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2024年初中英语语法复习之非谓语动词详解
在做单选题，如果遇到非谓语动词，可以根据句中的搭配结构、非谓语的主被动形式和非谓语的“时态”三个角度，从语言的结构到语义由简单到复杂依次排选。
第一步：根据非谓语形式在句中可作的成分来分析空白处可填入的非谓语形式，看能否在不定式、分词和动名词几个形式之间先排除一个或几个。
现在分词完成式不作定语。
1． 非谓语形式作主语或宾语时，不定式作介词的宾语时要使用“特殊疑问词 不定式”结构。
例如：1).It’s very kind of you to help us.
2).Fighting broke out between the South and the North.
3).The driver failed to see other cars at the moment .
4).Please show us how to do that.
2． 作状语时，不定式表示目的以及so/as to do和(only)to do中的结果状语，其它状语都用分词来表示。
例如：1).To sleep late the next morning,he turned off the alarm clock.
1． 非谓语用作主语或状语时，一般根据它们的逻辑主语来判断主被动形式的选用；若无逻辑主语，则以主句主语为判断对象。
例如：1).Using the dictionary,I found it of great use.
（作状语的分词逻辑主语和主句主语相同时，逻辑主语常省去）
2).It’s so nice to hear your voice.
3).Seeing is believing.
（不带逻辑主语的不定式或动名词作主语时，通常看作第一人称的逻辑主语省略）
2． 作宾语或表语时，要根据主句主语来分析主被动形式。
例如：1).The little girl would like to be brought to the State with her brother.
2).His story in the jungle is very exciting.
3． 作定语时，应根据被修饰词来选用主被动形式。
例如：1).I have a room to paint,so I can’t go out for a picnic with them.
2).We have a room to be painted.Where can we find a worker
(当句中出现了作定语的不定式动词的执行者时用主动式，否则用被动式)
4． 作宾补的非谓语主被动形式要根据非谓语动词与宾语的关系来确定。
例如：1).Don’t have the water running like that.
2).She sat alone in the room,with her eyes fixed on the ceiling.
第三步：经过第一、二两步分析仍未能作出最后选择时，可能会剩下不定式和分词内部不同的式之间的选择，即非谓语的“时态”，这时可通过比较非谓语动词和谓语动词所发生的先后来判别。
1． 不定式的一般式to do/to be done常用在
①表示非谓语动词发生在谓语之后；
例如：1).I hope to see you again soon.
2).Who do you think our teacher will have work on the wall-newspaper
②表示与谓语动词同时发生的一个全过程动作或谓语当时所处的状态。
例如：4).Have you seen a little boy go into the house
5).He seems to know that.
2．不定式的进行式to be doing 和现在分词的一般式doing/being done只用来表示非谓语动词和谓语动词同时发生。
例如：1).The secretary worked late into the night, preparaing the long speech for the president.
2).They pretended to be sleeping when Mother came in.
3．不定式完成式to have done/to have been done和现在分词完成式having done/having been done均表示动作发生在谓语之前。
例如：1).He is said to have left.
2).Not having heard from him,I wrote to him again.
4．词常表示发生在谓语之前而及物动词的过去分词则可以指发生在谓语之前或与谓语同时的状态。
例如：1).fallen leaves/a burnt-out match
2).The thief was brought in,with his hands tied behind.
若非谓语形式正确而词义仍不同者则需从句义来考虑。
非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。
1.动词不定式
例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生)
例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)
例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)
注：动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如：
1)I meant to have sent the book to you by mail. （我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。）
2)He was to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。)
2.动名词
例1：I am thinking of getting a new dictionary. (非谓语动词动作发生在后)
例2：We enjoy watching colour TV. (与谓语动词动作同时)
例3：He forgot having promised to write things for us. （非谓语动词动作发生在前。）
3.分词
例1：Singing a song, he came into the room. （非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生）
例2：Having written his composition, he went to have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前)
非谓语动词的比较
1.动名词和动词不定式在用法上的比较
(1)一般说来动名词所表示的动作在意义上是比较抽象的、一般的，时间概念不强，不是指某一次的动作；而动词不定式所表示的动作则往往是具体的一次行为。例如：
1）I like swimming, but I don’t like to swim today.
2) They prefer staying indoors when the weather is cold.
3) Would you prefer to stay at home this evening
(2)动词不定式的逻辑主语，常常是句子的主语或句中的某个词；而动名词的逻辑主语可能是句子主语或句中某个词，也可能是泛指一般人物，在句子里是找不着的。例如：
1）I hate to be sitting idle. (我不想闲坐着。)（指自己）
2）I hate saying nothing at a meeting but gossiping afterwards. (我不喜欢开会不说会后乱说。)（可能指自己，也可能泛指一般人）
(3)有些词后既可接动名词亦...
1不定式作宾语
1) 动词+ 不定式
afford　 aim　　 appear　　agree　 arrange　　ask　　　be　　　 decide　bother　　care　　choose　　 come　　　 dare　　 demand　desire　　determine　　　　 expect　　　elect　　endeavor　　　　　hope　　　　　　　fail　 happen　 help　　hesitate　learn　 long　　　mean　　 manage　 offer　 ought　　 plan　　prepare　pretend　　 promise　refuse　seem　　 tend　　 wait　　　 wish　　　 undertake　
　The driver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。
　I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。
2）动词+不定式 ；　动词+宾语+不定式
ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help intend like, love, need prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish…
　　　I like to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。
　　　I like you to keep everything tidy.　我喜欢你年使每件东西都保持整洁。
　　　I want to speak to Tom.　 我想和汤姆谈话。
　　　I want you to speak to Tom.　 我想让你和汤姆谈话。
3） 动词+疑问词+ to
decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell
　　Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。
　　There are so many kinds of tape-recorders on sale that I can't make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。
　　The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
2 不定式作补语
1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do)
advise　　 allow　　 appoint　　 believe　　 cause　　 challenge　command　 compel　　　consider　 declare　　 drive　　　enable　　encourage　 find　　　 forbid　　 force　　　guess　　 hire　　　　imagine　　impel　　　induce　　 inform　　instruct　　invite　　 judge　　　 know　　　 like　　　order　　　 permit　　persuade　 remind　　 report　　request　　 require　　select　send　　　 state　　 suppose　　 tell　　　 think　 train　　　trust　　 understand　urge　　　 warn　
　 a.　Father will not allow us to play on the street.　　 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。
　 b.　We believe him to be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。
Find 的特殊用法：
　　Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带to 的动词不定式。find后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有get，have。
　I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. 　
I found that to learn English is important.
　The next morning she found the man ___ in bed，dead.　 A. lying　 B. lie　C. lay　D. laying　　
答案：A.find的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。
2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。
Acknowledge,　believe,　consider,　　think,　declare(声称),　discover, fancy(设想),　feel　　 find,　guess, judge ,imagine, know,　prove, see(理解), show ,suppose, take(以为),　 understand
　　 We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.
　　 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。
Charles Babbage is generally considered　___ the first computer.　
A. to invent　B. inventing　 C. to have invented　 D. having invented　
答案：A. 由consider to do sth. 排除B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而C为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选C。
3) to be +形容词
Seem,　　　　 appear,　　　be said,　　be supposed,　 be believed,　be thought,　be known,　 be reported,　hope, wish,　 desire,　　　want,　　　 plan,　 expect,　　　 mean…
　The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。
4)　there be+不定式
believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand
　We didn't expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。
注意 ： 有些动词需用as 短语做补语，如regard, think believe, take, consider.
　We regard Tom as our best teacher.　我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。
　Mary took him as her father .　玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。
三、提高练习
1. I’m going to have my car ________ .
A. to be fixed B. to fix C. fixed D. to fix
2. What’s the language ______ in Germany
A. speaking B. spoken C. be spoken D. to speak
3. ______ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army.
A. Followed B. Followed by C. Being followed D. having been followed by
4. He had his leg _______ in the match yesterday.
A. to break B. broken C. break D. breaking
5. Most of the people _______ to the party were famous scientists.
A. invited B. to invite C. being invited D. inviting
6. ________ more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given
7. The murderer was brought in, with his hands _________ behind his back.
A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied
8. The computer center, _______ last year, is very popular among the students in this school.
A. open B. opening C. having opened D. opened
9. ________ in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
A. Losing B. Having lost C. Lost D. To lose
10. The Olympic Games, _________ in 776BC, didn’t include women players until 1912.
A. first played B. to be first played C. first playing D. to be first played
11. Don’t get _________ in the rain.
A. to be caught B. catching C. to catch D. caught
12. I found a car _________ in a pool by the side of the road.
A. to be stuck B. stuck C. sticking D. stick
13. ---By the way, when did you get your bedroom _______ ---Last week.
A. to paint B. painted C. painting D. to be painted
14. The children were found _________ in the cave.
A. trapping B. trapped C. to be trapped D. be trapped
15. They found a ______ old woman _______ on the ground when the door was broken down.
A. dying, lying B. dead, lied C. death, laying D. died, lain
16. On a _____ morning the little girl was found _______ at the corner of the street.
A. freezing, freezing B. freezing, frozen C. frozen, frozen D. frozen, freezing
17. No one enjoys ______ fun of in public.
A. making B. being made C. to be made D. to make
18. Before he came to London, he had never heard a single English word _____.
A. speaking B. spoken C. to be spoken D. speak
19. ______ from space, the earth, with water _______ seventy percent of its surface, looks like a blue ball.
A. Seen, covered B. Seen, covering C. Seeing, covering D. Seeing, covered
20. An _________ crowd is awaiting the arrival of the film star.
A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. excitedly
1---5 C B B B A 6---10 A D D C A
11—15 D B B B A 16---20 B B B B A
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