语从句中用作其宾语)
使用定语从句的几个误区(四)  
1.误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人  
whose用作疑问代词时,主要用于指人;但用作关系代词时,它既可指人也可指物。如:  
It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛,名字我忘了。  
The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女,在假期中工厂关门了。  
2.混淆定语从句与并列句  
请看下面两题:  
(1) He has two children, and both of _______ are abroad.  
A. them B. which C. whom D. who  
(2) He has two children, both of _______ are abroad.  
A. them B. which C. whom D. who  
第(1)题选A,第(2)题选C。由于第(1)题中用了并列连词and,从而使整个句子为并列句,and后应是一个独立的简单句,所以选A不选C;第(2)题没有并列连词and,both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外,请比较下题(答案为A):  
He has two children, both of _______ being abroad.  
A. them B. which C. whom D. who  
3.误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句  
有的同学一看见逗号,就以为一定要选which而不选that,但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如:  
(1) If a book is in English, _______ means slow progress for you.  
A. as B. which C. what D. that  
(2) When I say two hours, _______ includes time for eating.   
A. as B. which C. what D. that  
以上两题均应选that,而不能选which,因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that,是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句,逗号后为主句,that为主句主语。

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