2024年初中英语语法专项复习之定语从句考点归纳 讲义

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2024年初中英语语法专项复习之定语从句考点归纳 讲义

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2024年初中英语语法专项复习之定语从句考点归纳
限制性定语从句: 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、修饰的作用,关系代词有that,which,whom,who,whose以及关系副词when,where等,没有明显的逗号把从句与主语分开,表达的意思为被修饰词的一个定语。 非限制性定语从句: 作用相当于一种插入语或者对先行词的一种解释,和先行词之间只有比较松散的关系,文字中常常用逗号将其与主句分开,用法其实与限制性定语从句极为相似,只是不能用that做修饰词。
限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别:
①同先行词的关系上:限制性定语从句同先行词关系密切,如果去掉会影响整个意义的表达;非限制性定语从句同先行词的关系不密切,删掉后不影响总体意思的表达。
例:
A shop should keep a stock of goods which sells best.
商店应存有最畅销的货物。(若去掉定语从句句意将改变)
②形式上:限制性定语从句通常不与先行词隔开,非限制性定语从句用逗号同先行词隔开。
③使用的关联代词:由that ,who, which等关联代词引导的限制性定语从句中,当关联代词在从句中作宾语或表语时可以省略,whom作为动词宾语或作为介词宾语但没有与介词紧挨时可以用who替代;在非限制性定语从句中不可省略关联代词,且不可使用关联代词that,whom不可用who来替代。
例:The purpose of this trip was to record the wildlife and plants (that/which) we found in the forest.
这次旅行的目的是把我们在森林里发现的野生动物和植物记录下来。
④限制性定语从句只修饰先行词,而非限制性定语从句可以修饰先行词、句子的一部分或是整个句子。
例:We don't like this room,which is too cold.
我们不喜欢这个房间,它太冷了。(修饰先行词)
⑤翻译习惯上:限制性定语从句翻译时多译作前置定语;非限制性定语从句翻译时可选择译作并列分句。
例:I want a man who knows some Spanish.
我需要一个懂点儿西班牙语的人。
⑥即使汉语翻译相同,表达的含义上二者仍可能有差异。
例:
Tom's sister who is a teacher is coming to New York.
Tom's sister, who is a teacher, is coming to New York.
汤姆的那位教师姐妹要来纽约。
(第一句的意思是,汤姆有多位姐妹,要来纽约的是当教师的那位;第二句的意思是,汤姆只有一位姐妹且她是一位教师,她要来纽约。)
Water which is clear has many uses.
Water, which is clear has many uses.
(第一句的意思是,清澈的水有多种用途,换言之不清澈的水未必;第二句的意思是,水是一种清澈的液体,水有很多用途。)
引导定语从句的关系词:
关系词 词形 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分
关系代词 who 人 主语、宾语、表语
whom 人 宾语
which 物 主语、宾语、表语
that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语
whose=of whom/of=which 人或物 定语
关系副词 when 时间词 时间状语
where 地点词 地点状语
why 原因词 原因状语
关系词、关系代词与关系副词

用于引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词根据其词性的不同,可分为关系代词和关系副词。引导定语从句的关系词既起连接先行词与定语从句的作用,同时又在定语从句中充当一定的句子成分。
1. 关系代词:主要有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等,它们在句子中可用作主语(如that, which, who等)、宾语(如that, which, whom等)和定语(如which, whose)。如:
Is he the man that sells dogs 他就是卖狗的人吗
She is the girl who won the prize. 她就是获奖的姑娘。
I’ve found the book which I was looking for. 我找到了我要找的书。
She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。
She is the woman whom I gave the money to. 她就是我给她钱的那位妇女。
He is absorbed in work, as he often was. 他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。
2. 关系副词:主要有where, when, why等,它们在句子中主要用作状语。如:
This is the town where I was born. 这就是我出生的城市。
I’ll never forget the day when I first met you. 我永远不会忘记第一次见你的那天。
We don’t know the reason why he didn’t show up. 我们不知道他为什么没有来。
一、 关系代词和关系副词的区别
1、关系代词(that, who, whom, whose, which)所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
例1. Is he the man who/that wants to see you (who / that在从句中作主语,指人)
例2. He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.(whom / that在从句中作宾语,指人)
例3. They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.(whose在句中作定语,指人)
例4. Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.(whose在句中作定语,指物。若指物,它还可以同of which互换)
例5. The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作carry的宾语,指物)
2、关系副词(when, where, why, that)可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构,因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。
例6. Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.
例7. Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer
例8. His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.
例9. He can’t find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago.
二、 判断用关系代词和关系副词
方法1: 用关系代词,还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语,就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。请改错:
1. This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
2. I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。句1和句2的where, when都应改为which.。
方法2: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状),根据第一点(区别),也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。
关系代词who, whom, whose 用法说明

■ 关系代词who, whom)的用法
who和whom均只用于指人,不用于指事或物,其中who在定语从句中用作主语,whom在定语从句中用作宾语。如:
I met a girl who knew your sister. 我碰到一个认识你姐姐的姑娘。
In Berlin, he first met the woman whom he would one day marry. 在柏林,他第一次遇见那个女人,后来他终于跟她结了婚。
She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before. 她把我介绍给她丈夫,我以前没见过他。
但是,用作宾语的whom如果不是紧跟在介词之后,通常会被省略或用who, that代之。如:
The person to whom I complained is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。
The person (who, whom, that) I complained to is the manager. 我向他投诉的那个人是经理。
■ 关系代词whose的用法
关系代词whose既可用于指人,也可用于指事或物,它在定语从句中主要用作定语。如:
She is the woman whose car was stolen. 她就是汽车被盗的那个女人。
This is the house whose windows were broken. 这就是窗户被打破了的房子。
Mrs. Gray, whose children are in college, is trying to get a job. 格雷太太的孩子们都在上大学,她想找一份工作。
His house, whose windows were all broken, was a depressing sight. 他的房子窗户无一完好,一派令人心酸的景象。
1.who:who引导的从句通常放在整个句子的中间,对前面提到的人进行补充说明
eg. Our headmaster,who was a French Canadian,was an excellent cook.
我们的校长,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
The farmer,who is very pessimistic,says that there will be no fruits this year.
这个农民非常悲观,他说今年将没有收成。
2.whose:whose除了人以外可以修饰物,动物等, 和who一样,通常置于句中。
eg. The boy, whose father is an engineer, is very smart.
那位父亲是位工程师小男孩很聪明。
The drama,whose style is humourous,is a typical of the period.
这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风趣诙谐。
3.whom:whom用于指人时,在句中做动宾或介宾。
eg. Cathy, whom you met in London, is now back in China.
凯西现在回中国了,你在伦敦见过她。
Mr Smith,from whom I have recieved a lot of gifts,is a play boy.
史密斯先生是一个花花公子,我从他那儿收到了许多礼物。
关系副词的用法
1. when的用法:它的先行词通常是time, day, morning等。有时也可和一些介词一起引导定语从句。
例如:Do you remember the time when she went abroad
2. where的用法:它的先行词通常有place, spot, room等。
例如:I like places where the weather is always warm.
3. why的用法:它的先行词只有reason。Why时常也可以省略。
例如:Tell me the reason why she was late.

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