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2024年初中英语语法学习之非谓语动词学习
用作状语的非谓语动词
1. 表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况，通常用现在分词或过去分词；若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系，用现在分词；若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系，用过去分词或现在分词分词的被动式。
2. 表示目的，通常要用不定式；表目的的不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词之后，且常用于 in order to, so as to 结构。有时为了强调，可将不定式短语放到句首。
3. 表示原因，通常用分词短语，且多放在句首，有时也放在句末，多用逗号隔开。在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如 happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后，可接不定式短语表示原因。
4. 表示结果，用不定式或现在分词均可，但有区别：不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的，不定式前常加 only，另外还用于 too…to, enough to, never to, so / such … as to 等固定结构中；现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生)，前面可加上 thus。
非谓语动词作状语的五种基本形式
　1. 表示时间、条件、方式、让步或伴随情况，通常用现在分词或过去分词；若句子主语与非谓语动词是主动关系，用现在分词；若句子主语与非谓语动词是被动关系，用过去分词或现在分词分词的被动式。如：
　　Seeing the cat, the mouse ran off. 见到猫，老鼠就跑了。
　　He sat in the chair reading newspapers. 他坐在椅子上看报。
　　Given more time, we could have done it better. 如果多给点时间，我们可以做得更好。
　　2. 表示目的，通常要用不定式；表目的的不定式所表示的动作通常发生在谓语动词之后，且常用于 in order to, so as to 结构。有时为了强调，可将不定式短语放到句首。如：
　　We used the computer to save time. 我们用电脑节约时间。
　　In order to catch the train, she hurried through her work.为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。
　　注：不定式作状语只有表示目的时，才可以放到句首。
　　3. 表示原因，通常用分词短语，且多放在句首，有时也放在句末，多用逗号隔开。如：
　　Being very weak, she couldn’t move. 由于身体虚弱，她不能行动。非谓语动词作状语
　　Much discouraged1, she came back home. 她很沮丧，回了家
　　注：在表示情绪或情感反应的形容词(如 happy, glad, sorry, sad, surprised, frightened, delighted, disappointed)后，可接不定式短语表示原因。如：
　　I’m very pleased to meet you. 会见你我很高兴。
　　I’m proud to be your friend. 当你的朋友我感到骄傲。
　　4. 表示结果，用不定式或现在分词均可，但有区别：不定式表结果，其动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的，不定式前常加 only，另外还用于 too…to, enough to, never to, so / such … as to 等固定结构中；现在分词表示结果，是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生)，前面可加上 thus。如：
　　He was so foolish as to leave his car unlocked2. 他是那样傻，竟然没锁车。
　　He hurried to the house only to fond that it was empty. 他匆忙赶到那屋子里，发现已经空无一人。
He died, leaving his wife with five children. 他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。
用作定语的非谓语动词
1. 不定式作定语，要放在它所修饰的名词之后，表示一个将来的动作。
2. 分词作定语，单个的放在所修饰的名词前(left 等除外)，短语放在所修饰的名词后。现在分词表示其动作正在发生或与谓语同时发生，过去分词表示其动作已经完成或没有时间性；在逻辑上被修饰的名词与现在分词是主谓关系，与过去分词是被动关系。
3. 动名词作定语，只放在名词前，说明该名词的性能或用途，不表动作，被修饰的名词与-ing 形式在逻辑上没有主谓关系。
4. to be done, being done, done 均可用作定语，且都表示被动意义，其区别在于：to be done 表示将来，being done 表示目前正在发生，done 表示过去已经发生。
非谓语动词的否定式
1.非谓语动词的否定式通常是将否定词not置于正个非谓语动词之前——如果非谓语动词为完成式，则应将否定词置于having或to have之前。
2.如果非谓语动词为被动式，则应将否定词置于being或to be之前。
3.非谓语动词的否定式通常是就在非谓语动词之前加 not 或 never。
4.当前面有逻辑主语时，要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。当非谓语前带有逻辑主语时，否定句词习惯上是放在逻辑主语后，非谓语动词之前。
5.so as to do sth 和in order to do sth这两个结构的否定式，我们总是把否定词置于不定式符号to之前，而不是置于整个结构之前或其他位置。
【相关训练】
01. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _________.
A. to find B. to have found C. to be found D. being found
02. It remains _________ whether the operation was successful.
A. seen B. to be seen C. seeing D. to see
03. I’ll have to change my clothes before I go out—I don’t want _________ like this.
A. to see B. to be seeing C. to be seen D. being seen
04. A railway station is no place for a child _________ alone at night.
A. leave B. leaving C. to be leaving D. to be left
05. —Do you have anything _________, Professor Smith —No, thanks.
A. to type B. typing C. to be typed D. being typed
06. The case against Mr. White is said _________ tomorrow.
A. to hear B. being heard C. to be heard D. being heard
07. She got there _________ that they had gone on holiday.
A. only to be told B. only telling C. only told D. only having told
08. _________ wherever you go is the price you pay for being famous.
A. Being recognized B. To have recognized
C. Recognizing D. Having recognized
09. After _________ the flight would be delayed, we made other arrangements.
A. informing B. being informed C. to inform D. to be informed
10. He was taken to hospital after _________ by a car.
A. being hit B. to be hit C. having hit D. to be hitting
11.—They’ll get their money back.
—I should hope so too, after _________ like that.
A. being treated B. to be treated C. treating D. treated
12. While shopping, people sometimes can’t help _________ into buying something they don’t really need.
A. to persuade B. persuading C. being persuaded D. be persuaded
13. The whisky is bottled here before _________ abroad.
A. sent B. sending C. being sent D. having sent
14. I found I could easily make myself _________ by using sign language.
A. understood B. understand C. to understand D. being understood
15. The meeting, _________ over five thousand people, welcomed the Chinese delegation.
A. attending B. to be attending C. being attended D. attended by
16. The window _________ in the storm has now been repaired.
A. broken B. to break C. being broken D. having broken
17. I think the party was great, all things _________—I mean we didn’t have much time to prepare and no help, but it still went well.
A. considering B. considered C. to consider D. being considered
18. _________ in his car, the pop singer waved to the crowd.
A. Seating B. Seated C. To seat D. Being seated
19. All the afternoon he worked with the door _________.
A. was locked B. locked C. locking D. being locked
20. It can be cheaper to buy a new washing machine than to get your old one _________.
A. repaired B. to repair C. repairing D. having repaired
【答案】01—05 CBCDC 06—10 CAABA 11—15 ACCAD 16—20 ABBBA

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